河流沉积占优势地层中高频层序地层——以贵州盘县西部龙潭组为例

 贵州西部龙潭组主要含有6种沉积相组合:即浅海沉积、细粒滨岸平原沉积、溢岸沉积、小型河道砂体、叠置河道砂体和煤层。多层叠置砂体一般10-25m厚,2-10km宽,常含海绿石,切入下伏的三角洲平原、滨岸平原和浅海沉积中,被认为是下切谷充填。在龙潭组中共识别出广泛发育的10个层序界面,由此所限定的层序大致相当于4级旋回层序。在这些层序中,准层序或准层序组识别不出,然能识别体系域,层序几乎全由海进体系域(TST)和高位体系域(HST)组成,低位体系域(LST)发育不好。在垂向上,它们又可叠置成3级复合层序,并由低位、海进和高位层序组组成。在低位层序组中,河道下切常冲刷掉下伏层序的全部HST和部分TST,致使其与下伏层序的下切谷充填重合。在海进层序组中,下切作用最弱,具最小砂/泥比值,下切谷充填侧向孤立。高位层序组是低位和海进层序的过渡类型,下切谷充填也趋于孤立。     

尼日尔三角洲Stubb Creek油田阿格巴达组层序地层学研究

根据测井、岩屑录井及地震资料,尼日尔三角洲Stubb Creek油田阿格巴达组可划分为SQl、SQ2、SQ3 3个层序.每个层序均由低位体系域、海侵体系域和高位体系域组成,符合Vail经典的层序地层学模式.各层序低位体系域底部在地震剖面上表现为一系列的削截面,高位体系域由下超面组成.层序界面还表现为沉积相的突变面.最大海泛面位于自然伽玛最大值处.低位体系域砂体在研究区北部最发育,向南部逐渐减薄,这与研究区的物源位于北部有关.研究区沉积体系包括下切谷充填、浅海陆棚和三角洲沉积体系.下切谷沉积体系分布在各层序低位体系域,浅海陆棚沉积体系分布在海侵体系域和高位体系域,而三角洲沉积体系仅分布在高位体系域.     

四川省晚三叠世含煤地层层序地层及聚煤特征

四川盆地晚三叠世含煤地层为一套陆相含煤地层,根据区域性构造不整合面、下切谷充填砂岩底部冲刷面、地层颜色突变面可划分为4个层序,其中层序Ⅰ对应小塘子组,层序Ⅱ对应须家河组一段和二段,层序Ⅲ对应须家河组三段和四段,层序Ⅳ对应须家河组五段和六段。每个层序可划分出相应的低位体系域（LST）、湖侵体系域（TST）和高位体系域（HST）。层序Ⅲ和层序Ⅱ含煤性最好,层序Ⅰ含煤性最差。层序格架对含煤性、煤层分布和发育具有明显的控制作用,湖侵体系域晚期及高位体系域早期主要为滨岸沼泽和分流间湾环境,相对较快的湖平面上升速率为泥炭堆积提供持续增加的可容空间,有利于厚煤层的形成。     

川西坳陷中段须四段层序地层格架内沉积特征

为了深入认识川西坳陷中段须四段层序地层格架内沉积特征,综合利用野外露头、地震、岩心、测/录井、分析测试等资料对其进行了系统分析。结果表明须四段为一个三级层序,根据层序界面特征划分出低位体系域、湖侵体系域和高位体系域,并建立了等时层序地层格架。依据沉积相标志识别出冲积扇、辫状河、辫状河三角洲和湖泊4种相类型,明确了层序地层格架内沉积相平面展布及纵向演化特征：平面上,短轴物源自龙门山山前依次发育冲积扇、辫状河、辫状河三角洲和湖泊相,长轴物源主要发育辫状河三角洲前缘沉积,长短轴物源在合兴场-德阳-马井-新繁镇一带地区交汇;纵向上,低位体系域和高位体系域时期以辫状河三角洲前缘沉积为主,水下分支河道砂体纵向叠置、横向连片、分布广泛,湖侵体系域时期以滨浅湖沉积为主。建立了层序-沉积充填模式,指出低位体系域和高位体系域时期的长轴物源和长短轴物源交汇区辫状河三角洲前缘水下分支河道砂体是研究区优质储层发育区。     

鄂尔多斯东北部太原组上部灰岩段高分辨层序地层分析

根据对露头、测井和岩心资料的垂向分析和横向对比,结合古生物化石资料,在识别关键性界面的基础上,对鄂尔多斯东北部下二叠统太原组上部灰岩段建立了高分辨层序地层格架,划分出5个三级层序。研究层段为有陆源碎屑混入的碳酸盐缓坡沉积,形成于华北晚古生代最大海侵阶段。各层序分别由低位体系域的下切谷充填沉积的砂岩、砂砾岩,海侵体系的灰岩、泥灰岩、泥岩、煤和高位体系域的碎屑岩和煤组成。区内厚达数十米的桥头砂岩主要由几个层序低位域下切河谷充填沉积叠置而成。通过编制的各层序海侵域灰岩的厚度和分布图,证实层序3、4沉积期海侵范围最大。早二叠世早期海侵来自东南和西南两个方向      

准噶尔盆地东部地区八道湾组层序地层及油气勘探有利区带预测

运用层序地层学与沉积学的原理和方法,建立滴水泉地区侏罗系八道湾组层序地层格架,划分沉积相,在此基础上分析层序充填及沉积演化特征,预测研究区岩性油气藏的类型及分布。研究结果表明:八道湾组为“一个半”层序,包括5个体系域。整体经历了一个先退积、后进积、再退积的过程。研究区发育辫状河、辫状河三角洲和湖泊3种沉积相类型、5种沉积亚相类型和10种沉积微相类型。JSQ1层序低位体系域以辫状河沉积为主,湖侵体系域主要发育滨浅湖沉积,高位体系域以辫状河三角洲沉积为主;JSQ2层序低位体系域主要发育辫状河三角洲沉积,而湖侵体系域以滨浅湖沉积为主。滴水泉地区八道湾组发育的有利储集砂体是辫状河和辫状河三角洲砂体,主要发育于低位和高位体系域。研究区八道湾组沟谷型古地貌可与JSQ1低位体系域广泛分布的辫状河道砂体组合形成地层-岩性圈闭,是研究区最有利的勘探目标。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘晚古生代陆表海含煤岩系层序地层研究

通过区域不整合面、沉积体系转换面、构造应力场转换面和水上暴露面等层序界面的识别,对研究区进行层序地层划分,指出鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘晚古生代陆表海含煤岩系发育7个三级层序。在此基础上,认为陆表海层序仍然具有“三元”结构,由低位体系域、海侵体系域和高位体系域组成。在盆地北部发育的多期河道砂岩具有低位体系域的下切谷充填特点——面状充填,如晋祠砂岩、桥头砂岩以及北岔沟砂岩等。煤层在层序格架中的定位与海平面变化的转换时期有关,主要发育在陆表海环境的海侵体系域下部以及陆相环境的高位体系域上部。     

塔里木盆地志留系层序地层特征

通过对塔里木盆地西缘露头、盆内钻井、测井和地震资料以及大量室内分析化验资料的层序地层综合分析，可将志留系划分成五个三级层序，志留系沉积层序厚度40--155m。层序界面多为分布范围较广的区域性或局部不整合。层序叠置样式可用具陆棚坡折的I型层序地层样式来描述。每个沉积层序可由完整的低位、海侵和高位体系域组成或由其中的一个、两个体系域组成。体系域边界主要依据滨岸上超点位置、岩性组合及准层序叠置样式变化来确定。低位体系域由向上粒度变细、砂岩厚度向上减薄的准层序组成；海侵体系域表现为向上泥岩厚度加大、砂岩厚度减薄的叠置特点；高位体系域表现为加积--进积沉积特征。志留纪，研究区接受了滨外陆棚及滨岸、海湾潮坪沉积，发育典型的海相沉积构造，表现出明显的旋回特征。     

川南煤田古叙矿区含煤地层格架及聚煤作用

四川省古叙矿区晚二叠世龙潭组为一套海陆交替相含煤地层,根据勘查地质资料通过层序地层学和聚煤作用研究,根据区域性不整合面、河流下切谷充填砂岩底部冲刷面、石灰岩的旋回性及最大延伸范围等划分为2个三级层序及相应的低位、海侵及高位体系域。成煤的沉积体系主要为潮坪．三角洲体系,层序地层格架对煤层的发育、分布及含煤性具有明显的控制作用,厚度较大、展布范围较广的煤层主要分布在海侵体系域的中下部、高位体系域中下部及低位体系域的上部。层序I的含煤性最好,层序Ⅱ次之。     

珠江口盆地番禺低隆起韩江组高精度层序格架和沉积样式与岩性地层圈闭的发育分布

番禺低隆起是珠江口盆地重要的含油气区。区内的韩江组可划分为3个三级层序,其顶底界面均以削蚀和上超不整合及其对应的整合为界;依据四级旋回的海泛面可进一步划分出11个四级层序或体系域。三级层序SQhj1上部的2个四级层序发育两套具有前积结构的三角洲沉积,SQhj2的低位域广泛发育下切谷充填和低水位楔。结合钻井约束的地震沉积学和古地貌学分析,揭示了四级层序沉积相的平面分布和演化。高位域三角洲前缘砂坝和水下水道、低位下切水道及低位楔三角洲、海滩砂坝砂体等为区内主要的储集砂体,它们与其上覆的海进泥岩形成良好的储盖组合,沿上超斜坡带、下斜坡或坡折带可形成岩性地层圈闭。     

The application of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy to fluvial systems: a case study from the Upper Carboniferous Breathitt Group, eastern Kentucky, USA

The Pennsylvanian Pikeville, Hyden and Four Corners formations of the Breathitt Group in eastern Kentucky, USA, contain six major facies associations along with a number of subassociations. These facies associations are offshore siltstone, rhythmically bedded mouthbar heteroliths, predominantly fine-grained floodplain deposits, minor channel fills, major distributary channels and major, stacked fluvial bodies. The stacked fluvial bodies are incised into a variety of open marine and delta plain deposits, have widths of several kilometres and exhibit a range of sandy fill types. These fluvial complexes are interpreted as incised valley fills. Parasequences and parasequence sets are not identifiable. Nonetheless, it is possible to identify systems tracts on the basis of sequential position, facies associations and systematic changes in architectural style and sediment body geometries. The studied portion of the Breathitt Group comprises stacked 4th-order sequences, which occur in lowstand, transgressive and highstand sequence sets related to the development of a lower frequency base level cycle. In the lowstand sequence set, incision associated with successive 4th-order sequence boundaries has commonly removed all the HST and TST of the underlying sequences, such that succeeding 4th-order incised valley fills are amalgamated. Within the transgressive sequence set, incision is at a minimum and incised valley fills tend to stack discretely with the maximum amount of fine-grained TST and HST between them. The highstand sequence set is transitional between the lowstand and transgressive sequence sets in terms of the amount of transgressive and highstand deposits preserved. Incised valley fills tend to stack discretely.     

A sequence stratigraphic framework for a narrow,current-swept continental shelf: The Durban Bight,central KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa

High resolution seismic lines from the inner and mid-shelf of the Durban Bight reveal an unprecedented view of the seismic stratigraphy of the central KwaZulu-Natal uppermost continental margin. Seven units are recognised from the shelf on the basis of their stratal architecture and bounding unconformities. These comprise four incompletely preserved sequences consisting of deposits of the highstand systems tract (Unit B), falling stage systems tracts (Unit C), the transgressive systems tract (Units A, D and G) and lowstand systems tracts (early fill of the incised valleys and strike diachronous prograding reflectors of Unit A). Seismic facies recognised as incised valley fills correspond to the lowstand and transgressive systems tracts. When integrated with published accounts of onshore and offshore lithostratigraphy and local sea level curves, we recognise an Early Santonian transgression (Unit A to Unit B), superimposed by uplift-induced pulses of forced regression. A Late Campanian relative sea level fall (Unit C) followed. Sediments of the Tertiary period are not evident on the Durban Bight shelf except for isolated incised valley fills of Unit D lying within incised valleys of Late Pliocene age. Overlying these are two stages of Pleistocene shoreline deposits of indeterminate age. Erosion concurrent with relative sea level fall towards the last glacial maximum shoreline carved a third set of incised valleys within which sediments of the Late Pleistocene/Holocene have infilled.     

Stacked fluvial and tide-dominated estuarine deposits in high-frequency (fourth-order) sequences of the Eocene Central Basin, Spitsbergen

Eighteen coastal-plain depositional sequences that can be correlated to shallow- to deep-water clinoforms in the Eocene Central Basin of Spitsbergen were studied in 1 × 15 km scale mountainside exposures. The overall mud-prone (>300 m thick) coastal-plain succession is divided by prominent fluvial erosion surfaces into vertically stacked depositional sequences, 7–44 m thick. The erosion surfaces are overlain by fluvial conglomerates and coarse-grained sandstones. The fluvial deposits show tidal influence at their seaward ends. The fluvial deposits pass upwards into macrotidal tide-dominated estuarine deposits, with coarse-grained river-dominated facies followed further seawards by high- and low-sinuosity tidal channels, upper-flow-regime tidal flats, and tidal sand bar facies associations. Laterally, marginal sandy to muddy tidal flat and marsh deposits occur. The fluvial/estuarine sequences are interpreted as having accumulated as a series of incised valley fills because: (i) the basal fluvial erosion surfaces, with at least 16 m of local erosional relief, are regional incisions; (ii) the basal fluvial deposits exhibit a significant basinward facies shift; (iii) the regional erosion surfaces can be correlated with rooted horizons in the interfluve areas; and (iv) the estuarine deposits onlap the valley walls in a landward direction. The coastal-plain deposits represent the topset to clinoforms that formed during progradational infilling of the Eocene Central Basin. Despite large-scale progradation, the sequences are volumetrically dominated by lowstand fluvial deposits and especially by transgressive estuarine deposits. The transgressive deposits are overlain by highstand units in only about 30% of the sequences. The depositional system remained an estuary even during highstand conditions, as evidenced by the continued bedload convergence in the inner-estuarine tidal channels.     

Signatures of climate vs. sea-level change within incised valley-fill successions: Quaternary examples from the Texas GULF Coast

The passive margin Texas Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain consists of coalescing late Pleistocene to Holocene alluvial–deltaic plains constructed by a series of medium to large fluvial systems. Alluvial–deltaic plains consist of the Pleistocene Beaumont Formation, and post-Beaumont coastal plain incised valleys. A variety of mapping, outcrop, core, and geochronological data from the extrabasinal Colorado River and the basin-fringe Trinity River show that Beaumont and post-Beaumont strata consist of a series of coastal plain incised valley fills that represent 100 kyr climatic and glacio-eustatic cycles.

Valley fills contain a complex alluvial architecture. Falling stage to lowstand systems tracts consist of multiple laterally amalgamated sandy channelbelts that reflect deposition within a valley that was incised below highstand alluvial plains, and extended across a subaerially-exposed shelf. The lower boundary to falling stage and lowstand units comprises a composite valley fill unconformity that is time-transgressive in both cross- and down-valley directions. Coastal plain incised valleys began to fill with transgression and highstand, and landward translation of the shoreline: paleosols that define the top of falling stage and lowstand channelbelts were progressively onlapped and buried by heterolithic sandy channelbelt, sandy and silty crevasse channel and splay, and muddy floodbasin strata. Transgressive to highstand facies-scale architecture reflects changes through time in dominant styles of avulsion, and follows a predictable succession through different stages of valley filling. Complete valley filling promoted avulsion and the large-scale relocation of valley axes before the next sea-level fall, such that successive 100 kyr valley fills show a distributary pattern.

Basic elements within coastal plain valleys can be correlated with the record offshore, where cross-shelf valleys have been described from seismic data. Falling stage to lowstand channelbelts within coastal plain valleys were feeder systems for shelf-phase and shelf-margin deltas, respectively, and demonstrate that falling stage fluvial deposits are important valley fill components. Signatures of both upstream climate change vs. downstream sea-level controls are therefore interpreted to be present within incised valley fills. Signatures of climate change consist of the downstream continuity of major stratigraphic units and component facies, which extends from the mixed bedrock–alluvial valley of the eroding continental interior to the distal reaches, wherever that may be at the time. This continuity suggests the development of stratigraphic units and facies is strongly coupled to upstream controls on sediment supply and climate conditions within hinterland source regions. Signatures of sea-level change are critical as well: sea-level fall below the elevation of highstand depositional shoreline breaks results in channel incision and extension across the newly emergent shelf, which in turn results in partitioning of the 100 kyr coastal plain valleys. Moreover, deposits and key surfaces can be traced from continental interiors to the coastal plain, but there are downstream changes in geometric relations that correspond to the transition between the mixed bedrock–alluvial valley and the coastal plain incised valley. Channel incision and extension during sea-level fall and lowstand, with channel shortening and delta backstepping during transgression, controls the architecture of coastal plain and cross-shelf incised valley fills.     

Sequence stratigraphy of the upper Millstone Grit (Yeadonian,Namurian), North Wales

The upper Millstone Grit strata (Yeadonian, Namurian) of North Wales have been studied using sedimentological facies analysis and sequence stratigraphy. These strata comprise two cyclothems, each containing prodelta shales (Holywell Shale) that pass gradationally upwards into delta‐front and delta‐plain deposits (Gwespyr Sandstone Formation). The deltas formed in shallow water (<100 m), were fluvial‐dominated, had elongate and/or sheet geometries and are assigned to highstand systems tracts. Two delta complexes with distinctive sandstone petrographies are identified: (1) a southerly derived, quartzose delta complex sourced locally from the Wales‐Brabant Massif, and (2) a feldspathic delta complex fed by a regional source(s) to the north and/or west. The feldspathic delta complex extended further south in the younger cyclothem. A multistorey braided‐fluvial complex (Aqueduct Grit, c. 25 m thick) is assigned to a lowstand systems tract, and occupies an incised valley that was eroded into the highstand feldspathic delta complex in the younger cyclothem. A candidate incised valley cut into the highstand feldspathic delta complex in the older cyclothem is also tentatively identified. Transgressive systems tracts are thin (<5 m) and contain condensed fossiliferous shales (marine bands). The high‐resolution sequence stratigraphic framework interpreted for North Wales can be readily traced northwards into the Central Province Basin (‘Pennine Basin’), supporting the notion that high‐frequency, high‐magnitude sea‐level changes were the dominant control on stratigraphic architecture. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

High-resolution sequence stratigraphy of a complex, incised valley succession, Cobequid Bay — Salmon River estuary, Bay of Fundy, Canada

The post-glacial succession in the Cobequid Bay — Salmon River incised valley contains two sequences, the upper one incomplete. The lower sequence contains only highstand system tracts (HST) deposits which accumulated under microtidal, glacio-marine deltaic conditions. The upper sequence contains two, retrogradationally stacked parasequences. The lower one accumulated in a wave-dominated estuarine environment under micro-mesotidal conditions. It belongs to the lowstand system tract (LST) or early transgressive system tract (TST) depending on the timing and location of the lowstand shoreline, and contains a gravel barrier that has been overstepped and preserved with little modification. The upper parasequence accumulated in the modern, macrotidal estuary, and is assignable to the late TST. Recent, net progradation of the fringing marshes indicates that a new HST has begun. The sequence boundary separating the two sequences was formed by fluvial incision, and perhaps also by subtidal erosion during the relative sea level fall. Additional local erosion by waves and tidal currents occurred during the transgression. The base of the macrotidal sands is a prominent tidal ravinement surface which forms the flooding surface between the backstepping estuarine parasequences. Because fluvial deposition continued throughout the transgression, the fluvial-estuarine contact is diachronous and cannot be used as the transgressive surface. The maximum flooding surface will be difficult to locate in the macrotidal sands, but is more easily identified in the fringing muddy sediments. These observations indicate that: (1) large incised valleys may contain a compound fill that consists of more than one sequence; (2) relative sea level changes determine the stratal stacking patterns, but local environmental factors control the nature of the facies and surfaces; (3) these surfaces may have complex origins, and commonly become amalgamated; (4) designation of the transgressive surface (and thus the LST) is particularly difficult as many of the prominent surfaces in the valley fill are diachronous facies boundaries; and (5) the transgression of complex topography may cause geologically instantaneous changes in tidal range, due to resonance under particular geographical configurations.     

右江盆地层序格架中的生储盖组合特征及勘探意义

在层序地层研究基础上,结合右江盆地油气勘探成果,建立了右江盆地层序地层格架与油气生储盖组合之间的关系模型。具体是以南盘江凹陷及十万大山地区为重点,通过泥盆纪-中三叠世层序地层中生储盖组合的研究,阐述相应的不同级别层序格架 (二级及三级 )中储集体的成因类型及时空分布规律,进而探讨不同成因层序中有利储集体的发育模式。     

云南思茅盆地二叠纪层序格架与生储盖研究

根据层序界面的特点、凝缩段的组成,思茅盆地二叠系可分为2个Ⅱ级层序、9个Ⅲ级层序.在此基础上,探讨了层序格架与油气生储盖的关系可分为2个二级层序界面为一构造侵蚀不整合层序界面,是极好的储集场所.此时西部盆地中沉积物已经变质,与生储盖关系不大;而东部地区以开阔碳酸盐台地为主,低位体系域、海侵体系域和高位体系域以形成储集层为主.第2个二级层序由海侵-高位体系域所构成.海侵体系域由龙潭组下部所组成,在普洱西部崖子以西为深水盆地（含斜坡）环境,以东为浅海环境,邻近东部古陆区为滨海环境.无论盆地或浅海,岩性以深灰-灰黑色泥岩为主,生烃性能极好.高位体系域可以分为早期高位体系域和晚期高位体系域.早期高位体系域由龙潭组上部层位组成,西为浅海相砂岩、火山岩等,可作储层;东为滨海平原,下部以深灰、灰黑色泥岩为主,是很好的生油岩,上部以砂岩为主夹火山岩,可作为储集层.晚期高位体系域西部为长兴组灰岩、白云质灰岩、白云岩,可作为储层之用.