海拉尔盆地碎屑岩储层束缚水饱和度的确定

核磁测井资料确定束缚水饱和度主要是采用T2固定截止值法.随着对复杂岩性储层的勘探,近年来,在固定T2截止值方法基础上又发展了锥形T2截止值法、薄膜模型以及频谱模型.对于岩性多变、孔隙结构复杂的碎屑岩储层,常规测井方法和以T2截止值为基础的核磁测井方法确定的束缚水饱和度都难以满足测井评价的精度要求,这时需要考虑薄膜模型和频谱模型方法.这两种模型认为各种尺寸的孔隙中均含有束缚水,只是不同尺寸孔隙束缚水含量不一样.在对海拉尔盆地岩性多变、孔隙结构复杂的碎屑岩储层的实践中,对回波串数据作多指数反演拟合时采用了2的幂次方方式布点,相应地得到了核磁测井T2谱,并从中选取了9个孔隙组分,将其与反映粘土含量的中子-密度孔隙度差值结合,采用回归的方法得到了束缚水饱和度的计算公式.回归公式在海拉尔盆地取得了较好的应用效果,尤其是贝尔凹陷,预测效果提高了将近1倍,计算的束缚水饱和度与岩心分析束缚水饱和度相比,平均相对误差从15.1%减小到8.7%.     

Palaeoenvironmental application of magnetic measurements from inter-drumlin hollow lake sediments near Dungannon, Co. Tyrone, Northern Ireland

Measurements of palaeomagnetic horizontal remanent intensity, saturation isothermal remanence, coercivity of remanence, high field remanence and magnetic susceptibility, have been made on lateglacial and postglacial sediments from two small, inter-drumlin hollow lakes from central Northern Ireland. These magnetic measurements have been compared with pollen and chemical analyses from the same profiles and with complementary mineral magnetic data from local soils. Representative sediment samples have also been divided into a range of particle size fractions and each fraction has been subjected to magnetic investigation. Five distinctive stratigraphic horizons have been identified on the basis of the magnetic mineralogy. Two horizons relate to phases of pronounced erosion. One of these is connected with solifluction processes in the lateglacial and the other to an intensive period of farming activity which started in Medieval times. Two horizons are associated with periods of very high iron and manganese deposition and are possibly related to the precipitation of magnetic minerals within the lake. Hydrological changes during periods of local anthropogenic activity appear to produce magnetic mineral assemblages indicative of stream bed/bank substrate sources. The particle size data also support the suggestion that downcore changes in the mineral magnetic record are mainly caused by changes in the sediment source rather than particle size or sedimentological effects.     

致密砂岩气层的测井评价--以鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地山西组一段气田为例

大牛地气田山西组一段储层的孔隙度和渗透率均低、孔隙结构复杂、非均质性强，具有低压、低产的特征。利用测井资料，采用人工神经网络技术对致密砂岩的岩性进行了识别，共识别出中—粗粒岩屑砂岩、岩屑石英砂岩两种岩性，结合三种孔隙度测井方法进行了孔隙度和渗透率的预测，利用岩电实验资料，建立了储层微观孔隙结构与胶结指数、饱和度指数、岩石弹性力学参数之间的统计关系，获得了有效的饱和度评价参数，提高了饱和度的解释精度。并以压汞、相渗等岩芯分析资料进行了束缚水饱和度的解释，并采用多种交绘图技术，有效地识别了致密砂岩气层。该方法的特点是充分放大测井信息对天然气的响应特征，增强了气层和干层的判别差异。实践表明，上述方法对于鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田致密砂岩气层测井评价的符合率达到95％以上。     

珠江口盆地低阻油层饱和度评价方法

珠江口盆地的低阻油层具有高泥质含量、低电阻率以及低产能的特点, 其真实含油饱和度的确定存在很大的困难。首先分析了区域低阻油层的地质成因, 指出地层束缚水含量高, 以及由此形成的发达的导电网络是导致油层低阻的主要原因;在此基础上, 利用多种适合于泥质砂岩地层的饱和度模型进行计算, 并根据密闭取心资料, 重点分析了在不同地层条件下, 对岩样含油、水饱和度进行脱气校正、压实校正、体积系数校正以及漏失校正的方法;并结合核磁共振测井, 对测井计算的含水饱和度进行标定。结果显示, 低阻油层的含水饱和度平均在70%以上, 且印度尼西亚公式计算的含水饱和度与岩心校正后的饱和度以及核磁束缚水饱和度吻合均很好, 因此印度尼西亚公式是最适合本区域低阻油层的饱和度评价模型。     

《T》文粒度计量方法及其资料的质疑和“杂基处理”的再讨论

针对《T》文所说的线计法存在忽略4.5ф以下的细颗粒,导致曲线形态畸变,提出用粗略筛折法“杂基处理”来修改线计法资料,使其与筛析资料形态符合等问题,本文分析了《T》文所示资料,通过正反两方面的对比、剖析,证明问题的产生是由于其计量方法不当,与抽样方法本身无关,线计法资料是可信赖的。粗略筛析法“杂基处理”的提出是不必要的。而且无论在理论上、方法上都存在许多问题,它是粒度计量错误基础上畸生出来的产物。因此,不宜采用。     

非饱和土的本构模型研究

引用平均土骨架应力的概念,研究推导出非饱和土的刚度参数随吸力变化而变化的关系式,进而推导得到用平均土骨架应力表述的非饱和土LC屈服面函数以及硬化规律。从土力学原理推导,得到土样由于在净应力和吸力作用下产生体积变形引起土样饱和度变化的关系式。由平均土骨架应力推广,得到三轴应力状态的椭圆屈服函数,这一非饱和土本构模型的优点在于考虑了应力作用后土样饱和度的变化,通过对已有试验数据的初步验证,表明提出的非饱和土本构模型的合理性和适用性。     

基于声波测井的冻土区孔隙型水合物储层水合物饱和度估算方法

水合物饱和度参数的准确计算对于水合物资源量的评价至关重要。本文提出利用超声波测井资料与等效介质模型相结合的方法,可有效评价祁连山冻土区孔隙型水合物储层水合物饱和度变化特征,并在典型孔隙型水合物钻孔DKXX-13进行了应用。基于等效介质理论的弹性波速度模型正演模拟的纵波速度相比基于双相介质理论的弹性波速度模型更加吻合实际测井纵波速度,可用于分析孔隙型水合物储层的纵波速度特征;通过正演模拟的纵波速度与实际测井纵波速度的对比,识别出X30.0～X30.2m、X30.3～X30.4m、X31.1～X31.6m、X31.7～X31.9m、X32.0～X32.2m井段存在水合物,水合物赋存井段地层的水合物饱和度变化范围为13.0%～85.0%,平均值为61.9%,与标准阿尔奇公式估算结果和现场岩芯测试结果基本一致。研究结果可为祁连山冻土区水合物地层测井评价与地震勘探提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

Investigation of the effect of specific interfacial area on strength of unsaturated granular materials by X-ray tomography

This paper studies the effect of interfacial areas (air–water interfaces and solid–water interfaces) on material strength of unsaturated granular materials. High-resolution X-ray computed tomography technique is employed to measure the interfacial areas in wet glass bead samples. The scanned 3D images are trinarized into three phases and meshed into representative volume elements (RVEs). An appropriate RVE size is selected to represent adequate local information. Due to the local heterogeneity of the material, the discretized RVEs of the scanned samples actually cover a very large range of degree of saturation and porosity. The data of RVEs present the relationship between the specific interfacial areas and degree of saturation and gives boundaries where the interfacial area of a whole sample should fall in. In parallel, suction-controlled direct shear tests have been carried out on glass beads and the material strength has been corroborated with two effective stress definitions related to the specific air–water interfacial areas and fraction of wetted solid surface, respectively. The comparisons show that the specific air–water interfacial area reaches the peak at about 25% of saturation and contributes significantly to the material strength (up to 60% of the total capillary strength). The wetted solid surface obtained from X-ray CT is also used to estimate Bishop’s coefficient χ based on the second type of effective stress definition, which shows a good agreement with the measured value. This work emphasizes the importance to include interface terms in effective stress formulations of unsaturated soils. It also suggests that the X-ray CT technique and RVE-based multiscale analysis are very valuable in the studies of multiphase geomaterials.

     

A study of celestine equilibrium in marine sediments using the entire ODP/IODP porewater data base

The stability of celestine (SrSO₄) in marine sediments has been investigated through the calculation of its saturation index at the in situ temperature and pressure, using the entire ODP/IODP porewater composition data base (14,416 samples recovered from sediments collected during 95 ODP and IODP Legs) that has been thoroughly corrected for missing data and inconsistencies. The porewater in situ pressure has been obtained from depth data, and the in situ sample temperature has been calculated from the bottom seawater temperature and from the measured thermal gradient. When the latter is unavailable, a default value of 35 °C/km or an assumed gradient similar to that of a site located close to the study area has been used. Molarities have been converted to molalities through the calculation of the porewater densities, which have represented by an empirical function of the total dissolved solids load up to 150 g/L.Ocean bottom waters are largely undersaturated with respect to celestine. Yet sediment porewater saturation is not uncommon: it is reached in 83 boreholes (i.e. about 10% of all boreholes) drilled during 22 ODP/IODP Legs. Celestine equilibrium can be reached through two different non-exclusive causes: a strontium increase in porewater linked to the dissolution of Sr-rich aragonite or biogenic calcite and precipitation of Sr-poor calcite (carbonate recrystallization), or an increase in the strontium and sulfate porewater concentrations linked to a salinity increase due to the presence of brines.Sediments at most of the sites exhibiting celestine equilibrium share common characteristics such as a carbonate-rich lithology (typically higher than 80 wt.%) and a low organic carbon content (generally below 1 wt.%). These results indicate that modification of porewaters during burial diagenesis can easily lead to celestine saturation, especially in carbonate-rich sediments. We then briefly discuss former interpretations of the presence of celestine in ancient and recent marine sediments, as well as the consequences of the incorporation of celestine formation in diagenetic models using the porewater Sr content and Sr isotopic composition.     

利用垂直线源电成像技术获得剩余油分布

垂直线源电成像技术将套管井作为供电电流源,大大地增加了探测深度和成像精度,且可在不影响油井正常生产的情况下实施作业。所获得的视电阻率经反演成像后可得到深部目标储层中的真电阻率,然后利用电阻率与含油(水)饱和度的关系,获得目标储层中剩余油分布状况。其与地质分析、示踪剂测试法和岩芯分析等结果综合后,可为油田制订挖潜方案提供依据,达到稳产、增产的目的。将该技术试验性地应用于某油田已经处于中后期生产的某区块,获得了其目标储层的剩余油分布,将之与该区块中试验探测期间各井的含水率分布图对比分析后发现,利用垂直线源电成像技术获得的剩余油分布是可靠的,可为油田中后期挖潜方案的制订提供可靠依据,具有巨大的应用潜力。     

孔喉半径对松辽盆地南部青一段特低-超低渗透储层质量的控制作用

针对青山口组一段特低-超低渗储层开发时,仍然存在储层认识程度低的问题.其中,明确特低-超低渗储层物性、含油性及流动性的主控因素是亟待解决的重要问题.利用常规压汞、核磁共振、孔渗测定、粒度分析和X衍射等实验方法,对松辽盆地南部青山口组一段特低-超低渗储层特征参数进行定量表征.结果表明:松辽盆地南部青山口组一段特低-超低渗透储层平均孔喉半径主要分布于0.3~1.7 μm之间.大于1.5 μm的孔喉半径对应常规低渗透储层,以细粒长石岩屑砂岩为主;0.5~1.5 μm孔喉半径对应特低渗透储层,以极细粒长石岩屑砂岩和粗粉砂岩为主,可动流体饱和度大于65%;0.1~0.5 μm孔喉半径对应超低渗透储层,以粗-细粉砂岩为主,可动流体饱和度介于50%~60%.孔喉半径决定了储层物性和流体饱和度特征,并在宏观上受控于沉积相带,应作为特低-超低渗储层评价的重要参数.      

Irreducible water distribution in sandstone rock: Two phase flow simulations in CT-based pore network

A simple cutoff approach based on the capillary bundle model has become an industrial standard method to quickly obtain the irreducible water saturation from NMR T₂ distribution. However this approach is not always valid. To overcome the shortcoming of the capillary bundle model that ignores pore-pore connectivity, we have conducted a two-phase flow simulation in a CT-based pore network. The CT -based pore network is a representation of a real rock pore structure that is described by a binary X-ray tomographic data set. Simulation on such network mimics a process of the porous plate measurement. The generated capillary curve is quite reasonable. The oil accession distributions at different water saturations plotted as a function of pore size provide an insight for the immiscible displacement process in the real rock pore structure. Water is trapped not only in dead ends but also in the well-connected pores due to a pore level by-pass mechanism. At the capillary end point pressure, a plot of the trapped water distribution as a function of pore size has the same lognormal distribution as the pore size distribution, which is much different from what the simple capillary bundle model suggests.     

晋城无烟煤储存游离态CO2理论容量及其影响因素

深部煤层游离态CO₂理论存储容量随深度增加而变化。基于山西沁水盆地南部煤样测试基本数据,对游离态CO₂煤层存储容量进行计算,并分析其随深度变化规律。基于建立的煤层游离态CO₂存储容量计算模型显示,煤储层游离态CO₂存储容量受孔隙度、含气饱和度、地层温度、地层压力等共同作用的影响。CO₂注入后改变煤储层物性会导致理论存储量有不同程度增加,但存储量增值与实验煤样颗粒大小有关;应力作用下煤储层孔隙度随埋深呈负指数降低规律会显著降低CO₂存储容量,含气饱和度增大会显著增大存储量。     

BP 模型在南海神狐海域天然气水合物储量参数预测中的应用

在用测井数据预测储量参数方法的基础上,采用BP 神经网络法预测天然气水合物储量参数( 孔隙度、饱和度) 。选取一口有实测值的井,将其测井数据作为样本数据,建立网络模型,由其他井的测井数据输入此模型得到储量参数预测结果。经过实践检验此模型得出的结果比经验公式法更精确。     

基于phreeqci和netpath联合反演水文地球化学过程——以小秦岭太峪水库为例

为了研究超基性岩区山区河流水化学形成机制,笔者以小秦岭金矿区太峪水库为解剖对象,通过水文地质条件调查与测试数据的分析可知,太峪水库中水化学组分含量虽然较上游河水补给区并非普遍升高,但是矿化度有所增加,且水化学类型为HCO3·SO4-Ca.Mg,水文地球化学演化过程基于两方面化学反应和蒸发作用,以化学反应为主。①基于phreeqci正演计算了各水样点矿物饱和指数,利用netpath模拟水质质量平衡反演拟合,得出水库水质发生了Ca/Na交换和矿物溶解和沉淀作用。而水化学作用主要包括岩盐、石膏、方解石的溶解以及超基性岩矿物成分的沉淀。②通过蒸发作用使各组分质量浓度增大0.23倍。     

鄂尔多斯盆地甘谷驿油区延长组长6储层综合评价

运用先进的恒速压汞、核磁共振可动流体饱和度测试分析技术,结合常规储层物性等分析,系统的研究了鄂尔多斯盆地甘谷驿油区延长组长6油层组砂岩储层的岩石学特征、孔隙特征及孔渗分布特征等,进而对甘谷驿油区长6储层进行综合分类评价。研究结果表明,甘谷驿油区长6储层的岩性以细粒长石砂岩为主;储集空间类型以残余粒间孔和溶蚀孔为主;甘谷驿油区长6储层以微喉道为主,且储层流通性质的好坏主要受喉道大小的控制;储层内可动流体饱和度整体偏低。总体上,甘谷驿油区长6储层显示为低孔-超低渗的储层特征。结合甘谷驿油区长6储层的存储系数、地层系数和流动带指数等地质参数对储层进行多因素综合评价,认为甘谷驿油区长6储层最终可分为4类,并以Ⅲ类较差储层为主。     

三氯乙烯污染土壤的复电阻率特征和频谱参数研究

复电阻率法(complex resistivity, CR)由于其对孔隙水化学性质、固-液界面和流体含量的敏感性已成为具有良好前景的污染物识别工具。本研究选取三氯乙烯(trichloroethylene, TCE)作为典型有机污染物,利用频谱激电仪对TCE污染土壤进行了复电阻率测量,讨论孔隙水盐度、水饱和度和土壤类型对污染土壤的复电阻率特征和频谱参数影响。试验结果表明:污染土样的复电阻率均随水饱和度的降低和孔隙水盐度的减小而增大;土壤黏土含量影响孔隙水连续性,当孔隙水出现不连续状态时,实部和虚部出现大幅度变化。总充电率M随着孔隙水盐度的增加而增加,随水饱和度的降低先减后增。黏土颗粒重排导致的比表面积减小使得总充电率M减小,双电层极化加强使总充电率M升高;平均弛豫时间常数随孔隙水盐度的升高而降低,二者呈对数相关,随水饱和度变化的主要原因为可极化孔隙尺寸的变化。本研究探讨了地球物理参数与水文地质参数间的关系,为SIP方法在实际有机污染场地调查与评估提供了理论依据。     

Moisture Transport Through Sprayed Concrete Tunnel Linings

Waterproofing of permanent sprayed concrete tunnel linings with sprayed membranes in a continuous sandwich structure has been attempted since 2000 and has seen increased use in some countries. The main function of a sprayed membrane from a waterproofing perspective is to provide crack bridging and hence prevent flow of liquid water into the tunnel through cracks and imperfections in the concrete material. However, moisture can migrate through the concrete and EVA-based membrane materials by capillary and vapor diffusion mechanisms. These moisture transport mechanisms can have an influence on the degree of saturation, and may influence the pore pressures in the concrete material as well as risk of freeze–thaw damage of the concrete and membrane. The paper describes a detailed study of moisture transport material parameters, moisture condition in tunnel linings and climatic conditions tunnels in hard rock in Norway. These data have been included in a hygrothermal simulation model in the software WUFI for moisture transport to substantiate moisture transport and long-term effects on saturation of the concrete and membrane material. The findings suggest that EVA-based membranes exhibit significant water absorption and vapor transport properties although they are impermeable to liquid water flow. State-of-the-art sprayed concrete material applied with the wet mix method exhibits very low hydraulic conductivities, lower than 10^?14 m/s, thus saturated conductive water flow is a very unlikely dominant transport mechanism. Moisture transport through the lining structure by capillary flow and vapor diffusion are calculated to approximately 3 cm³/m² per day for lining thicknesses in the range of 25–35 cm and seasonal Nordic climate variations. The calculated moisture contents in the tunnel linings from the hygrothermal simulations are largely in agreement with the measured moisture contents in the tunnel linings. The findings also indicate that the concrete material exhibits a reduction of saturation on the immediate inside of the membrane. Near the location of the waterproofing membrane on either side, the concrete material exhibits degrees of capillary saturation between 85 and 95 %. Moisture content in the membrane is found to be consistently in the range of 12–17 % by weight, corresponding to a degree of saturation of 30–35 %. Possible effects of such moisture contents are lower risk of freezing degradation, higher tensile bonding strengths at the membrane interfaces, and a reduced risk of pore pressure in the concrete material.     

吐哈盆地巴喀气田八道湾组致密砂岩气藏气水分布特征

基于核磁共振、压汞测试、物性分析、相渗曲线及生产动态等多种资料,对吐哈盆地巴喀气田八道湾组致密砂岩储层的物性特征、孔喉分布、束缚水含量、气柱高度、"甜点"发育的主控因素进行了分析,总结了研究区气水分布特征和气水分布模式。研究结果表明:八道湾组发育典型的致密砂岩储层,其孔隙度总体小于7%,渗透率小于0.2×10-3μm2;喉道半径较小,主喉道半径的分布范围为0.01～1μm;束缚水饱和度较高,且同孔隙度呈负相关关系。研究区气水过渡带的范围约为640 m,研究区储层总体处于气水过渡带之内;处于过渡带不同构造位置处不同物性的储层具有不同的含气特征和气水生产特征,位于气水过渡带较高部位的物性较好的区域和裂缝发育区是"甜点"的主要发育区。