地电前兆中期向短临过渡的综合判据

通过分析唐山、大同、海城等强震的地电前兆,提出判断地震前兆的主要标准:直接或间接反映应变积累的信息可定为地震前兆。论证唐山地震前2—3年区域电阻率下降是该区震前应变积累的反映,即唐山震前地电区域下降是地震的中期前兆。地电中期前兆具有震中区幅度较大,外围较小,前兆从震中向外围传播等规律。地电前兆中期向短临过渡的判据有:加速、回返、各向异性及触发等。     

地电前兆中期向短监过渡的综合判据

通过分析唐山、大同、海城等强震的地电前兆，提出判断地震前兆的主要标准：直接或间接反映应变积累的信息为地震前兆。论证唐山地震前２－３年区域电阻率下降是该区震前应变积累的反映，即唐山震前电区域下降是地震中期前兆。地电中期前兆具有震中区幅度较大，外围较小，前兆从震向外围传播等规律。     

地电阻率前兆锋动态演化图象特征及其物理过程

为定量描述地震短临过程中地电前兆异常,设计了一种新的地电前兆指标————地电阻率(月)相对变化速率R(t),并选取国际上公认的1976年唐山7.8级地震前的地电阻率资料,进行R(t)动态演化图象特征的研究．结果表明: ① 震前约10～9个月,震中区一定范围内地电阻率开始出现加速下降异常,且震中区的下降速率大于外围地区的下降速率;② 随着震前倒计时的减小,震中区的R(t)值逐渐增大(地电阻率下降加速);③ R(t)值以震中区为中心,随着震前倒计时的减小,R(t)等值线向外围传播;④ 震中区的R(t)值加速下降到极值［R(t)=7.0］后,转为减速(2～3个月),再加速而发震．同时,R(t)等值线停止由震中向外围传播转为反向收缩(2~3个月后)即发震．其物理过程可用傅承义先生的红肿假说及梅世蓉、牛志仁等的滑动软化与岩体失稳理论来解释．      

唐山地震的孕育与强震的增震作用

唐山地震的孕震构造是唐山菱形块体,在NEE向的区域应力场的作用下,最大剪应力集中在它的对角线上,正好与唐山断裂带相一致,因此成了唐山地震大破裂的始发点.唐山地震前兆演化过程中,有两个显著特点:在空间上有“震中→外围→震中+外围”的转移过程;在时间上有明显的阶段性,前兆异常频次的每一次加速都发生在外围强震发生之后,本文用强震的增、减震理论,推测外围强震的发生对唐山地震的孕育有强化作用,在一个大的区域,强地震的增、减震效应可以形成多个高应力集中区,这些高应力集中区多数都是未来发生强震的地区.     

1976年唐山地震前土层水平最大剪应变的时空分布

土层应变仪观测网的观测结果表明:土层水平最大剪应变在唐山地震前有异常,异常后便发生了主震;异常时间等值线从震中向外围传播,其传播速度为每天0.1—6.6公里,从震中区向外围加快,以沿着通过唐山主震震中区的北东和北西向断裂带的传播速度为最快;最高等值线圈闭震中或在震中附近     

新疆呼图壁M_S6.2地震定点形变异常分析

通过对呼图壁MS6.2地震周围台站前兆资料的梳理、分析,其结果表明,榆树沟洞体应变趋势压缩、阜康水管仪趋势E倾、库尔勒水平摆趋势W倾、库尔勒断层趋势压缩等背景异常表明此区域应力处于不断积累状态;新源井下摆出现快速N倾、年变畸变中期异常;榆树沟水管仪出现速率加快,巴伦台钻孔应变出现大幅压性变化等短临异常。此次地震发生前前兆中期异常出现时间早,且距震中较远,而临震异常出现时间较为晚,距震中较近,中期和临震异常的空间演化呈现由外围向近场迁移的现象。     

唐山7.8级地震前的震中迁移与远台前兆的关系

以震中迁移始发点的前兆讨论了唐山7.8级地震震中位置的预测,并以此为例分析了汶川8级地震和芦山7级地震的前兆问题。另外,从震中迁移延长线上的前兆来讨论了唐山大震的发生时间。     

地震的地电阻率统计概率预报

自1967年开展地电阻率地震前兆探索以来,积累了大量的震例和统计预报经验.为了在过去经验的基础上给出概率预报方法,首先根据统计得到的异常持续时间与震级之间的经验公式及其标准偏差,给出所观测的地电阻率趋势异常估计某区在某时段内发生某种震级地震的概率方法,并引出一次预报的自然寿命和多台出现异常可提高报警级别的概念:然后根据异常检测范围与震级的统计公式,给出一组地电组率台网出现异常的情况,圈划未来地震震中区域的新方法;最后给出唐山、澜沧地震对地电统计概率预报(GSP)法的内符检验结果.      

苍山5.2级地震前临沂台深井地电异常

对苍山５．２级地震前距震中２３ｋｍ的临沂台深井地电观测资料进行了分析．结果表明,震前该台电阻率和自然电位出现了长达５年的与地震活动性异常同步的趋势异常．震前６个月电阻率出现下降异常．震前２４天自然电位和电阻率同时急剧下降,震后又同时急剧回升     

唐山地震应变-电阻率前兆及虚错动模式

研究了唐山地震周围240 km内16个地电台及大同6.1级地震周围50～60 km内2个台地电记录的全过程，排除了干扰，在确定可靠前兆异常的基础上，研究了地电前兆场的分布规律，证明了地电前兆场与震源应力场之间存在物理联系．对比了同震电阻率变化符号分布与震源机制结果，表明同震电阻率变化与地电前兆变化符号相反，分布相似．因而认为唐山地震前后的地电观测表明，唐山地震是一个弹性回跳过程．提出了唐山地电前兆的虚错动模式，即设想地电前兆是由一个与地震时产生的实际错动符号相反的虚错动所产生的应变积累而引起的．结合所求得的10－7～10－5应变范围内放大系数K=(/)/的非线性特性，根据断裂力学理论，选取合理虚错动参数，计算了唐山地电前兆的理论分布．与实际地电前兆对比表明，半定量的理论值与实测值基本吻合，从而证明虚错动模式对唐山地电前兆是适用的.      

新沂地震台地电阻率反向年变分析

结合新沂地震台电测深曲线、 测区地质剖面资料, 建立了三维非均匀层状介质有限元模型. 以第一层介质电阻率变化模拟表层介质电阻率随季节性降雨的变化, 在模型中计算了3个测道的地电阻率年变化形态. 计算结果表明, EW和N45°E测道地电阻率随表层介质电阻率的增减同向增减, 而NS测道地电阻率则与表层介质电阻率变化相反. 该结果符合新沂台3个测道实际观测的年变形态．      

Generalized effective medium resistivity model for low resistivity reservoir

With the advancement in oil exploration,producible oil and gas are being found in low resistivity reservoirs,which may otherwise be erroneously thought as water zones from their resistivity.However,the evaluation of low resistivity reservoirs remains difficult from log interpretation.Since low resistivity in hydrocarbon bearing sands can be caused by dispersed clay,laminated shale,conductive matrix grains,microscopic capillary pores and high saline water,a new resistivity model is required for more accurate hydrocarbon saturation prediction for low resistivity formations.Herein,a generalized effective medium resistivity model has been proposed for low resistivity reservoirs,based on experimental measurements on artificial low resistivity shaly sand samples,symmetrical anisotropic effective medium theory for resistivity interpretations,and geneses and conductance mechanisms of low resistivity reservoirs.By analyzing effects of some factors on the proposed model,we show theoretically the model can describe conductance mechanisms of low resistivity reservoirs with five geneses.Also,shale distribution largely affects water saturation predicted by the model.Resistivity index decreases as fraction and conductivity of laminated shale,or fraction of dispersed clay,or conductivity of rock matrix grains increases.Resistivity index decreases as matrix percolation exponent,or percolation rate of capillary bound water increases,and as percolation exponent of capillary bound water,or matrix percolation rate,or free water percolation rate decreases.Rock sample data from low resistivity reservoirs with different geneses and interpretation results for log data show that the proposed model can be applied in low resistivity reservoirs containing high salinity water,dispersed clay,microscopic capillary pores,laminated shale and conductive matrix grains,and thus is considered as a generalized resistivity model for low resistivity reservoir evaluation.     

沿河开发建筑场地之隐伏沙洞的电阻率层析成像

采用电阻率层析成像二维测量的方法,对河南省三门峡市沿河开发的建筑场地进行了勘探,获取了地下隐伏沙洞的准确位置、埋藏深度、含水情况、尺寸大小等。说明电阻率层析成像二维测量的方法在地下隐伏沙洞的探测中是行之有效的;地下隐伏沙洞在没有水体存在时,电阻率层析成像二维测量成果图中反映的一般都是高阻异常封闭圈。如果有水体存在,其异常则表现为低阻异常封闭圈。     

Spatial distribution of resistivity in the hydrogeological systems,and identification of the catchment area in the Rharb basin,Morocco / Répartition spatiale de la résistivité dans les systèmes hydrogéologiques et détection des zones de captages dans le bassin du Rharb,Maroc

Abstract

Abstract Geophysical results obtained in the Rharb basin, Morocco are reported. Correlations between hydrogeological well logs reveal several water-bearing Plio-Quaternary units resting on a substrate of blue marls. Geo-electrical borehole analyses were interpreted using bi-logarithmic diagrams which indicate the permeable layers of the aquifer and also its basement. Resistivity data from NE–SW and NW–SE electrical sections allow definition of the permeable/impermeable levels, and identification of ?ditches? that may be favourable sectors for hydrogeological exploitation. Resistivity anomalies were investigated by analysing maps of resistivity at 400 and 1000 m AB. Anomalies identified in the Rharb basin are related to the thickening of the permeable bodies (sand, limestone, sandstone deposits). In the coastal zone (AB = 1000 m), there is a strong decrease of the resistivity gradient (35–10 Ω m), which is probably linked to marine intrusion. Electrical anomalies allow detection of the water-bearing zones notably in the western and southwestern parts of the Rharb basin.     

Magnetotelluric studies of the East-European Craton and adjacent regions

Magnetotelluric method is widely applied to study the Russian part of the East-European Craton, as well as the Caucasus and the Urals: several thousand soundings were performed during the last few years. Their periods range is approximately from 0.003 to 3000 seconds, which allows to study the sedimentary cover and the consolidated crust. Resistivity cross-sections along several regional profiles which run across the tectonic structures of the East-European Craton and the adjacent folded systems were obtained, mainly using 1D and 2D interpretational tools. MT investigations provided important information about the structure and reservoir properties of sedimentary complexes, the state of active geodynamic regions, the graphitization and fluid regime of the consolidated crust, and the permeable and fluid-saturated crustal zones.     

张北-尚义地震前后电阻率的变化及分析

在张北－尚义地震区震前已有大地电磁资料测点（５１１点）进行了两次重复观测,在震中区测点（ＭＭＣ点）进行了连续４昼夜的观测。测量结果显示：（１）与震前资料相比,５１１测点沿电性构造走向方向（ＮＮＷ）在０．２～４ｓ周期范围内的视电阻率减小,垂直走向方向的视电阻率增大;（２）ＭＭＣ测点两个方向在０．２～１０ｓ周期范围内的视电阻率随测量时间逐渐增大;（３）５１１测点两次重复观测和ＭＭＣ的观测可能都反映出震后电阻率正在逐渐恢复。此外,还对地震前后地下结构的变化进行了分析。初步推测,观测到的电阻率变化是由于地下流体活动引起的     

浅谈电阻率法在地震预测中的应用

电阻率法测地震是当今世界预测地震所用的主要方法之一。40年来国内外对电阻率法测地震进行了不懈的研究,本文主要简述了室内研究,实验方面研究对象从对小块岩石发展到大块岩石,压力环境不断向地层条件贴遗,数值模拟也经历了由简单到复杂,由静态到动态的发展。本文对此简单介绍分析,并对电阻率法测地震的未来发展趋势作了展望。     

Resistivity exploration for altered zone at otake geothermal area — Japan

Geothermal electric power plant with a capacity of 10 mw has been now constructed by the Kyushu Electric Power Co. Ltd. at Otake, northern part of the Kyushu Island. Resistivity exploration, one of geophysical prospecting applied to this field in order to investigate the subsurface structure accompanied with natural steams, indicated low resistivity layer corresponding to altered zone of andesite due to hydrothermal agents. For the rapid interpretation of resistivity sounding curves, a method of calculating the standard curve for the multiple layered earth is developed in the utilization of an electronic digital computer. Some examples to show the application of this method are given, and tinally the result is described of resistivity measurement at Otake geothermal area.     

Utilization of Shallow Geophysical Sensing at Two Abandoned Municipal/Industrial Waste Landfills on the Missouri River Floodplain

In the past 30 to 40 years, floodplain areas of large rivers, such as the Missouri River, have been extensively used for large industrial and municipal landfills. Many of these sites are now causing varying degrees of ground water contamination. Rapid geophysical characterization techniques have proven useful for delineation of anomalous areas indicative of potential contaminant plumes. These methods have also resulted in a cost effective approach to the location and number of monitoring wells.
An effective technique to initially characterize ground water contamination at such landfills along the Missouri River in northwestern Missouri involved a combination of electrical resistivity and electromagnetic conductivity methods. Resistivity was used to obtain soundings of the alluvium by using a modified Wenner array and to corroborate shallow electromagnetic conductivity measurements by using short Wenner array electrode spacings.
Upon confirmation of similar measurements of the upper soils for the two methods, numerous electromagnetic conductivity traverses were made at each landfill site. The data generated from these surveys were graphed and contoured to delineate anomalous areas. Based on the geophysical study, a ground water monitoring well network was then designed for each landfill.
As a result, a minimal number of wells were required to initially characterize the ground water quality at these two sites. In general, analysis of water samples from these wells displayed good correlation with the geophysical results.     

高密度电阻率法在城市活断层调查中的应用

目的 在城市活断层调查中应用高密度电阻率层析成像测量方法。资料和方法 利用电阻率层析成像测量方法，在北京某地的活断层、郑州老鸦陈断层、安阳南断裂等处理进行了地震活断层调查，采用正、反演处理软件进行资料处理和解释。结果 取得了较理想的勘探效果。结论 在城市活断层调查中，电阻率层析成像测量方法是一种十分有效的勘探方法。