脆性颗粒材料的动态多尺度模型研究

脆性颗粒材料的多尺度模型一般包含微观尺度的基本粒子、细观尺度的颗粒和宏观尺度的颗粒堆积体3个尺度。基于离散元方法（DEM）构建多尺度模型,并将该模型应用于动态加载。首先,对多尺度模型所涉及的两种接触模型和两种黏结模型的参数进行分析,详细讨论微细观模型参数与宏观材料常数之间的联系。然后,选用Hertz-Mindlin接触模型[1]和平行键黏结模型,建造石英砂的动态多尺度模型。通过选择合适的强度和局部阻尼参数发现,模型宏细观尺度上的动态压缩响应与对石英砂的相关试验结果吻合很好。利用多尺度模型和选定的参数,探讨与动态加载密切相关的局部阻尼机制对多尺度模型各个尺度上力学响应的影响。结果表明,阻尼越大则颗粒材料对波的衰减能力越强,但过高的阻尼会使团簇强度和模型的宏观压缩曲线都表现出异常的加载速度效应（后者实际是阻尼引起的微惯性效应）。另外,高阻尼会过度衰减颗粒破碎过程产生的应力波,从而阻碍颗粒破碎。最后,应用改进的动态多尺度模型,对脆性颗粒材料的动态破碎特性进行研究,发现该模型不但能给出与试验相吻合的颗粒级配曲线,还能揭示出颗粒破碎过程中微裂纹分布的空间不均匀性,即颗粒破碎过程中波的产生机制和衰减机制相互作用导致的微裂纹聚团分布的现象。     

无胶结粗粒土初始结构强度研究

无论是原状土还是重塑土均存在初始结构性,土体初始结构所抵抗的剪应力为土体结构强度。为了研究无胶结粗粒土初始结构强度,定义了粗粒土剪切过程中初始结构变化点特征,并根据大于20 mm粗颗粒含量将粗粒土划分为4种结构类型,采用可视化直剪仪对不同结构特征的粗粒土进行直剪试验,通过剪切过程中粗粒土平面孔隙比、配位数、概率熵等3种初始结构指标的数值大小及变化趋势,来确定不同初始结构的粗粒土结构临界强度。结果表明:不同初始结构类型粗粒土在相同正应力、相同颗粒种类的情况下,其抗剪强度大小与结构强度占比大小的排序一致,表明了颗粒结构强度在抵抗剪应力的整个过程中起到了重要作用。4种初始结构类型粗粒土平均结构强度占比为36.27%,即结构强度占峰值抗剪强度的36.27%,其中排列接触结构的结构强度占比最高,为36.62%,其次为镶嵌结构36.61%,悬浮密实结构35.99%,叠置结构的结构强度占比最低,为35.87%。     

连续级配废石胶结充填体强度及变形特性试验研究

采用MTS815岩石力学试验系统与自制的胶结充填体制作装置,对骨架颗粒满足Talbol级配理论的废石胶结充填体进行单轴抗压试验研究,分析了Talbol幂指数、初始孔隙度、胶结材料种类及含量对充填体强度及变形特性的影响规律。结果表明:充填体单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、变形模量均随Talbol指数n呈先增大、后减小的趋势;采用2次多项式拟合充填体单轴抗压强度与骨架颗粒Talbol指数的关系,得到了使充填体强度及变形特性达到最优的Talbol指数n=0.45。充填体单轴抗压强度基本上随其初始孔隙度的增大而减小,但当孔隙分布均匀性较差时,其试验结果具有一定差异。满足Talbol分布的充填体强度随其胶结材料胶结性能的提高而逐渐增大,其中水泥胶结充填体单轴抗压强度可以达到黏土胶结充填体的6倍以上。另外,胶结材料含量的提高同样可以增大充填体的强度,并能够相应地缩短其应力-应变曲线中的孔隙压密阶段。     

考虑微裂纹随机分布的堆石颗粒准静态强度统计模型

材料内部裂纹尺寸、形状、转向和空间位置的随机分布对其强度有直接的影响。为了研究地震准静态荷载作用下堆石颗粒强度与尺寸和应变率的统计关系,在最弱链理论的框架下假设颗粒内部裂纹的尺寸和空间位置均服从幂律分布,建立了由颗粒累积破坏概率和体积构成的复合参数与强度的关系。从微观角度应变率效应提高了内部裂纹的强度,降低了单位体积的失效概率,同时使裂纹的空间位置分布更稀疏,减弱了颗粒强度的尺寸效应。不同加载速率的颗粒破碎试验结果表明：随着加载速率的增大,存在逐渐减小的空间分布幂指数使颗粒复合参数汇集在由最弱链统计模型决定的主曲线上。     

钙质砂一维蠕变分形破碎特性宏微观试验研究

钙质砂是远洋地区港口、机场和民用建筑等构筑物的天然地基材料。通过钙质砂一维压缩蠕变试验和微观结构测试,发现了蠕变前后表面孔隙面积减小且呈分散分布的规律以及试验过程中试样瞬时变形、快速变形和衰减变形特征与粒径的高度相关性;利用基于分形理论改进的相对颗粒破碎率和质量分形维数描述了蠕变前后颗粒破碎程度,得到了分形维数和蠕变与时间的衰减形态曲线关系以及宏观质量分形维数和微观表面分形维数的线性关系,并在此基础上对单一粒径组钙质砂蠕变过程中的分形破碎行为进行了多尺度分析和宏微观跨尺度关联性研究,获得了蠕变过程中颗粒破碎发展以及微观孔隙变化规律,证明了钙质砂蠕变过程中的颗粒重组排列、破碎和研磨行为,揭示了钙质砂蠕变机制。     

不同级配陷落柱充填体力学特征实验研究

为研究不同颗粒级配陷落柱充填物在不同固结荷载下的力学特性,基于土工固结试验制备不同状态下的相似模拟充填体试样,通过充填体在不同状态下的三轴加载实验、压汞及扫描电镜实验,研究了陷落柱充填体三轴应力状态下的力学特征及微观结构演化机制。结果表明：充填体具有明显的塑形特征,其应力-应变曲线可以划分为4个阶段：孔隙压密段、稳定变形段、变形破坏段和类蠕变阶段。充填体偏应力随Talbol指数n呈先增加后减小的趋势,充填体三轴抗压强度与Talbol指数之间符合二次多项式关系,均满足较高的拟合度并且偏应力强度达到最优的Talbol指数分别为0.71、0.65和0.64;偏应力随着固结荷载的增加而线性增加,增长率随着固结荷载和Talbol指数的增加呈逐渐减小的趋势。结合压汞和扫描电镜测试结果,固结荷载和Talbol指数的变化改变了颗粒间的接触状态,影响着岩土体试样的偏应力强度;随着Talbol指数的增加,充填体内颗粒间的相互作用增强,初始承受的外荷载比例增大,骨架结构效应更加显著,偏应力则主要来自岩土颗粒的接触应力集中。通过力学强度和微观结构特征研究在宏观和微观尺度上解释了充填体的颗粒级配效应提供参考。     

泸定大渡河桥冰碛土的结构及现场剪切试验研究

泸定大渡河桥康定岸分布巨厚层冰碛土,为研究土的抗剪强度特性,在不同位置和深度进行了6组现场剪切试验,基于地质勘察和试验结果分析土的结构特征、剪切强度和变形特性及其与土的结构的关系。研究表明:冰碛土的颗粒以粗粒、巨粒粒组为主,骨架颗粒呈悬浮状,混杂、无序堆积,骨架间充填杂基,形成骨架悬浮密实结构。根据颗粒组成和骨架风化程度,划分为骨架悬浮密实结构、软化骨架悬浮密实结构、砂砾土富集结构、大块石包绕结构等4种细观结构类型。冰碛土剪切破坏主要有剪切破碎带、包绕块石边界、锯齿状剪切和切穿软化骨架等4种模式,剪切荷载作用下线弹性变形阶段明显,剪切刚度大,初始屈服历时短。颗粒骨架和杂基形成的悬浮密实结构,是冰碛土强度与变形特性的内在控制因素,剪切荷载作用下骨架颗粒与具有一定胶结的基质间相互作用,剪切破坏时表现为基质的压碎与骨架的变位。骨架颗粒强度、大骨架颗粒分布、基质胶结程度的不同,对冰碛土强度和变形特性都构成一定的影响。土的抗剪强度、剪切刚度和剪胀性随骨架强度和基质胶结程度的提高而增大,而延性随之变差。     

碎石颗粒形态特征及其与堆积特性的关系

颗粒形态对碎石集料宏观力学性质有显著影响,准确描述其形态特征是从微细观层面研究材料宏观力学行为的基础性工作。针对颗粒形状、棱角、纹理3个尺度的形态特征,探讨了基于颗粒几何尺寸的量化表征参数;分析了不同粒组碎石颗粒形态特征表征参数的分布规律;结合单粒组颗粒堆积试验,讨论了颗粒形态特征与堆积孔隙率的关系。有以下结论：（1）提出的以周长为核心表征的颗粒形态特征量化参数,对颗粒形态以及形状、棱角、纹理3个尺度形态特征具有较好甄选能力;（2）基于每个粒组1 000个颗粒样本统计分析表明,描述颗粒形态及形状、棱角、纹理特征的参数均符合对数正态分布;（3）颗粒集合体的综合棱角、纹理指数与松堆和密堆条件下的孔隙率具有较好的映射关系,颗粒棱角与纹理是影响堆积孔隙率的主控因素。     

红外辐射在雨中的衰减

利用红外光谱辐射计在大气窗口对连续性降水的红外辐射衰减作了测量，结果表明雨对光的衰减与降雨强度密切相关，根据测量结果得到了红外辐射在雨中衰减的定量关系式。并利用Ｍａｒｓｈａｌ－Ｐａｌｍｅｒ雨滴尺度谱分布，计算了红外辐射在雨中的衰减，考虑雨的前向散射修正后，计算结果与测量结果符合得较好     

熔体的形态与分布特征对岩石流变的影响

熔体的形态与分布研究表明,在静态条件下,熔融程度比较低时,熔体主要分布于三个矿物颗粒之间,形成三角形状熔体结构,熔体二面角在0°~60°;熔融程度比较高时,熔体沿多个颗粒边界形成孤立的三角形或四边形结构,熔体三联点的二面角接近60°或大于60°。在动态条件下,在部分或全部矿物颗粒边界出现熔体薄膜,把熔体三角形连通,形成局部熔体网络,熔体三联点的二面角接近0°。如果熔体呈孤立的三角形或四边形结构时,熔体对岩石流变的影响比较小:当熔体含量小于2%~3%,熔体对岩石流变基本没有影响;只有熔体含量接近或超过3%~5%,熔体对流变强度的弱化作用才出现,当熔体含量达到10%时,流变强度弱化增加3倍左右。如果矿物颗粒边界出现熔体薄膜,微量熔体(小于1%)就对岩石流变强度有显著的弱化作用。流变实验表明,在颗粒边界含有小于1%的熔体时,熔体对流变强度的弱化达到4倍,当颗粒边界含有3%的熔体时,这种弱化作用达到10倍。     

基于贝叶斯理论的灌注桩多个缺陷统计特性分析

由于施工技术水平、岩土工程条件等不确定性因素的影响,基桩中经常出现各种缺陷。为此,提出了基于贝叶斯理论的灌注桩多个缺陷统计特性的分析方法。在考虑钻芯法检测不确定性的基础上,采用泊松分布模型模拟基桩中多个缺陷的出现概率,推导了缺陷平均出现率后验分布的计算公式。提出了估计缺陷尺寸修正的贝叶斯抽样方法,给出了评价钻芯法检测概率的方法。算例分析表明,钻芯法的检测概率对准确地估计缺陷平均出现率有明显的影响,如果不考虑检测不确定性因素的影响,缺陷平均出现率将被低估。随着检测到缺陷数目的增加,更新的缺陷平均出现率的均值逐渐增加,更新的变异系数逐渐减小。此外,先验的信息能够有效地减小缺陷平均出现率和缺陷尺寸估计的不确定性。     

基于颗粒流数值试验的岩土材料内尺度比研究

内尺度比是材料的最小结构和材料尺寸的比。在细观条件下,岩土材料可以看成是由不同尺度矿物颗粒组成的颗粒集聚体,含有不同尺度的天然缺陷。这些带有尺度特点的材料结构、构造特征无疑会影响岩土材料性质测试的结果和准确性,即岩土材料具有和金属材料一样的内尺度比。利用颗粒流软件fish语言编写程序虚拟实现了岩土材料单轴压缩试验,设计了0.05、0.10、0.20、0.40、0.60、0.80、1.00、1.20、1.40、1.60、1.80、2.00 mm等12种粒径数值试件,分别进行了单轴压缩试验。根据试件的破坏形态、应力-应变曲线,分析了内尺度比对测试结果的影响,发现:粒径小于0.40 mm之后,计算时间急剧增加,计算效率急剧减小;内尺度比小于0.01之后,材料的数值试验结果趋于稳定。这说明岩土材料也存在内尺度比,岩土体的物理力学参数的尺寸效应问题就是材料内尺度问题的一种表现形式。     

Statistical Aspects of Microheterogeneous Rock Fracture: Observations and Modeling

Rocks and other geomaterials are heterogeneous materials, with a well-recognized hierarchy of defects from micro-heterogeneities on the grain level to a large-scale network of cracks and layering structures. Their nature create a challenge for determining macroscopic properties, particularly for properties that are scale dependent, complicating both the property measurement and its appropriate application in modeling. This paper discusses the concept of a “representative volume”, which is commonly used in modeling microheterogeneous but statistically homogeneous material by an effective homogeneous continuum. The foundation of this concept is presented, along with its limitations in dealing with properties like strength and fracture toughness that exhibit a scale effect. This limitation is illustrated with a study of brittle fracture of a concrete where it is considered a model for statistically homogeneous rock. The study includes determining a scaling rule for the scale effect in fracture toughness, and shows that the fracture of brittle materials like rocks and concrete appears in the form of highly tortuous, stochastic paths. This reflects a complex interaction between a crack and pre-existing as well as newly formed micro-defects controlled by chance, and results in a large scatter of all fracture-related parameters. This behavior suggests a synthesis of fracture mechanics with probability and statistics, and so a brief exposition of statistical fracture mechanics (SFM) that addresses the statistical aspects of fracture is also presented. SFM is a formalism that combines fracture mechanics methods with probability theory and serves as the basis for an adequate modeling of brittle fracture.     

排土场散体岩石粒度分布与剪切强度的分形特征

应用分形理论研究了矿山排土场散体岩石粒度分布的分维规律,建立了分维数与排土场散体物料剪切强度参数的定量关系式。研究表明,排土场岩石块度分布具有良好的分形结构,分维数值大小随着排土场高度的增加而增加,但不超过3。当采样尺度范围一定时,分维数越大,散体中细颗粒含量越多,平均粒径也越小。分维数与散体岩石的剪切强度参数摩擦角?呈负指数关系。分维数值可用于排土场粒度资料的统计分析与剪切力学强度参数的预测。     

铌掺杂对硅化石墨的增强效应

按硅粉的1％，5％，6％，10％将铌粉加入硅粉中，用“液硅渗透法”制备出四种掺铌硅化石墨样品。力学性能测试结果表明：6％铌掺杂增强效果最好，可使硅化石墨抗折、抗拉强度达178．5MPa,94.2%MPa,XRD、SEM、EPMA测试分析表明铌掺杂增强硅化石墨的机理是：碳化铌相的生成使原材料平直表面界面锯齿化，并平衡晶界附近不饱和价键，降低了晶界能；同时掺杂行为使晶粒细化，晶粒尺寸减小、气孔均匀分布，从而减弱应力集中，抑制裂纹扩展，提高材料强度。铌掺杂硅化石墨是改善材料性能的有效方式。     

On the role of grain topology in dynamic grain growth — 2D microstructural modeling

Microstructural modification processes like dynamic recrystallization and grain growth can have a major effect on the transient and (semi-)steady state flow behaviour of deforming materials. Work on metals and ceramics suggests that deformation-enhanced changes in grain topology and the corresponding increase in fraction of non-hexagonal grains, called cellular defect fraction, can promote grain growth during deformation. The present study tests this hypothesis, by investigating the evolution of the cellular defect fraction during deformation, accompanied by grain growth, of aggregates with distributed grain sizes. For this purpose, we made use of the ELLE 2D microstructural modeling package. We simulated and quantified microstructural evolution under conditions where both surface energy driven grain boundary migration (GBM) and homogeneous deformation or grain size sensitive (GSS) straining were allowed to occur. The simulations show that contemporaneous GBM and simple geometrical straining of grain aggregates with distributed grain size and coordination number lead to extra grain neighbor switching, an increase in defect fraction, and enhanced grain growth. An increase in defect fraction was also found in a selected set of natural calcite mylonites that, with increasing temperature, show an increase in grain size and contribution of GSS creep. Analysis of defect fraction thus appears to be a good microstructural tool to establish whether or not a material has experienced normal static (defect fraction  0.7) or dynamic grain growth (defect fraction  0.8).     

The preservation potential of microstructures during static grain growth

Grain growth simulations using the microstructure simulation system Elle have been performed in materials with a pre‐existing grain shape foliation. As might be expected, the foliation is destroyed by the end of the experiment, and grain areas have increased by a factor of seven. The area of material swept by the migrating grain boundaries was monitored, and it was found that at every stage, virtually all of the grains which survived the grain growth process contain one and only one core of ‘unswept’ material. Remarkably these remnant unswept cores preserve a useable record of the initial grain size and the orientation of the grain shape foliation. This work suggests that, even for samples where no equivalent protolith can be found, it may be possible to see past a grain growth episode to estimate the original grain shape and grain size of the rock, and perhaps even reconstruct the grain boundary kinematics. In addition the identification of unswept cores has the potential to help unravel the evolution of grain boundary chemistry in rocks during metamorphism. As an example of a natural system showing these microstructures, we describe a peridotite from Almklovdalen, Norway. This peridotite was infiltrated by aqueous fluids at several stages during late Caledonian exhumation and retrogressive metamorphism. Grain boundary migration associated with the last of these infiltration events swept off abundant intragranular fluid inclusions in the original chlorite‐peridotite. At the grain scale, microstructural mapping of the fluid inclusion rich areas shows that, as with the numerical simulations, many of the grains retain exactly one core of unswept material. Examples of other natural systems discussed include dislocation density distributions and trace element zoning.     

(An)elastic softening from static grain boundaries and possible effects on seismic wave propagation

It is argued that low-frequency wave propagation shows, in most cases, very little dependence on the atomistic properties of grain boundaries if the thickness of the grain boundary is atomistically thin while the grain size is in the mm region. Large effects do exist for specific textures (e.g. the brick wall texture). The essential ingredient for the assessment of an-elastic and non-linear elastic features of seismic wave propagation does not primarily depend on the structural properties of immobile, dry grain boundaries but on the way the grain boundary properties can be related to those of macroscopic mineral assemblies. Specific results for coated sphere textures are derived using Hashin-Shtrikman theory. An-elastic seismic features are more likely to be related to the mobility of boundaries and dislocations which can be attached to the grain boundaries, or bulk-related defect structures, rather than the intrinsic materials properties of the grain boundaries.     

Evidence for stable grain boundary melt films in experimentally deformed olivine-orthopyroxene rocks

The microstructure of olivine-olivine grain boundaries has been studied in experimentally deformed (1200–1227 °C, 300 MPa) partially molten olivine and olivine-orthopyroxene rocks. In-situ melting produced ∼1 vol% melt in all samples studied. Grain boundary analyses were carried out using a number of transmission electron microscopy techniques. The grain boundary chemistry in undeformed olivine-orthopyroxene starting material showed evidence for the presence of an intergranular phase along some, but not all, of the olivine-olivine boundaries. In the deformed samples, ultrathin Si-rich, Al- and Ca-bearing amorphous films have been observed along all investigated olivine-olivine grain boundaries. The chemistry of the grain boundaries, which is considered to be indicative for the presence of a thin film, was measured with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and energy-filtering imaging. The amorphous nature of the films was confirmed with diffuse dark field imaging, Fresnel fringe imaging, and high-resolution electron microscopy. The films range in thickness from 0.6 to 3.0 nm, and EDX analyses show that the presence of Al and Ca is restricted to this ultrathin film along the grain boundaries. Because thin melt films have been observed in all the samples, they are thought to be stable features of the melt microstructure in deformed partially molten rocks. The transition from the occasional presence of films in the undeformed starting material to the general occurrence of the films in deformed materials suggests that deformation promotes the formation and distribution of the films. Alternatively, hot-pressing may be too short for films to develop along all grain boundaries. A difference in creep strength between the studied samples could not be attributed to grain boundary melt films, as these have been found in all deformed samples. However, a weakening effect of grain boundary melt films on olivine rheology could not be ruled out due to the lack of confirmed melt-film free experiments. Received: 13 April 1999 / Revised, accepted: 10 February 2000     

An analytical and experimental investigation of the effect of impact on coarse granular rocks

SummaryAn Analytical and Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Impact on Coarse Granular Rocks The interaction between metallic strikers and coarse, granular rock, associated with many mechanical rock breaking methods was investigated by theoretical and experimental methods. Cylindrical steel strikers of 12.7 mm diameter with flat, conical and hemispherical tips and masses of about 18.5 g were fired by means of a gas gun at blocks of diorite and spessartite with initial energies ranging from 4 to 34 J, generating substantial fracturing. The damage pattern in the rocks was ascertained, partly with the aid of a scanning electron microscope. A synthetic model consisting of long square bars of cement paste bonded with an adhesive was constructed as a simulator of diorite and tested to further delineate the failure mechanisms in this material.As previously, it was also found here that the geometry of the striker tip significantly affects the damage pattern and extent in diorite. A crucial difference in this pattern was observed between that found in diorite, a coarsegrained rock, and in spessartite, a more finely-grained substance. The crack network in diorite consisted of numerous kinked fractures extending a distance not in excess of 20 grain lengths, whereas only 5 to 7 nearly straight cracks with a length in excess of 20 times the grain size were found in spessartite that appeared to have propagated without regard to the grain packing structure or material defects. The synthetic rock model successfully reproduced the crack pattern found in diorite under impact.An analytical model to predict the region of grain and grain boundary failure incorporating one failure criterion for grains and another for grain boundaries was constructed. The first involved the development of failure surfaces based on an empirical limiting strength analogous to the modified Griffith criterion. Grain boundary failure was stipulated upon attainment of a combination of critical tensile and Coulomb type of shear stress. The model successfully delineated the major features of damage in the synthetic rock and in diorite and established upper bound predictions for the extent of damage.With 19 Figures