山区河流平面二维流场的数值模拟

针对山区河流边界地形复杂、水位及流速变化剧烈的特点,用"混合五对角法"建立平面二维数学模型并求解,进行水位和流速的数值模拟.利用嘉陵江重庆金刚碑-朝阳桥河段地形及5个横断面的水位和水深平均流速资料对此模型进行了验证,模型快速、准确地再现了该河段的水位和水深平均流速情况.     

凌汛期槽蓄水增量过程模拟

为研究凌汛期槽蓄水增量来源,在分析实测冰情资料基础上,把槽蓄水增量分为水位壅高主河道蓄水量增大、主河道内河水转化为固体冰盖和上滩水形成冰盖及在冰下聚集等3部分,建立河冰动力学模型,模拟河冰生消及槽蓄水增量过程,利用2008/2009年度三湖河口—头道拐河段实测冰情资料对模型进行了验证,表明滩地冰盖及冰盖下滞洪是内蒙古河段槽蓄水增量的主要来源,占最大槽蓄水增量的63.44%,主河道水位壅高引起的槽蓄水增量占26.56%,主槽冰盖蓄水占10.0%。     

糙率对感潮河段水位预报的影响

感潮河段洪水受上游洪水和下游潮水的共同作用,且河道断面复杂,这些因素加剧了糙率取值的难度.本文通过糙率影响试验,分析了糙率改变对感潮河段计算水位的影响.在具有明显漫滩的断面,将糙率取值分为漫滩糙率和主槽糙率后再进行水位计算.试验结果表明,糙率值的改变对计算水位影响较大,且对感潮河段洪水过程的不同阶段影响程度不同;漫潍糙率的改变对漫滩洪水位影响很大,主槽糙率的改变对低水位影响较大.     

黄河下游游荡段过流能力调整对水沙条件与断面形态的响应

河道过流能力与主槽形态有关,而主槽形态又取决于上游水沙条件,分析过流能力与这两者之间的关系对研究黄河下游游荡段河床演变规律有重要意义。从典型断面和河段平均两个尺度,定量分析了黄河下游游荡段1986-2015年平滩流量与水沙条件(来沙系数和水流冲刷强度)及汛前主槽形态(河相系数)之间的响应关系。结果表明:①1986年至小浪底水库运行前,游荡段淤积严重,主槽萎缩,河道过流能力急剧下降,自小浪底水库运行后,游荡段发生强烈冲刷,其断面持续趋向窄深,过流能力逐年恢复;②建立了断面和河段平滩流量与水沙条件及河相系数的幂函数关系,二者相关系数均在0.5以上,但河段尺度相比于断面尺度的相关系数至少可提高17%;③河段平滩流量与前5年汛期平均水流冲刷强度及河相系数的相关系数接近0.94,相应计算公式能较好地反映平滩流量的变化过程,为分析其他河段平滩流量的变化提供了参考方法。     

黄河下游游荡段过流能力调整对水沙条件与断面形态的响应

河道过流能力与主槽形态有关，而主槽形态又取决于上游水沙条件，分析过流能力与这两者之间的关系对研究黄河下游游荡段河床演变规律有重要意义。从典型断面和河段平均两个尺度，定量分析了黄河下游游荡段1986—2015年平滩流量与水沙条件（来沙系数和水流冲刷强度）及汛前主槽形态（河相系数）之间的响应关系。结果表明：① 1986年至小浪底水库运行前，游荡段淤积严重，主槽萎缩，河道过流能力急剧下降，自小浪底水库运行后，游荡段发生强烈冲刷，其断面持续趋向窄深，过流能力逐年恢复；②建立了断面和河段平滩流量与水沙条件及河相系数的幂函数关系，二者相关系数均在0.5以上，但河段尺度相比于断面尺度的相关系数至少可提高17%；③河段平滩流量与前5年汛期平均水流冲刷强度及河相系数的相关系数接近0.94，相应计算公式能较好地反映平滩流量的变化过程，为分析其他河段平滩流量的变化提供了参考方法。     

黄河河曲段冰塞水位的分析计算

本文根据黄河河曲段６年的实测资料，分析了该冰塞河段冰期水位的变化规律，讨论了该河段冰塞水位的变化与冰塞演变的相互关系。建立了冰塞水位变化的参数关系式，基于原型的观测研究，对试验室模拟冰塞的水位进行了分析研究，研究表明：试验室模拟冰塞水位的变化规律与天然河道中冰塞水位的变化规律相同。由此，可以进行冰塞水位的计算及其预报。     

复式河槽阻力系数及过流能力计算

水位流量关系在流域管理中占有十分重要的地位.而对于复式河槽,水位流量关系的推求是十分困难的.无论采用单一河槽法还是传统的断面分割法,都将带来很大的误差.将复式河槽分为滩地边坡区、滩地区、主槽边坡区和主槽区,并运用英国科学工程研究协会洪水水槽设施(SERC-FCF)的大量的系列水槽实验资料,分析了各区Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数之间的关系.SERC-FCF的实验资料表明主槽区的阻力系数与相对水深有关,滩地区和主槽区阻力系数之比随相对水深成指数关系,滩地边坡区、主槽边坡区阻力系数可用主槽区和滩地区阻力系数表示.利用这些阻力系数关系分别推求各区的流量及总流量.实验资料验证表明:计算流量与实测流量基本吻合.     

小浪底水库运用后黄河下游游荡段主槽摆动特点

天然冲积河流主槽摆动具有复杂的时空变化性,分析其摆动特点对研究黄河下游游荡段河床演变规律具有重要意义。以1999—2016年黄河下游游荡段汛后卫星遥感影像与实测28个淤积断面地形资料为基础,计算了断面及河段尺度的主槽摆动宽度及强度,确定了小浪底水库运用后游荡段的主槽摆动特点,并定量分析了影响游荡段主槽摆动强度的主要因素。计算结果表明:游荡段主槽摆动方向具有往复性,主槽摆动宽度呈现中段大、上下两段小的特点;小浪底水库运行后,游荡段主槽摆动宽度及强度呈逐渐减小趋势,多年平均值分别为188 m/a和0.16;上游来水来沙条件是影响主槽摆动强度的主要因素,河床边界条件(滩槽高差、河床组成等)是次要因素;建立了游荡段主槽摆动强度与前3年平均水流冲刷强度的幂函数关系,相关系数良好。     

三峡蓄水后典型河段分形维数的变化分析

针对三峡工程蓄水后下游河道河床表面形态的变化,采用分形维数对河床表面形态进行量化,并分析河道冲淤调整特点,对河床表面分形维数(BSD)的变化特点及物理意义进行探讨。结果表明,BSD与河床各个剖面形态之间的关系是整体与部分的关系,BSD能全面地反映床面形态的复杂程度。三峡蓄水后,宜昌-虎牙滩和宜都河段BSD明显增大,关洲河段增大幅度较小,而芦家河河段BSD值略有减小,同时,各河段BSD的变化可在一定程度上表征三峡蓄水后下游河道河床综合阻力的调整结果。可通过对各河段演变趋势的分析,来预测其BSD的变化,进而为分析其阻力和水位的变化趋势提供依据。     

藕节辫状河发育和演变过程的试验研究

利用室内概化模型试验,研究了"藕节"辫状河的发育和演变过程。从初始顺直小河开始,以黄河花园口水文站枯水期和洪水期流量为背景,概化试验入口水沙条件,成功塑造了具有典型藕节的辫状小河。模型小河的试验发现:① 原顺直河道交错边滩的发育对辫状河道"藕节"的形成起到关键作用;② 结合自然河流和试验小河,"藕节"河段形态特征系数I与河道稳定性参数θ呈较好的非线性关联性,说明辫状河道除了沙粒阻力和床面形态阻力,也可以采取断面形态一收一放的"河势形态阻力"方式消耗,制衡部分水流能量;③ 流量过程是控制河段形态特征的决定因素之一,大洪水不仅破坏了原交错边滩的特点,也使"藕节"形态遭到破坏;但在中小流量下,河段保持了较好的"藕节"驻点、"藕身"收放的特点。本研究对黄河下游收放相间的"藕节"河段防洪起到借鉴作用。     

基于水动力学模型的沿海城市洪水实时演进模拟

为了准确分析洪涝灾害对防洪体系现状的影响，做出相应的防洪减灾措施，以浙江省台州市灵江下游流域为研究区域，构建了基于Saint-Venant方程的水动力学耦合模型，对河道溃决洪水过程进行实时仿真模拟。综合考虑研究区域地形、气象、水文资料、水利工程、下垫面条件等因素，在一维河网模型和二维水动力学模型耦合衔接中，最大程度还原真实地形中河槽内外的水流交互淹没，借助研究区域内典型台风暴雨资料，率定验证本文建立的一维-二维耦合水动力学模型，检验后的模型可实现灵江下游沿岸城市不同量级设计洪水及历史洪水的实时淹没过程模拟。模型计算结果表明，该模型模拟复杂地形条件情况下流域洪水实时演进过程达到了较高精度，在水系沿程典型断面水位计算值与实测值误差不超过0.1 m。     

Coastal Inundation due to Sea Level Rise in the Pearl River Delta,China

This paper examines the increased potential risk of tidalinundations in the Pearl River delta, China, due to futurerises in sea level. The research is based on tidal recordsof 54 tide gauges distributed across the delta plain, andemploys mathematical calculations to predict potentialrises of water level in different parts of the delta undera number of flood scenarios. After assessing a 72-yeartidal record of Hong Kong and factors such as estuarinebackwater effects and long-term geological subsidence,it suggests that a 30 cm rise in relative sea level at themouth of the estuary is possible by 2030. Based on theprediction and five freshwater discharge scenarios, thepotential impacts on water levels across the delta plain arecalculated. Three zones are identified as least affected,heavily affected and severely affected. The impacts arealso translated into return periods of water level. It issuggested that in a large part of the delta plain, returnperiods will be shortened and hence will be increasinglyvulnerable to tidal inundation. Finally, managementimplications are discussed along with assessment ofthe adequacy of the existing tidal flood defences, as well asevaluation of the cost implications if they are to be improved.     

The Influence of Floodplain Compartmentalization on Flood Risk within the Rhine–Meuse Delta

The present compartmentalization layout within the river polders in the Dutch Rhine–Meuse delta is the result of abandonment and partial removal of secondary dikes and the construction of modern infrastructure embankments. These structures will guide the flow of water in case the polder would inundate. Through the application of a 2-D flood propagation model in the polder Land van Maas en Waal this study explores whether restoration or removal of old dike remnants would contribute to a reduction of the risk and damage during an inundation. A systematic set of 28 flood scenarios was simulated and for each scenario an additional damage and risk assessment was carried out. It is concluded that a simple removal or total restoration will not reduce flood damage, but that this must be achieved by a strategic compartment plan. With such a plan old dike remnants and present embankments can be used to keep water away from vulnerable and valuable areas for as long as possible and to guide the floodwater to areas that are considered less vulnerable.     

长江中游洪灾形成的地学分析

地质地貌条件是长江中游洪灾形成的背景条件,近代洪水位不断上升是人-地不和谐作用下流域环境系统演化的结果.人类作用导致的多流归槽改变了长江中游河流的地貌过程和水文特性,致使洪水过程显著;大堤修筑导致堤外河漫滩出现泥沙加积,自1650年荆江大堤合拢以来,边滩总体淤积厚度为2.8～11.0m,平均淤积速率12.54～25.64mm/a;围湖造田导致江汉-洞庭平原蓄洪空间减少和"小水大灾"局面的形成;漫滩筑堤围垸严重影响了长江行洪,仅荆江段就有围筑的民垸84个,总面积为4895.95km2,民垸面积是泄洪面积的近9倍.因此,在认识自然规律的基础上,正确协调人-地-水关系,重建良性循环的流域环境系统,是解决长江中游的水患的根本出路.     

Location of a pre-Angkor capital city in relation to geomorphological features of lower reach of the Stung Sen River,central Cambodia

The Sambor Prei Kuk archaeological site in lower reach of the Stung Sen River, central Cambodia, is the site of the capital city of the pre- Angkor state of Chenla. The location of Sambor Prei Kuk is discussed in relation to the geomorphological characteristics of lower reach of the Stung Sen River and the requirements of the inhabitants. The uplands were divided into upland I, which is characterized by hills, and uplands II and III, both of which have flat surfaces, with upland III lower than upland II. The present river follows a meandering course within a conspicuous meander scroll zone, and deposits along the channel are repeatedly eroded and redeposited. Back marsh areas have gradually filled with suspended flood water sediments during the last 4600 years at an accumulation rate of 0.6 mm/yr. The floodplain and lake plain were divided into five zones to evaluate the monsoonal flood risk and accessibility to upland, considering uplands distribution. Sambor Prei Kuk on upland II with the port town adjacent the river is situated on the place where water transport is feasible and the risk of monsoonal flood is low, which means the people accommodated to the highly different dry and monsoonal environment.     

Geomorphology of the central plain of Thailand and its relationship with recent flood conditions

The author has investigated the micro-geomorphology of the area flooded by the Chao Phraya river, in the central plain of Thailand. The hydrological condition of the Chao Phraya river which occurs throughout most of this plain has changed considerably over the last five decades due to the construction of artificial structures, such as embankments, multi-purpose dams, storing reservoirs, barrages, irrigation ditches and drainage canals. This report describes a recent transformation in flooding in the plain.The geomorphological units in the central plain of Thailand are classified as follows: 3 types of fans, higher and lower natural levees, 3 types of back marshes, 4 types of deltas, higher and lower mud spits and lagoons, tidal flats and former river courses. The geomorphological units correspond with flood conditions. The most serious flood damage to this point has occurred in deep back marshes and lagoons. The depth of the back marshes is greater than 3 m, and in some cases as much as 6 m. The depth of flood waters ranges from 50 cm to 1 m, and the period of submergence of the lagoonal area is more than 3 months.     

主槽一维和滩地二维侧向耦合洪水演进模型

为实现对复式河道大尺度漫滩洪水的快速模拟,结合洪水在滩槽行洪特点和河道一维、二维水动力学模型研究成果,在主槽与滩地分别划分为矩形和三角形网格,以左右滩唇为分界实现两网格系统嵌套;建立主槽一维水动力学数学模型,内插大断面间网格处的水力因子,在滩地采用简化的二维水动力学模型模拟滩槽间、滩地网格间水量交换,实现主槽一维与滩地二维模型侧向耦合。利用黄河下游“96·8”大洪水实测资料,对花园口至夹河滩河段洪水演进过程验证,结果表明该方法模拟精度较高,能够利用该模型模拟复式河道大漫滩洪水过程。     

考虑区间正负入流量的自适应洪水预报模型

根据甘肃省气候条件和地理环境十分复杂，河流站网密度低，面对上下游区间有正负入流量且没有观测资料，以水量平衡原理为基础的河道洪水演算无法进行的实际情况，立足于利用现有上下游水站的水情信息，在传统系统水模型和河道汇流理论有关原理、方法的基础上，提出了考虑区间正负入流量的自适应洪水预报模型，改进了现行系统输入～输出水量不平衡关系，解决了甘肃省河流洪水过程无法预报的问题。具有十分广阔的应用前景。     

1998年长江中游洪水系统反演及高洪水位形成原因探讨

采用描述江湖洪水运动的数学模型,对长江中游1998年洪水进行实况复演和还原计算,定量分析三口分流变化、洞庭湖湖容扩大、分蓄洪运用对荆江河段、洞庭湖区以及城陵矶至汉口河段水情的相对影响,结合定性的物理解释,深入探讨了1998洪水高洪水位的形成原因及其与江湖水情的相互作用规律,并对退田还湖和三峡水库的防洪作用进行了论证。     

Flood forecasting and analysis within the Ulus Basin, Turkey, using geographic information systems

Floods have been the most severe natural disasters in the West Black Sea Region of Turkey for many years; therefore Ulus Basin is selected as a study area for a thorough hydrologic flood analysis. The lack of embankments around the Ulus River and careless changes to the riverbed made by villagers, resulted in major flood events in the basin, causing significant damage in the area. In this study, the hydrodynamic characteristics of the basin and the riverbed are determined by calibrating the hydraulic module of the MIKE 11 modeling system with the observed 1991 flood. Then, for the 25-, 50- and 100-year floods the highest water levels in the river are forecasted by integration of the MIKE 11 hydrologic and hydraulic modules. Afterwards, inundation maps are obtained by using together the hydraulic and GIS modules of the MIKE 11 system.