鄂尔多斯盆地中部前石炭纪岩溶古地貌恢复

鄂尔多斯盆地中部以碳酸盐岩为主夹蒸发岩的奥陶系马家沟组,经130余百万年的风化剥蚀及淋滤作用,风化壳古岩溶发育。在认识研究古地质图的基础上,选取马家沟组五段四亚段一小层底部的凝灰岩为标志层,完成了盆地中部前石炭纪岩溶古地貌图。自西向东,研究区可划分为四个岩溶古地貌单元或区块:岩溶高地、岩溶台地(坪)、岩溶盆地、岩溶台地与岩溶沟槽相间区块。岩溶高地地层向西翘倾,岩溶剥蚀面自西向东地层由老到新呈有序分布,西北角有7口井的地层已剥蚀至马五41以下,最西缘陕56井残顶已为马五7地层。岩溶台地是现今马家沟组天然气的主产区,地势相对较低且平缓,并在多个小层发育岩溶溶洞建造岩。     

The Messinian Sicilian stratigraphy revisited: new insights for the Messinian salinity crisis

Controversies around the Messinian salinity crisis (MSC) are because of the difficulties in establishing genetic and stratigraphic relationships between its deep and shallow‐water record. Actually, the Sicilian foreland basin shows both shallow and deep‐water Messinian records, thus offering the chance to reconstruct comprehensive MSC scenarios. The Lower Gypsum of Sicily comprises primary and resedimented evaporites separated in space and time by the intra‐Messinian unconformity. A composite unit including halite, resedimented gypsum and Calcare di Base accumulated between 5.6 and 5.55 Ma in the main depocentres; it records the acme of the Messinian Salinity Crisis during a tectonic phase coupled with sea‐level falls at glacials TG14‐TG12. These deposits fully post‐date primary gypsum, which precipitated in shallow‐water wedge‐top and foreland ramp basins between 5.96 and 5.6 Ma. This new stratigraphic framework results in a three‐stage MSC scenario characterized by different primary evaporite associations: selenite in the first and third stages, carbonate, halite and potash salt in the second one associated with hybrid resedimented evaporites.     

四川盆地东部黄龙组古岩溶地貌研究

作为川东地区最重要的天然气储集类型之一的石炭系黄龙组古岩溶型储层,业已引起众多油气地质工作者的重视。通过古岩溶作用标志识别和成因分析,采用残余地层厚度法、地貌法和印模法等技术手段对川东地区黄龙组古岩溶地貌进行恢复,从中划分出岩溶高地、岩溶斜坡和岩溶盆地三个岩溶地貌单元和峰丛、溶沟、落水洞、坡地、谷地、浅洼、残丘和槽地等微地貌单元,在平面上细分出七个典型的古岩溶地貌分区,并对分区内的岩溶地貌特征进行了研究,认为不同古岩溶地貌分区所处的地理位置及微地貌单元组成特征具有明显差异,从而直接影响到天然气藏的发育。在此基础上,对川东地区古岩溶及储层发育控制因素进行了分析,认为构造、气候、岩性、层位、古地形、古水文条件和不同的岩溶地貌形态影响和控制着古岩溶储层的发育与区域分布。上述研究成果将为川东石炭系古岩溶型储层评价与有利区带优选提供可靠依据。     

古岩溶盆地岩溶作用模式及古地貌精细刻画——以鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系风化壳为例

鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系风化壳天然气勘探的核心问题是寻找储层 ,关键技术是对古沟槽、古台地的识别。该区风化壳储层不发育有两方面的原因 :一是沉积相带不利 ;二是风化壳岩溶部位不利 ,属于岩溶洼地 ,溶蚀作用较弱 ,充填作用较强。鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系风化壳古岩溶地貌为地势平坦、向东开口的半封闭岩溶盆地 ,这就为该区古风化壳岩溶的发育创造了相对于其他全封闭盆地更好的条件。将岩溶盆地划分为谷地、台地、残丘、沟槽、浅洼 5种三级地貌单元类型 ,东部发育 3个水平岩溶带 ,第三水平岩溶带距夷平面 70～ 85m。根据观察结果及地下水的渗流规律 ,提出深潜流溶蚀带—深泉排水模式 ,为岩溶盆地风化壳储集体的发育提供了另一种可能的溶蚀作用方式。岩溶盆地在中深埋藏期压释岩溶作用较强 ,有利于储集体孔渗的改善、上古生界烃类的带入、古台地边缘致密带的产生及圈闭的形成。综合利用地质、钻井、地震及测井手段精细刻画了神木—榆林地区奥陶系风化壳古地貌 ,结果表明该地区古台地规模适中、古沟槽较多 ,认为东部是较有利的勘探区带     

蜀南地区二叠系茅口组古岩溶地区水系分布及岩溶地貌单元特征*

蜀南地区茅口组为一套沉积稳定的巨厚层生物碎屑灰岩,基质致密性脆。中二叠世末的东吴运动使蜀南地区茅口组顶部发育古风化壳岩溶,古岩溶地区水系控制着古岩溶的发育和演化。在研究古地貌恢复方法的基础上,分析研究区地层特征和区域构造背景,采用印模法进行古地貌恢复,进而研究了古岩溶地区的水系发育特征。在此基础上,结合风化壳表面侵蚀溶蚀特征、沉积物性质、地貌组合形态、钻井和地震资料,把研究区划分为岩溶台地、岩溶陡坡、岩溶缓坡及岩溶盆地4种二级地貌单元和溶丘洼地、岩溶槽谷、峰林平原等10种三级地貌单元,进一步分析了各种地貌单元的岩溶特征,为下一步的储集层预测提供了有利的目标。     

基于残余岩溶强度表征和裂缝预测的碳酸盐岩储层评价——以塔中西部上奥陶统良里塔格组为例

我国目前在碳酸盐岩油气勘探阶段常用的储层分类评价标准已难以满足溶蚀孔洞缝广泛存在及构造裂缝发育的古岩溶储层评价的实际需要。选择塔中西部上奥陶统良里塔格组古岩溶储层, 在系统分析储层特征的基础上, 通过表征残余岩溶和开展构造裂缝预测, 引入残余岩溶强度(R)和岩体破坏接近度系数(η)2个参数, 作为古岩溶储层评价的重要定量指标;并与多项储层地质参数综合, 进一步完善了碳酸盐岩古岩溶储层的分类评价标准, 并用于对该地区良里塔格组叠加型古岩溶储层的评价预测。将本区良里塔格组古岩溶储层划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ4类, 并应用多因素综合分析叠合成图法在平面上进行储层评价预测, 认为Ⅰ、Ⅱ类储层主要分布于S2井TZ45井TZ12井一带和 Z11井TZ10井TZ11井一带。     

Lower Miocene gypsum palaeokarst in the Madrid Basin (central Spain): dissolution diagenesis, morphological relics and karst end-products

Abstract The Miocene sedimentary record of the Madrid Basin displays several examples of palaeokarstic surfaces sculpted within evaporite formations. One of these palaeokarstic surfaces represents the boundary between two main lithostratigraphic units, the Miocene Lower and Intermediate units of the Madrid Basin. The palaeokarst formed in lacustrine gypsum deposits of Aragonian age and corresponds to a surface palaeokarst (epikarst), further buried by terrigenous deposits of the overlying unit. Karst features are recognized up to 5·5 m beneath the gypsum surface. Exokarst and endokarst zones are distinguished by the spatial distribution of solution features, i.e. karren, dolines, pits, conduits and caves, and collapse breccias, sedimentary fills and alteration of the original gypsum across the karst profiles. The development of the gypsum palaeokarst began after drying out of a saline lake basin, as supported by recognition of root tubes, later converted to cylindrical and funnel‐shaped pits, at the top of the karstic profiles. The existence of a shallow water table along with low hydraulic gradients was the main factor controlling the karst evolution, and explains the limited depth reached by both exokarst and endokarst features. Synsedimentary fill of the karst system by roughly laminated to massive clay mudstone with subordinate carbonate and clastic gypsum reflects a punctuated sedimentation regime probably related to episodic heavy rainfalls typical of arid to semi‐arid climates. Duration of karstification is of the order of several thousands of years, which is consistent with previous statements that gypsum karstification can develop rapidly over geologically short time periods.     

塔里木盆地塔中地区奥陶系古岩溶包裹体特征及古环境意义

碳酸盐岩古岩溶型储层是油气勘探开发的重点领域,具有极强的非均质性,是世界级难题。古岩溶发育期次的确定一直都是古岩溶储层地质建模的技术难题。现有判别古岩溶发育期次的方法多以地表裸露古岩溶充填物特征为依据。在塔里木盆地塔中地区地质构造复杂,具有多期次古岩溶作用的叠加改造。本次利用古岩溶充填方解石流体包裹体均一温度法,研究塔中地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩古岩溶作用期次与古环境条件,揭示了4期古岩溶作用环境:加里东期古岩溶作用、海西晚期古岩溶作用、印支-燕山期古岩溶作用、喜马拉雅期古岩溶作用。该研究成果对后期岩溶储层预测具有重要意义。      

Cyclic palaeokarst surfaces in Aptian peritidal carbonate successions (Taurides, southwest Turkey): internal structure and response to mid-Aptian sea-level fall

The sedimentology and cyclic stratigraphy of palaeokarst structures in Aptian peritidal carbonate successions are interpreted using field and laboratory microfacies analyses of closely spaced samples from measured outcrop stratigraphic sections in southwest Turkey. Cycles displaying shallowing-upward metre-scale cyclicity are generally composed of lime mudstones/wackestones/packestones at the bottom and stromatolites or lime mudstones with charophytes and ostracods at the top. Subaerial exposure structures such as in situ karst breccias, dissolution vugs/pipes, mud cracks and sheet cracks are encountered at the top of the cycles. The presence of limestone layers between the successive karst breccia levels indicates that they are in situ palaeokarst structures, not recent karstifications or deep penetration from the upper palaeokarst surface down to the older strata. Palaeokarst breccia deposits are interpreted as mantling breccia formed as a result of epikarstification. Three main palaeokarst levels are recorded in nearly all sections. The sedimentology of the palaeokarst breccias, their position in cyclic peritidal carbonates and the biostratigraphic framework are used to trace the record of the global mid-Aptian sea-level fall in the southwest Taurides. The successive occurrences of three karst breccia levels close to the mid-Aptian sea-level fall correspond to falling periods of high-amplitude sea-level fluctuation within a late high-stand or early fall condition of a third-order sea level.     

千米桥古潜山岩溶地貌演化及古岩溶洞穴发育特征

运用印模法和残厚法以及地震相位追踪对比等古地貌分析法研究揭示,千米桥古潜山岩溶地貌的演化形成先后经历了加里东—海西暴露发育期、印支—燕山暴露改造期、喜马拉雅埋藏定形期等演化阶段。古岩溶洞穴的发育和分布不仅受地貌形态及潜水面的控制,而且与岩性组合、古水文环境及断裂构造密切相关。加里东—海西暴露期地壳的持续抬升和区域潜水面的不断下移,造成古岩溶洞穴的多旋回层状分布,孔洞多被砂泥质充填,有效孔洞保存较少;印支—燕山暴露期发育的古岩溶洞穴受断裂体系影响,分布具有一定随机性,并且多被埋藏期化学半充填,成为目前古潜山油气储层的主要储集空间。利用钻井和测井信息及洞穴充填物,可在生产现场识别古岩溶洞穴的存在及分布,为古潜山油气储层的综合评价提供依据。     

The effect of the Messinian Deep Stage on karst development around the Mediterranean Sea. Examples from Southern France

It is difficult to explain the position and behaviour of the main karst springs of southern France without calling on a drop in the water table below those encountered at the lowest levels of Pleistocene glacio-eustatic fluctuations. The principal karst features around the Mediterranean are probably inherited from the Messinian period (“Salinity crisis”) when sea level dropped dramatically due to the closing of the Straight of Gibraltar and desiccation of the Mediterranean Sea. Important deep karst systems were formed because the regional ground water dropped and the main valleys were entrenched as canyons. Sea level rise during the Pliocene caused sedimentation in the Messinian canyons and water, under a low hydraulic head, entered the upper cave levels.

The powerful submarine spring of Port-Miou is located south of Marseille in a drowned canyon of the Calanques massif. The main water flow comes from a vertical shaft that extends to a depth of more than 147 m bsl. The close shelf margin comprises a submarine karst plateau cut by a deep canyon whose bottom reaches 1,000 m bsl. The canyon ends upstream in a pocket valley without relation to any important continental valley. This canyon was probably excavated by the underground paleoriver of Port-Miou during the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Currently, seawater mixes with karst water at depth. The crisis also affected inland karst aquifers. The famous spring of Fontaine de Vaucluse was explored by a ROV (remote observation vehicle) to a depth of 308 m, 224 m below current sea level. Flutes observed on the wall of the shaft indicate the spring was formerly an air-filled shaft connected to a deep underground river flowing towards a deep valley. Outcroppings and seismic data confirm the presence of deep paleo-valleys filled with Pliocene sediments in the current Rhône and Durance valleys. In the Ardèche, several vauclusian springs may also be related to the Messinian Rhône canyon, located at about 200 m below present sea level. A Pliocene base level rise resulted in horizontal dry cave levels. In the hinterland of Gulf of Lion, the Cévennes karst margin was drained toward the hydrologic window opened by the Messinian erosional surface on the continental shelf.     

Palaeokarst development in a lower Frasnian (Devonian) platform succession,Canning Basin,northwestern Australia

Recognition of palaeokarst in the oldest exposed Devonian (Givetian ‐ lower Frasnian) platform successions of the Canning Basin reef complexes has eluded investigators for over forty years. The first evidence for palaeokarst, developed on microbial mud‐mounds in a single stratigraphic horizon, is documented and records an episode of exposure during early carbonate platform development. Surface palaeokarst features are scalloped surfaces, solution pits and a pipe, underlain by fenestral limestone with sediment‐filled fossil moulds and vugs. The platform succession has variably developed metre‐scale cycles which are composed predominantly of shallowing‐upward subtidal facies, with some cycles having fenestral peloidal mudstone caps. Changes in facies type and stratigraphic arrangement up the succession define two deepening‐upward units (～70 and 180 m thick), with the palaeokarst surface representing emergence following rapid shallowing at the top of the lower unit. The stratigraphic position of the palaeokarst between these two units suggests it may represent a sequence boundary. This may have been caused by a low‐magnitude eustatic fall or footwall‐uplift event superimposed on a rapidly subsiding basin margin.     

江汉平原及邻区海相碳酸盐岩的古岩溶特征及控制因素

对于露头剖面的观察、相关样品分析及钻井资料的研究表明,区内碳酸盐台地在形成、发展及消亡过程中,由于不同级次的相对海平面下降,台地沉积过程中断,出现暴露并伴随溶蚀作用,在台地埋藏后还受到地下热水的溶蚀改造。将区内古岩溶划分为同生期层间岩溶、裸露期古风化壳岩溶、埋藏期热水岩溶等三类。同生期层间岩溶多与相对短时间的海平面下降有关,以发育溶蚀残积物、溶孔(铸模孔)等为特征。裸露期古风化壳岩溶表现为台地长时间的暴露及溶蚀,一般可见明显的古风化壳岩溶垂向分带;埋藏期热水岩溶以非选择性溶蚀为特征。控制碳酸盐台地古岩溶发育的主要因素有气候、全球性海平面变化、古地形、古构造等因素。初步探讨了区内古岩溶与储层发育的关系。     

碳酸盐岩地区古风化壳岩溶储层

世界整装大油气田均以海相盆地为主,储集类型首推碳酸盐岩岩溶孔洞＋裂缝.岩溶发育的程度除相控外,层序不整合界面与区域性地层不整合面的复合面,在表生成岩作用环境下可形成碳酸盐岩古风化壳型岩溶.塔里木盆地和鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系古喀斯特油气藏的重大突破,佐证了碳酸盐岩岩溶储层的特殊意义.我国海相盆地碳酸盐岩风化壳岩溶的形成和演化,均与加里东构造旋回中的幕次古隆起和海平面下降共耦,埋藏期和热水溶蚀的叠加可改善岩溶的储集性能.在大面积覆盖的油气田区预测古风化壳型的岩溶储层,可通过地震剖面追踪区域性地层不整合面和层序界面,圈出古岩溶的时空展布、推测古岩溶地貌以及与不同层位岩性相的关系.孔洞充填方解石与碳酸盐围岩的氧碳同位素有别,前者的Z值小于120,是反馈淡水岩溶环境的重要标志之一.     

塔里木盆地轮古西地区奥陶系古岩溶储层发育特征研究

在区域地质背景研究及大量文献调研的基础上,结合地质地震资料,通过单井分析及连井对比研究,探讨了研究区古岩溶的形成机理和控制因素、储层的空间发育及岩溶洞穴的充填特征。认为轮古西地区经历多期地壳抬升,奥陶系古潜山发育两期岩溶旋回,纵向上形成了四套与洞穴有关的古岩溶储层,其中第Ⅱ岩溶层主要分布在岩溶斜坡区,洞穴广泛发育,充填程度低且位于构造高部位,是最有利的油气聚集层段。     

青藏高原古岩溶的存在及其与东邻地区岩溶的对比

青藏高原古岩溶属形成于土下环境,经刻蚀作用剥露地表后,以石林、岩墙等形式广泛存在于山顶夷平面的外围,并不同程度地叠置气下改造特征。根据青藏高原及东邻岩溶区覆盖型岩溶和红色风化壳的剥露情况及改造特征对比,作者认为上述地区覆盖型岩溶从东到西具有良好的一致性,是岩溶双层夷平面的组成部分,其现阶段的不同表现是不同程度刻蚀作用的结果。      

Ordovician Carbonate Reservoir Bed Characteristics and ReservoirForming Conditions in the Lungudong Region of the Tarim Basin

<正>Basic characteristics of Ordovician carbonate reservoir beds in the Lungudong region of northeastern part of the Tarim Basin are described in detail and the reservoir-forming conditions of oil and gas are preliminarily discussed in this paper by collecting and sorting out a large amount of data.The carbonate reservoir beds are mainly developed in open-platform and platform marginal facies;the reservoir beds have large changes in and low average values of physical property;the main type is fractured reservoir beds with the fracture-porous type second.The reservoir bed development is chiefly controlled by the distribution of sedimentary facies,tectonic activity and karstification. Whereas the accumulation and distribution of hydrocarbons in the region are controlled by an advantageous structural location,a good reservoir-caprock combination and a favorable transporting system,with the distribution characterized by zones horizontally and belts vertically,the oil and gas are mainly concentrated in areas with structural uplift,densely developed fractures,and surface karst,a vertical vadose zone,and a horizontal undercurrent belt of palaeokarst.     

塔河油田奥陶系古岩溶洞穴识别及预测

在塔河油田奥陶系中蕴藏着丰富的石油资源，碳酸盐岩储层的主要储集空间为裂缝和溶蚀孔、洞，其中岩溶洞穴是最主要的储集空间，研究岩溶洞穴的展布具重要意义．应用钻井、测井、地震等资料分析了岩溶洞穴的识别标志，并利用地震反射结构和振幅变化率技术预测了岩溶洞穴在塔河油田某区的展布．     

Evolution of karst in Messinian gypsum (Monferrato,Northern Italy)

In the Tertiary Basin of Piedmont (Northern Italy) a 100-150 m thick Messinian sedimentary succession crops out, composed of pre-evaporitic clays, gypsum beds and post-evaporitic lacustrine-marine fine-grained sediments. In the Monferrato area the thickness of the evaporite sequence is highly variable (0-140 m) due to an important erosion surface formed at the end of the evaporite cycle and carved in the gypsum beds. Epigenic caves probably formed during this short intra-Messinian phase of emersion. Cave sediments contain benthonic and planctonic foraminiferal associations ranging in age from Burdigalian to Upper Pliocene. These sediments have probably been deposited in recent times, although it cannot be completely ruled out that they accumulated in caves developed in Upper Messinian times. The formation of the most important caves of this area probably started at the end of the Messinian under epigenic conditions. Possibly, those inherited caves enlarged slowly during the Quaternary in an intrastratal and confined hypogene karst system.     

塔里木盆地玉北地区中下奥陶统鹰山组溶洞充填物稀土元素特征及其意义*

中下奥陶统碳酸盐岩古岩溶型储集层的特征、演化及纵横向分布是塔里木盆地玉北地区勘探关注的重要问题,而YB7井在鹰山组钻遇的溶洞及其充填物为研究该地区中下奥陶统古岩溶作用提供了契机。研究区YB7井中下奥陶统鹰山组溶洞充填物以长石石英砂岩为主,文中将其稀土元素组成特征与该地区志留系依木干他乌组和克孜尔塔格组、泥盆系东河塘组、石炭系巴楚组及塔中地区志留系柯坪塔格组和塔塔埃尔塔格组进行对比,以分析其物源及溶洞的演化时限。结果显示: 4个溶洞充填物样品稀土元素配分模式表现为轻稀土轻微富集,重稀土稍显亏损,具有明显的Ce负异常和轻微的Eu正异常,与东河塘组和柯坪塔格组的特征较为接近。溶洞充填物的ΣREE平均为36.48 μg/g,与东河塘组最为接近,而与柯坪塔格组相距甚远。玉北地区缺失柯坪塔格组,至巴楚组沉积前一直处于构造高部位,故柯坪塔格组不具备为YB7井溶洞提供物源的基础。玉北地区西部局部钻遇东河塘组,而YB7井周边缺失该组,故综合稀土元素组成特征、沉积特征及构造背景认为,YB7井溶洞充填物来源于东河塘组,其形成于暗河系统,且东河塘组沉积后至巴楚组沉积前是玉北地区重要的岩溶储集层发育时期。