内蒙古自治区人居环境综合适宜性评价及空间优化

科学评价区域人居环境适宜性,是开展国土空间开发适宜性评价的前提,对提高区域资源环境承载能力,促进人与自然和谐发展至关重要。本文以内蒙古自治区为案例,基于栅格尺度从自然与人文2个方面对人居环境适宜性进行评价;将适宜性因子作为城乡建设用地扩展的限制条件,采用MCR模型对城乡建设用地进行模拟,提出区域人居环境空间优化方案,主要结论有：水文与气候条件对内蒙古自治区人居环境的整体限制作用较强;内蒙古自治区人居环境临界适宜与不适宜区占比最高,达到52.8%;高度适宜区占比最低为9%,主要分布在前套平原及西辽河平原,全区人居环境适宜性水平整体偏低。内蒙古自治区城乡建设用地人居环境比较适宜与高度适宜区占绝对优势,适宜比例超过73%,从适宜性空间分布来看,南部整体优于北部,东部整体优于西部,地带性特征明显。内蒙古自治区城乡人居环境不适宜与临界适宜主要表现为自然条件不适宜及对自然保护区的不合理占用。内蒙古自治区城乡建设用地模拟结果显示远期呼包地区一体化连片趋势明显,内蒙古自治区可逐步形成以呼包鄂都市区、赤通都市区为主体,以文化特色鲜明、公共设施完善的中心城镇及中心乡村为依托,以人居环境不适宜区为间隔,城乡...     

Progress of chinese regional geography studies in recent twenty years

ｅｇｉｏｎａｌｇｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙｅｍｂｏｄｉｅｓｔｈｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌｉｔｙａｎｄｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｇｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ .Ｓｉｎｃｅｔｈｅ1980ｓｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｍａｎｉｆｏｌｄｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌｇｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙｓｔｕｄｉｅｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａ ,ｇｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙｈａｓｂｅｅｎｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｏｒｉｅｓａｎｄｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓ.Ａｔｔｈｅｓａｍｅｔｉｍｅ ,ｔｈｅｉｍｐｏｒ ｔａｎｃｅｏｆｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌｇｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙｓｔｕｄｉｅｓｗａ…     

城市空间结构要素与人群聚散稳定性的关联性探索

人群移动和城市空间结构的关系研究一直是人文地理关注的焦点,它可以帮助理解人群城市空间中移动的潜在动力和影响因素,从而评价城市空间结构的合理性,对城市规划、选址具有重要意义。轨迹大数据为研究城市大规模群体活动、城市空间结构以及二者的关系提供了新视角。本文以人群聚散稳定性为切入点,以深圳市交通小区为分析单元,从社会经济属性、土地利用模式和路网中心性3个方面定量探索城市空间结构特征与人群聚散稳定性的关联性。结果发现：区域的人口数量和密度越大,人群聚散稳定性越低;土地利用混合度越高,均衡性越低,人群聚散稳定性越低;与路网全局中心性比,局部范围内的路网中心性对人群聚散稳定性的影响较大,并且随着距离不同而发生变化。这些知识帮助加深理解人群聚散与城市空间结构特征之间的关系。     

Geography and Rural Household Income： A Village Level Study in Henan Province, China

This study uses the data from a sample survey conducted in April 2007 on 1 251 rural households in 11 villages of Henan Province, the largest less developed agricultural province in China, to examine how geography affects rural household income (RHI). The quantitative analysis indicates following results. 1) The significance of the traditional geographical factors reduces as RHI rank increases. 2) The landform does not affect the RHI significantly. The per capita income of rural household in a plain area is lower than that in a mountainous area. And 3) the capital endowment and status of non-farm economic activities contribute to the increase of RHI. But the probability and intensity of non-farm economic activities of rural households in urban outskirts villages are higher than that in non-urban outskirts villages. Based on the results, the paper further concludes that geography still plays a significant role in rural development, but it is changing over time. The agricultural resources (such as per capita arable land) significantly affect RHI with the relatively lower income level, while the geographical location shows a more significant impact on RHI with the relatively high income level. Along with economic development, the proximity replaces the traditional geographical factors such as landform and physical resources as the major determining factor in RHI.     

The inequality of educational resources and its countermeasures for rural revitalization in southwest China

Equal access to education has long been a global concern and is important for rural revitalization strategy in the new era. However, little is known about the regional differences of educational resources in China, especially southwest China, where the spatial heterogeneity of human and physical geography is extremely significant. Using a dataset of primary and secondary schools of southwest China at county level in 2015, this study builds an index system to comprehensively measure the supply of educational resources, investigates the spatial pattern of educational resources via exploratory spatial data analysis(ESDA), and explores its influence factors through spatial econometrics. Results indicated that the supply level of educational resources in southwest China was relatively low; the high-high clusters of the supply of educational resources were mainly located in Sichuan Basin and the east of Western Sichuan Plateau, while the concentrated poverty-stricken areas of Guizhou and the border areas of Yunnan-SichuanGuizhou, especially Wumeng mountain area, were characterized by the low-low clusters. Furthermore, this study suggested that altitude, population density, local government revenue and rural residents' income were positively correlated with the supply of educational resources, while the negative influenceswere exerted by proportion of ethnic minority population and urbanization rate. And there were differences in the specific objects of actions of each factor. Ultimately, we proposed that village relocation and combination, as well as sustainable urbanization and regional development were practical paths to optimize the supply of educational resources in rural areas, thus promoting the modernization of agriculture and countryside.     

面向人类行为研究的时空GIS

人类时空行为是地理学、物理学、规划学、流行病学等多学科共同关注的研究主题。时空GIS面向地理时空数据的建模与分析需求,注重时间与空间的一体化表达,为人类行为特征分析与规律探索提供基础方法支撑。然而,现有时空GIS在人类行为时空过程表达以及人类行为与时空场境交互分析等方面存在不足。本文通过深度融合时间地理学理论,提出一种面向人类行为研究的时空GIS方法,以丰富与完善现有的时空GIS方法体系。在深入解读时间地理学中“情境”、“企划”等核心概念的基础上,本文分别从情境要素存在性动态表达、情境要素相关性动态理解及情境要素变化的动态感知等方面探讨拓展现有时空GIS方法的可行性。     

Spatiotemporal evolution and driving forces of changes in rural settlements in the poverty belt around Beijing and Tianjin: a case study of Zhangjiakou city,Hebei Province

The rural settlement is one of important aspects to understand regional human-environment relationships. Zhangjiakou city, located in the poverty belt around Beijing and Tianjin, was used as an example to analyze the evolution of rural settlements during 1985–2010 through the use of statistical and spatial analysis methods. The results demonstrate the following:(1) the area of rural settlements expanded from 665.76 to 928.14 km2 during 1985–2010. Rural settlements in prefecture city of Zhangjiakou were significantly agglomerated in terms of their spatial distribution, which presented an approximately normal distribution over the entire period. Rural settlements were usually distributed within regions where the terrain niche had an elevation of between 900 and 1500 m, and a slope from 5? to 20?;(2) there were significant regional differences in the density and size distribution of rural settlements in Zhangjiakou. The density of rural settlements in 2010 was higher than that in 1985, while there was a clustered distribution of rural settlements in 2010. There was a significant high value cluster in the size distribution, and a local negative correlation between the size and density distribution of rural settlements in Zhangjiakou;(3) rural economic development, investment in agricultural technology, and infrastructure improvement played important roles in the evolution of rural settlements. There were spatial differences in the relationship between the distribution of rural settlements and socio-economic factors in Zhangjiakou. This study provides practical guidance for the achievement of urban and rural integration development and the promotion of a new form of countryside construction.     

Geological environment conflicts of Kunming Basin and its urban sustainable development

Kunming Basin locates middle of Yunnan altiplano and has a particularity in geography,topographic and geological environment.With the urban dilation quickly,add the reason of the unreasonable city layout,conflicts between environment and urban resources consumption become shrill increasingly.It is human being activities that lead to vulnerability and depravation of geological environment in local.Take a few examples on geological environment to expatiate relationship between urban construction and geological environment carrying capacity,and find a way how to make a better plan for urban sustainable development to achieve new balance between man and nature in local.     

Geological environment conflicts of Kunming Basin and its urban sustainable development

Kunming Basin locates middle of Yunnan altiplano and has a particularity in geography, topographic and geological environment. With the urban dilation quickly, add the reason of the unreasonable city layout, conflicts between environment and urban resources consumption become shrill increasingly. It is human being activities that lead to vulnerability and depravation of geological environment in local. Take a few examples on geological environment to expatiate relationship between urban construction and geological environment carrying capacity, and find a way how to make a better plan for urban sustainable development to achieve new balance between man and nature in local.     

Analysis of types and changes of village-level economy in rural Gongyi city,Henan Province since 1990

Based on the research on the rural living standard in China in terms of annual net income per capita, we define six types of village-level economy, i.e. ＂to be extremely poor＂, ＂to make a basic living＂, ＂to dress warmly and eat one＇s fill＂, ＂to try to enrich （to disengage poverty）＂, ＂to be well-off＂ and ＂to be affluent＂. The data of average annual net income of all the 292 villages between 1990 and 2004 in rural Gongyi City, Henan Province were collected, verified and classified. By using standard deviation, coefficient of variation and regression analysis, it is found that the Gongyi＇s rural economy has boosted up remarkably from the relative-poverty and absolute-poverty stages in 1990 to the well-off in 2004. However, the absolute differences between villages present a trend of enlargement, while the relative differences fluctuating. On the other hand, spatial analysis of village-level economy shows that most villages with relatively high economic development level were located along national expressway and most villages with absolute-poverty lay in remote mountainous areas in 1990. Since the 1990s, the rapid urbanization and industrialization have had strongly positive effects on rural economic growth. Initial economic foundation, natural resources and traditional techniques also contribute to village economy. From the perspective of geography, villages with location advantages, such as near urban center or industrial parks, have more chances for their economic development and the ＂core-periphery＂ economic structure has been presented in the process of rural development.     

Monitoring Intra-annual Spatiotemporal Changes in Urban Heat Islands in 1449 Cities in China Based on Remote Sensing

This study aimed to accurately study the intra-annual spatiotemporal variation in the surface urban heat island intensities(SUHIIs) in 1449 cities in China.First, China was divided into five environmental regions.Then, the SUHIIs were accurately calculated based on the modified definitions of the city extents and their corresponding nearby rural areas.Finally, we explored the spatiotemporal variation of the mean, maximum, and minimum values, and ranges of SUHIIs from several aspects.The results showed that larger annual mean daytime SUHIIs occurred in hot-humid South China and cold-humid northeastern China, and the smallest occurred in arid and semiarid west China.The seasonal order of the SUHIIs was summer spring autumn winter in all the temperate regions except west China.The SUHIIs were obviously larger during the rainy season than the dry season in the tropical region.Nevertheless, significant differences were not observed between the two seasons within the rainy or dry periods.During the daytime, the maximum SUHIIs mostly occurred in summer in each region, while the minimum occurred in winter.A few cold island phenomena existed during the nighttime.The maximum SUHIIs were generally significantly positively correlated with the minimum SUHIIs during the daytime, nighttime and all-day in all environmental regions throughout the year and the four seasons.Moreover, significant correlation scarcely existed between the daytime and nighttime ranges of the SUHIIs.In addition, the daytime SUHIIs were also insignificantly correlated with the nighttime SUHIIs in half of the cases.     

禹城市农村居民点空间分布模式和景观格局

以禹城市农村居民点为研究对象,基于禹城市2000和2017年遥感影像解译数据,综合运用GIS、景观生态学及统计学理论与方法,分析了2000年与2017年禹城市乡村聚落的景观格局指数和空间演变特征。结果表明:禹城市两个时期农村居民点在空间分布特征上存在显著差异,与2000年相比,2017年禹城市农村居民点分布更加聚集;从聚集程度来看,禹城市农村居民点聚集的态势不够显著,这与禹城市当地的自然环境有密切的关系;禹城市农村居民点总体用地规模和数量虽然在减少,但部分居民点用地规模增加明显,居民点有集聚发展的态势,同时禹城市农村居民点斑块形态由复杂化向规则化转变。     

地理相似性：地理学的第三定律?

定律对知识的理解和传播具有极大的推动作用。本文通过对比地理学中的定律和物理学中的定律的异同之处,认为地理学的定律虽然在形式上和提出的方式上与经典的力学定律有所区别,但仍符合人们对“定律”的定义。在共识地理学定律存在的前提下,本文阐述了地理学的第一定律和第二定律中所体现出的地理学定律的特征——描述性和归纳性。基于这些对地理学定律所具有的特征的认识,本文首先介绍了Zhu等从空间推测的角度将所提出的地理学第三定律,即“地理环境越相似,地理特征越相近”,或称地理相似性定律。本文从普遍性、独立性和应用性3个方面探讨了地理相似性是否可以作为地理学的一个定律,认为地理相似性与地理学第一和第二定律相比,有着同样的普遍性,且与第一和第二定律所涉及的规律有着本质上的区别,在应用上可能解决第一和第二定律所面临的挑战,因此应可作为地理学第三定律。     

基于空间分析方法的疾病地理研究进展

健康已成为人类普遍关注的问题,以人类健康为研究对象的医学地理目前正成为全球性的研究热点,其中疾病地理又是相对成熟的分支和主要的研究方向.空间分析方法的引入,开拓了疾病地理研究的新领域,也成为疾病监测和评估的一个辅助工具,这使得疾病时空研究取得了重大进展.本文在前人研究的基础上,从时空两方面揭示了疾病地理近年来主要的研究动态和特点,并提出了当前疾病地理研究的某些不足,最后展望了今后我国疾病地理的研究任务和方向.     

Coupling mechanism of rural settlements and mountain disasters in the upper reaches of Min River

Human settlements are the place where human beings live,among which the rural settlements can be regarded as a reflection of human-land relationship in mountain areas because their vertical distribution is greatly influenced by the specific geographical environment and ecological conditions of mountains.Based on field investigation,this paper uses physical,geographical,and ecological theories to make a comprehensive study of rural settlements and mountain disasters in the upper Min River,which is an ecologically fragile area with high-frequency disasters（collapse,landslide,debris flow,etc.） and a minority inhabit district.By applying these modern scientific theories,this paper attempts to shed some light on the relationship between rural settlements and mountain disasters.Consequently,an in-depth understanding of this relationship was achieved as follows：（1） Rural settlements and mountain disasters are mainly distributed in the intercepted flows of water and soil; and both quantity and quality of arable lands in mountains are important indicators of these flows.（2） The Small Watershed Management Project is a complex system of rural settlements and mountain disasters that interacts with and constrains the ecological system.By this project,the human survival will be better guaranteed.Being fundamental for the ecological reconstruction,the coupling mechanism of rural settlements and mountain disasters is not only an engine to promote harmonious development between human and nature,but also a bridge to link them.     

基于自然资源大数据的城市多功能景观识别与国土空间规划分区

多功能景观能够同时提供多种景观功能,可以充分缓解生态环境压力.在自然资源大数据支撑下基于基层行政管理单元开展的多功能景观研究,可以更加快速准确地反映区域自然地理格局与社会经济发展格局的空间特征与区域差异,其将景观功能管理和行政管理有效结合,能为市县级国土空间规划中控制线的划定和国土空间规划分区提供从功能评估到空间识别等...     

试论英汉被动式的不对等性及不可互译性

从英汉被动式成立的条件、施事、语句衔接方式、特有句式和特殊用法以及认知背景等五个方面,分析了英汉被动式在不同语境中能在何种程度上实现对等互译,探讨了英汉被动式可对等互译或不可对等互译的深层原因。     

青藏高原城乡建设用地和生态用地转移时空格局

青藏高原作为中国重要的生态环境保护地,城镇化和生态环境的变化受到广泛关注。本文基于1990-2015年土地利用数据,进行生态用地和城乡建设用地之间的转移分析,通过核密度以及标准差椭圆分析进行空间转移强度的定性研究。结果表明：① 1990-2015年青藏高原生态用地显著地向城乡建设用地转移,是城乡建设用地向生态用地转移量的54.6倍,其中2000-2005年和2010-2015年是用地转移的热点时期;② 城乡建设用地与生态用地之间的转换在空间上呈现逆向状态,生态用地向城乡建设用地的转移分布逐渐从青藏高原的周边区域向腹地蔓延;城乡建设用地向生态用地的转移最初出现在青藏高原的腹地,逐渐向外围扩张;③ 生态服务功能越大的生态用地,越容易被人类占用,随之发生用地类型的转移,侵占后的土地很难反向转移为具有高生态服务功能的生态用地。     

Concept, distribution law and formation machanism of inland saline-alkaline wetland

The paper, taking Songliao Plain for example, studied the concept, distribution law and formation mechanism of inland saline-alkaline wetland. The inland saline-alkaline wetland is distributed over the inland region of arid or semi-arid climate; it is the wet or slightly stagnant environment, forming saline-alkaline soil and salt vegetation and making the geogra phical environment fonming complex with an ecosystem of saline-alkaline wetland. The laws of zone nature and non-zone nature control the distribution of the inland saline-alkaline wetland that extensively spreads in north part of China and other countries. The inland saline-alkaline wetland is formed jointly by atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere including intellectual sphere. Under the special condition, the artificial activity is possibly the key function. In order to improve the human environment, it is a great duty confronting the whole world to rationally transform the inland saline-alkaline wetland. Therefore, we presented an anti-inland theory to promote the environment transformation. Foundation item: Under the auspices of the project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KN95 — 02). Biography: SUN Guang-you(1940 — ), male, a native of Harbin, professor. His research interests include geography, wetland.     

中国环境污染的区域联防方案

环境污染的区域性发展趋势要求污染治理从区域角度进行统筹规划,这与我国按照行政区域进行环境管理的现状存在矛盾。因此,迫切需要进行环境污染区域联防方面的研究。通过运用区域地理学、经济地理学的理论和研究成果,同时借鉴国内外相关案例,并结合我国自然环境、经济发展的区域差异,提出了区域性环保机构设置方案。该方案包括建立5个国家直属局和12个省级分局,这些区域性环保机构既考虑区域环境现状又兼顾未来发展趋势,能够对我国今后的环境保护管理改革提供资料。