波浪荷载下饱和粉土不排水动力特性试验研究

确保海床场地的动力稳定性是近海工程安全运行的前提。目前针对复杂应力路径对海域环境饱和粉土动力学行为特性的影响研究尚属少见。利用GDS空心圆柱扭剪仪,开展了轴向-扭转耦合循环加载的重塑饱和粉土不排水试验,模拟波浪的波幅大小和海床深度变化,以广义剪应变γg=5%为液化标准,研究了均等固结条件下循环应力路径(循环应力比CSR和循环加载幅值比δ)对饱和粉土不排水动力特性的影响。结果表明:CSR与δ值的大小对饱和粉土的超静孔压与变形发展特性影响显著,圆形应力路径(δ=1)循环加载时饱和粉土最易液化;当CSR≤0.050时,饱和粉土不会发生液化;当CSR≥0.065且δ=1时,饱和粉土会发生液化;CSR> 0.150时,粉土易发生液化。γg与孔压比ru的相关性受CSR与δ值大小的影响较小,且γg可表示以r_u为变量的正切函数。以等效循环应力比ESR作为表征复杂应力路径下动应力大小的指标,饱和粉土达到γg=5%所需的液化振次NL与施加的ESR值具有事实上的唯一性关系,ESR随NL的增大而减小。     

京沪高速铁路饱和粉土液化特性试验研究

饱和粉土地基在动荷载作用下的液化问题是高速铁路抗震设计中重要的研究内容。为了能够定量地分析京沪高速铁路饱和粉土地基在加固前后的抗液化强度和地震时的变形特性,在室内对加固前后两种不同密度的饱和粉土进行了3组围压条件下一系列振动三轴液化试验。试验研究获得了两种不同密度饱和粉土的抗液化强度曲线、动强度及超静孔隙水压力的增长规律,为进一步分析饱和粉土地基在加固前后的液化变形特性提供了科学数据。     

分散性土动剪切模量影响因素的试验研究

分散性土耐冲蚀性低、抗渗性能差,在纯水中具有很高的分散性,严重威胁水利工程的安全。在分散性土的鉴别和改性方面已有很多成果,但分散性土动力特性的研究见诸报端的还很少。利用日本诚研社生产的DTC-199型电液伺服加荷往复扭剪三轴仪,对取自宁夏某碾压均质土坝的分散性土的动剪切模量进行了探索。通过改变试样的含水率、干密度和围压等初始条件,研究分散性土在不同试验条件下的动力特性及剪切模量的变化规律,并进行对比分析。得出：分散性土的动剪应力-应变关系符合Hardin-Drnevich双曲线模型;控制初始条件,当其他条件相同时,含水率越低,动剪切模量越大;干密度越大,试样动剪切模量越大;围压越高,其动剪切模量越大;初始剪切模量及最大动剪应力的变化规律与之相似。动剪切模量随动剪切应变的增大普遍呈衰减趋势。     

循环荷载作用下泥炭质土的动变形特性试验研究

泥炭质土是一种具有明显区域性的特殊土。通过一系列不同围压、固结比、加载频率等条件下的分级加载动三轴试验,研究了昆明泥炭质土在循环荷载作用下的动变形特性。从动骨干曲线、应力-应变滞回曲线和动弹性模量等方面重点分析了围压、固结比、加载频率对泥炭质土变形特性的影响。试验结果表明:泥炭质土的动应变随动应力幅值非线性增长,且存在某一临界动应力,当动应力幅值达到临界动应力值后,应变急剧增长,土体结构发生破坏;围压对泥炭质土动变形的影响最为显著,固结比次之,加载频率最小;固结比对泥炭质土动变形的影响程度依赖于围压,围压越大,固结比的影响越明显;相同循环振级下,泥炭质土的弹性变形随围压和固结比增大而减小,加载频率愈低,土体的弹性变形愈大;随着循环振次的增加和振级水平的提高,泥炭质土刚度逐渐下降,塑性变形产生并累积增长,围压和固结比越大,加载频率越低,泥炭质土的塑性变形越大。     

饱和粉土静态液化性能试验研究

通过固结不排水三轴压缩试验,分析了围压、固结比和干密度等因素对饱和粉土静态液化特性的影响。试验结果表明,在干密度较小时,饱和粉土的偏应力-应变曲线呈现明显的硬变软化型,随轴向应变增大超静孔隙水压力增加、有效应力减小而发生静态液化,当干密度达到1.58 g· cm-3时,饱和粉土的偏应力-应变曲线表现出硬变硬化现象,超静孔隙水压力为负值或接近0,饱和粉土不再发生静态液化,即饱和粉土存在静态液化的干密度临界值;其他条件不变,随着围压、固结比或干密度的增大,偏应力峰值和残余强度均增大,静态液化势降低;根据有效应力路径建立了流滑面以作为饱和粉土稳定区与非稳定区的分界面。     

地震荷载下辽西饱和粉土液化特性分析

地震荷载作用引起的粉土液化是路基抗震设计的重要问题。通过动三轴试验研究了不同围压、动剪应力条件下辽西地区饱和粉土的液化特性,并利用应变孔压模型对辽西饱和粉土路基进行了液化特性的数值模拟分析。结果表明:围压条件一定时,动剪应力与液化振次呈双曲线关系;抗震设防烈度为7度时,超越概率63.5%和10%的地震荷载不能使辽西饱和粉土发生液化,而超越概率2%时液化深度约为5 m左右,这为粉土路基抗震设计提供了一定的参考依据。     

南京饱和细砂液化后大变形条件下动剪切模量衰减特征研究

针对南京饱和细砂液化后特大变形条件下(双幅剪应变接近100%)应力-应变关系特征,分析了有效围压和初始静剪应力比等因素对南京饱和细砂初始液化后特大变形条件下应力-应变关系曲线的影响规律,即在液化后多次循环加载条件下零有效应力阶段、剪胀阶段和反向卸载阶段的剪切模量随单向流动累积变形的衰减特征。结果表明:有效围压、初始静剪应力和循环加载幅值对南京饱和细砂初始液化后特大变形条件下应力-应变关系曲线在零有效应力阶段和剪胀阶段的剪切模量大小及其衰减特征的影响不明显,而对反向卸载阶段的剪切模量大小和衰减特征的影响相对较大。随着有效围压和加载幅值分别增大,南京饱和细砂初始液化后特大变形条件下应力-应变关系曲线反向卸载阶段剪切模量都有明显增大的趋势,同时其剪切模量随后续循环加载次数的衰减速度也变快。但随着初始剪应力的增大,该阶段剪切模量随后续循环加载次数的衰减速度有减慢的趋势。同时,基于试验结果,给出了南京饱和细砂初始液化后特大变形条件下应力-应变关系曲线在不同阶段的剪切模量与单向流动累积变形有关的衰减函数及其拟合参数确定方法。     

非饱和粉土的液化特性研究

使用非饱和土动三轴试验仪,对非饱和粉土进行动力强度试验,探讨了饱和度、动应力比及固结围压对非饱和粉土动力强度特性、液化特性及孔压特性的影响。试验结果表明：（1）非饱和粉土的动强度随饱和度的增加而下降,在相同动剪应力比下饱和度与液化振次在半对数坐标上成线性关系;（2）非饱和粉土的液化与不液化的临界曲线近似成S型,非饱和粉土的抗液化能力随饱和度增大而降低,当饱和度小于60%时,土样不会液化;（3）非饱和粉土的动孔压随振次增大而增长,孔压的增长呈现出三段式的模式。     

振冲法处理饱和粉土地基的工后孔隙比研究

孔隙比是评价粉土密实程度的重要指标,研究表明饱和粉土地基的液化指数与孔隙比有关。对于振冲法处理严重液化的饱和粉土地基,只要工后孔隙比降到0.75以下,就能达到消除液化的目的。利用试验成果,通过振冲桩施工前后土体的三相组成分析,量化振冲碎石桩的挤密、振实功效,推导出饱和粉土经振冲法处理后的工后孔隙比估算方法,估算结果与实测值的误差在±1.5%以内。利用该方法可以迅速接近最佳的桩距、桩径组合,为节省试验费用和加快试验进度提供可靠的依据。     

饱和层状砂土液化特性的动三轴试验研究

利用GDS动三轴试验系统采用等幅循环应变加载方式对含有不同厚度粉土的饱和层状砂土进行了液化强度试验。分析了均匀砂和含有不同粉粒层厚度的层状砂土在循环荷载作用下的变形和力学特性。试验分析表明：由于含粉粒夹层的层状土特殊的土体结构,其孔隙水压力发展规律与一般的无黏性砂土不同;饱和层状砂土的抗液化强度并不是随着粉粒层厚度的增加而单调增加的,而是存在一个临界点;液化临界剪应变的大小与液化判别标准和循环次数有很大关系。试验结果表明,粉粒夹层对层状砂土的液化特性有很大的影响,且更能模拟自然环境条件下的层状砂土地基液化特性。     

DEM study of fabric features governing undrained post-liquefaction shear deformation of sand

In an effort to study undrained post-liquefaction shear deformation of sand, the discrete element method (DEM) is adopted to conduct undrained cyclic biaxial compression simulations on granular assemblies consisting of 2D circular particles. The simulations are able to successfully reproduce the generation and eventual saturation of shear strain through the series of liquefaction states that the material experiences during cyclic loading after the initial liquefaction. DEM simulations with different deviatoric stress amplitudes and initial mean effective stresses on samples with different void ratios and loading histories are carried out to investigate the relationship between various mechanics- or fabric-related variables and post-liquefaction shear strain development. It is found that well-known metrics such as deviatoric stress amplitude, initial mean effective stress, void ratio, contact normal fabric anisotropy intensity, and coordination number, are not adequately correlated to the observed shear strain development and, therefore, could not possibly be used for its prediction. A new fabric entity, namely the Mean Neighboring Particle Distance (MNPD), is introduced to reflect the space arrangement of particles. It is found that the MNPD has an extremely strong and definitive relationship with the post-liquefaction shear strain development, showing MNPD’s potential role as a parameter governing post-liquefaction behavior of sand.     

Triaxial tests on the fluidic behavior of post-liquefaction sand

Liquefaction-induced ground deformation is a major cause of structural damage during earthquakes. However, a better understanding of seismic liquefaction is needed to improve earthquake hazard analyses and mitigate structural damage. In this paper, a dynamic triaxial test apparatus was employed to investigate the fluidic characteristics of post-liquefaction sand. The specimens were vibrated to the point of liquefaction by dynamic loading, and then the liquefied sand was further sheared by triaxial compression in an undrained manner. It was found that a non-Newtonian fluid model can accurately describe the shear stress and the shear strain rate of post-liquefaction sand during undrained triaxial compression. The apparent viscosity, a major parameter in a constitutive model of a non-Newtonian fluid, decreases with an increase in the shear strain rate.     

饱和砂土液化后大变形机制的离散元细观分析

采用颗粒流软件模拟了饱和砂土在不排水条件下的循环剪切试验,研究了不同因素对液化的影响,并进一步分析了饱和砂土液化后宏观变形的基本规律。在此基础上,从孔隙分布角度解释了砂土液化后的大变形的细观物理机制。通过自编程序对颗粒排列和孔隙分布的演化过程进行定量描述,给出孔隙率标准差作为液化后体积收缩势的度量,并研究了孔隙率标准差与液化后大变形的关系。离散元细观数值模拟再现了室内试验中的宏观现象,证实了室内试验中饱和砂土液化后的有限剪切大变形是客观真实的材料响应。土体体积收缩势的累积所导致的孔隙均匀化以及土颗粒间自由空隙增大正是饱和砂土液化后循环剪应变逐渐增大的细观机制。孔隙率标准差作为孔隙均匀化的量化指标,与循环剪应变各周次幅值有良好的相关性。     

黄河三角洲饱和粉质土液化性能试验研究

在黏粒含量和干密度恒定的情况下,进行了一系列重塑黄河三角洲饱和粉质土不排水动三轴试验,试样直径为50 mm、高为100 mm,重点研究了有效围压、动荷载和粉粒含量等因素对饱和粉质土液化特性的影响。试验结果表明:（1）在粉粒含量不小于50%的情况下,粉粒含量的增加降低了黄河三角洲饱和粉质土的液化势;（2）重塑黄河三角洲饱和粉质土的动强度随有效围压的增大而增大,与初次液化振动次数的对数近似呈线性关系;（3）与砂土相比,粉质土的动孔压很难达到有效围压,并且随有效围压的增大,相同条件下动孔压达到有效围压的比率降低;随粉粒含量的增加,其对动孔压的影响有减小的趋势;粉粒含量的增大减缓了动孔压的增长;（4）根据本次试验结果,给出了重塑黄河三角洲饱和粉质土的动孔压计算模型及相关参数取值。     

可液化场地碎石桩复合地基地震动力响应分析

采用砂土液化大变形弹塑性本构模型分析可液化砂土,采用模量随应力与应变变化的等效非线性模型增量形式分析碎石桩,应用FLAC3D有限差分软件对地震动力作用下可液化场地碎石桩复合地基进行三维动力响应分析。模拟分析了在地震作用下碎石桩刚度效应和排水效应对加固处理可液化场地的抗液化效果,从初始小变形到液化后大变形的变形发展,超静孔压累积与消散,及桩与土的变形与应力分配变化等。结果表明,所用模型与方法可合理描述可液化场地碎石桩复合地基在地震作用下场地的动力响应特性和抗液化效果;在地震作用下可液化场地中桩周土体与碎石桩体的竖向应力与水平向剪切应力向碎石桩体集中,竖向有效应力比可降至约1/6～1/3;桩周土体与桩体为非协调变形,剪应变比可达7～10;碎石桩抗液化影响范围约为2.5～3倍桩径,对超过3.5倍桩径范围影响较小;碎石桩与砂土渗透系数比大于100时对降低砂土中超静孔隙水压影响明显;碎石桩对场地的加密效应可显著降低超静孔隙水压力,而碎石桩刚度则对超静孔隙水压力变动影响较小,但有助于减低地面加速度响应峰值。     

Laboratory Investigation into the Effects of Silty Fines on Liquefaction Susceptibility of Chlef (Algeria) Sandy Soils

In a number of recent case studies, the liquefaction of silty sands has been reported. To investigate the undrained shear and deformation behaviour of Chlef sand–silt mixtures, a series of monotonic and stress-controlled cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on sand encountered at the site. The aim of this laboratory investigation is to study the influence of silt contents, expressed by means of the equivalent void ratio on undrained residual shear strength of loose, medium dense and dense sand–silt mixtures under monotonic loading and liquefaction potential under cyclic loading. After an earthquake event, the prediction of the post-liquefaction strength is becoming a challenging task in order to ensure the stability of different types of earth structures. Thus, the choice of the appropriate undrained residual shear strength of silty sandy soils that are prone to liquefaction to be used in engineering practice design should be established. To achieve this, a series of undrained triaxial tests were conducted on reconstituted saturated silty sand samples with different fines contents ranging from 0 to 40 %. In all tests, the confining pressure was held constant at 100 kPa. From the experimental results obtained, it is clear that the global void ratio cannot be used as a state parameter and may not characterize the actual behaviour of the soil as well. The equivalent void ratio expressing the fine particles participation in soil strength is then introduced. A linear relationship between the undrained shear residual shear strength and the equivalent void ratio has been obtained for the studied range of the fines contents. Cyclic test results confirm that the increase in the equivalent void ratio and the fines content accelerates the liquefaction phenomenon for the studied stress ratio and the liquefaction resistance decreases with the increase in either the equivalent void ratio or the loading amplitude level. These cyclic tests results confirm the obtained monotonic tests results.     

Undrained shear strength response under monotonic loading of Chlef (Algeria) sandy soil

During the last mid-century, the Chlef area was strongly affected by two earthquakes. From the geological context, there were numerous ejections onto the ground level of great masses of sandy soils and large displacements of various forms of some building foundations. These damages are due to soil liquefaction problem. This loss of shear strength can be attributed to many factors. History of recent cases indicates that sand deposited with silt content is much more liquefiable than clean sand. Therefore, a deep understanding of silty sand behavior is needed for the liquefaction assessment of silty sandy soils. Moreover, during seismic shaking, the post-liquefaction behavior of silty sand and, consequently, the stability of structures founded on liquefied soil depend on the steady-state shear strength of soil. The objective of this laboratory investigation is to show the effect of silt contents and the relative density on the mechanical behavior of such soils in monotonic loading. In this context, a series of undrained triaxial tests were performed on reconstituted saturated silty sand samples with different fines content ranging from 0% to 40%. In all tests, the confining pressure was held constant to 100 kPa. The fines content and the global void ratio are expressed by means of the equivalent void ratio. Linear correlations relating the undrained residual shear strength of loose, medium dense, and dense (D _r?=?12%, 50%, and 90% before consolidation) sand–silt mixtures to the equivalent void ratio are obtained. The concept of the equivalent void ratio will then be used as a key parameter to express the dilatancy behavior of both clean and silty sand soils. Moreover, from the experimental results obtained, it is clear that the global void ratio cannot be used as a state parameter and may not represent the actual behavior of the soil as well.     

Effects of Non-Plastic Silts on Liquefaction Potential of Solani Sand

Loose saturated cohesionless soils are most susceptible to liquefaction, however there are strong historical evidence suggesting that soils containing fines such as silty sands are also prone to liquefaction during earthquakes. The liquefaction of silty sands has been observed in a number of recent case studies. This paper presents the effects of fine silts on liquefaction potential of sandy soil. Tests have been conducted on the vibration table at different accelerations and pore water pressure is measured. During the lab investigation, locally (Roorkee, India) available Solani Sand and Dhanauri Silt have been used. The soil samples have been prepared by varying silt content and the initial relative density. The results of the study performed are used to clarify the effects of non-plastic fines content on the Solani sand. As the silt content increases, the number of cycles required to produce maximum pore water pressure increases. For a particular level of excitation, rate of pore water pressure generation is maximum at critical silt content. It is observed that critical silt content to generate maximum pore water pressure is different for different accelerations. Further, effect of silt content is very much dependent on relative density.     

Large post-liquefaction deformation of sand, part I: physical mechanism, constitutive description and numerical algorithm

This paper presents a theoretical framework for predicting the post-liquefaction deformation of saturated sand under undrained cyclic loading with emphasis on the mechanical laws, physical mechanism, constitutive model and numerical algorithm as well as practical applicability. The revealing mechanism behind the complex behavior in the post-liquefaction regime can be appreciated by decomposing the volumetric strain into three components with distinctive physical background. The interplay among these three components governs the post-liquefaction shear deformation and characterizes three physical states alternating in the liquefaction process. This assumption sheds some light on the intricate transition from small pre-liquefaction deformation to large post-liquefaction deformation and provides a rational explanation to the triggering of unstable flow slide and the post-liquefaction reconsolidation. Based on this assumption, a constitutive model is developed within the framework of bounding surface plasticity. This model is capable of reproducing small to large deformation in the pre- to post-liquefaction regime. The model performance is confirmed by simulating laboratory tests. The constitutive model is implemented in a finite element code together with a robust numerical algorithm to circumvent numerical instability in the vicinity of vanishing effective stress. This numerical model is validated by fully coupled numerical analyses of two well-instrumented dynamic centrifuge model tests. Finally, numerical simulation of liquefaction-related site response is performed for the Daikai subway station damaged during the 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake in Japan.