松辽平原(吉林省部分)环境地质问题与整治

松辽平原（吉林省部分）由于自然环境背景和脆弱的生态环境的影响以及近几十年来频繁的人类活动，使生态环境急剧恶化，对全区经济已构成严重威胁。水资源严重紧缺、地下水质恶化、地下水降落漏斗普遍存在于平原各地，土地沙漠化与盐渍化也正在发展蔓延。为了遏制生态环境急剧恶化势头，逐步在松辽平原实现经济、资源与生态环境的协调发展，本文从全区水文地质和环境地质特征出发，针对松辽平原东部地区地下水资源赋存条件复杂，水资源严重紧缺和松辽平原西部地区承压水环境恶化及出现的土地沙漠化与盐渍化等生态环境地质问题，提出了一系列符合实际的综合修复与整治的新方法，对维系吉林省经济及生态省建设具有长远战略意义和迫切的现实意义。     

川西北山水林田湖草生态保护技术研究

山水林田湖草生命共同体是现代生态保护思想的重要部分。以川西北阿坝生态示范区为研究对象,调查了该地区生态环境现状及其受人类活动的影响。采用综合调查等手段,重点研究了水环境、草原及矿山环境生态保护措施及恢复技术。结果表明：川西北阿坝州主要面临生态环境退化、水土流失和森林破坏等生态问题,人类工程活动是影响生态环境的主要因素;严格的水资源管理措施以及增加水污染相关政策是水环境生态保护的基础;通过建设处理湿地、生态漂浮浮岛,以及使用再生水进行补给等手段能够有效恢复草原水质;提出了矿山采空区土地处理措施和植被恢复措施,复垦监测是评价矿山环境恢复效果重要手段。本研究成果为推进山水林田湖草生命共同体的整体保护、系统修复、综合治理提供理论与技术支撑。     

疏勒河流域中游生态环境变化及成因分析

近三十年来,疏勒河流域中游地区生态环境不断恶化,主要表现为绿色生产严重退化,湿地面积缩小,盐碱地,沙地迅速增加。通过不同时段的遥感解译,分析了不同生态景观的定量变化及成因。恶劣的地理环境加上人类活动对水资源利用量的不断增加是造成该区生态环境日趋恶化的主要因素。保护地下水平衡和合理用水结构,实行水资源优化管理,提高水的利用率是社会经济,环境可持续发展的有力保证。     

环境约束下塔里木河下游地区人类活动的历史演进

在参考历史文献和考古成果的基础上,结合野外考察,研究了历史时期以来塔里木河下游的环境变迁和人类活动演化过程.研究认为,历史时期下游地区人类活动受气候影响下的河流生态环境变化的制约;19世纪末以来塔里木河上游地区的水土资源开发,使得下游水量减少,造成下游生态环境急剧退化,下游人类活动虽不稳定,但总体是进步的.20世纪90年代以来,下游生态环境进一步恶化,在制度与技术进步的支持下,人类生产空间扩张迅速、效益不断提高的同时,下游河道进一步退缩,天然绿洲沙漠化持续发展,下游尾闾垦区毗连沙漠,成为抵御绿洲生态环境退化的生态经济区,人工绿洲维持发展的代价高昂.因此,下游人地关系走向良性发展的前提是全流域开发利用水资源保持在下游生态环境不退化的限度内.     

中国土地荒漠化的概念、成因与防治

荒漠化是指人类历史时期以来,由于人类不合理的经济活动和脆弱生态环境相互作用造成土地生产力下降,土地资源丧失,地表呈现类似荒漠景观的土地退化过程。在中国北方荒漠化形成因素中过度放牧占30．1％,过度农垦占26．9％,过度樵采占32．7％,水资源利用不当占96％,工矿交通建设中不注意环境保护占0．7％,在地区上以北方农牧交错及旱农地区荒漠化最为严重。要采取因地制宜措施和建立健全而完善的治理实施系统以达到生态、经济和社会三个效益的目的。     

西南岩溶区生态地质环境特点及其重建策略

西南岩溶区生态地质环境具有水热充沛、矿产和旅游资源丰富,但存在地上地下双层岩溶空间结构和山高水深、地形陡峻、土壤贫瘠等两重性的特点,在人为活动的干扰影响下很容易导致生态退化,产生水土流失和石漠化等生态环境问题。本文在充分论述了西南岩溶区生态地质环境的这种特点的基础上,通过生态系统退化过程的机理分析,提出了岩溶生态系统退化是脆弱的岩溶生态地质环境和人类活动共同作用的结果的成因观点,以及以将人为活动限制在岩溶生态系统环境承载允许的范围之内作为前提条件,并辅以因地制宜开发水资源、合理利用土地资源、发展立体化生态农业、挖掘地方经济增长潜力、改善农村能源结构及生态移民等工程措施的生态系统恢复重建策略。      

内蒙额济纳绿洲环境恶化的思考

本文介绍了黑河下游额济纳绿洲的自然概况和４０年来由于人类活动（盲目性和无政府状态、兴修水利工程、植被退化、片面追求目前的经济效益、短地行为等）造出水资源减少，地下水位持续下降，居延海干涸，土地沙漠化和盐渍化，植被退化等．其中主要原因是黑河下游的地表水径流量减少，中、下游开发利用不合理所致．全流域的管理协调水资源是解决额济纳绿洲环境恶化的先决条件．进而才能落实生态平衡的技术措施．     

乌鲁木齐生态环境及相关防治对策

近50年来，由于人类对自然资源、特别是水资源开发利用不当，使乌鲁木齐地区生态环境恶化．河流缩短、湖泊干涸、萎缩；地下水位下降；地表水、地下水水质恶化：土地沙漠化、盐渍化扩大；水土流失加剧；草场退化、草地破坏，21世纪，若不加强生态环境保护及防治，将难以实现可持续发展．     

喀斯特石漠化--中国西南最严重的生态地质环境问题

作为最严重的环境地质问题,日益扩展的土地石漠化,正在吞噬着中国西南喀斯特地区民众的生存空间,已经构成灾害和贫困之源。喀斯特石漠化是土地荒漠化的主要类型之一,是人类不合理经济活动叠加于脆弱生态地质环境背景上的综合作用结果。它以脆弱的生态地质环境为基础,以强烈的人类活动为驱动力,以土地生产力退化为本质,以出现类似荒漠景观为标志。中国西南脆弱的喀斯特生态环境是经过漫长的地质历史演化而形成的,它对喀斯特石漠化具有明显的控制作用。构造运动塑造了陡峻而破碎的喀斯特地貌格局,古环境演化奠定了石漠化的物质基础。喀斯特地区的人口压力及不合理的人类活动,导致土地资源的严重退化、植被覆盖度锐减、水土流失加剧和生态环境严重恶化,超载的社会经济压力是导致喀斯特土地石漠化最重要的驱动力。尽管喀斯特石漠化综合治理非常艰巨,但仍具备恢复或重建生态环境的可能性。     

气候变化和人类活动对中亚地区水文环境的影响评估

中亚地区是我国天气的上游区,生态环境异常脆弱,必须要保证该地区生态环境和资源安全,水资源安全首当其冲.研究和评估气候变化和人类活动对中亚地区水文环境的影响,具有重要的战略意义.近百年来中亚地区气候有暖湿化趋势,气温增温持续时间较长且增温幅度较大,近50a增暖更加明显(0.47℃·(10a)^-1),其中冬季增温最快,预估未来会延续变暖的态势;同时20世纪80年代之后降水量持续波动上升.气候变化对该地区水资源的时空分布及湖泊变迁造成了重大影响,人类活动加剧了水资源短缺,近50a来锡尔河和阿姆河入咸海径流量均呈减少的趋势,20世纪70年代之后拦水蓄水水库等水利工程的建设,加上灌溉用水的增加,导致两河入咸海水量骤减;而1987年之后两河入咸海水量回升,主要是气温回暖、降水增多,加速了常年积雪和冰川融化,使得进入河道的径流量增加.同时,湖泊水位下降,面积收缩,水质恶化.中亚水资源问题主要是跨国水资源分配和水环境恶化问题,要做好水资源评估和用水规划工作,建立覆盖全区域的水资源环境监测网络.中亚国家需要共同参与制定一套完整的、综合考虑人口、社会经济、生态环境等因素的水资源管理政治立法决策体系,构建中亚各国人水和谐、互利共存的水资源新秩序,以水资源可持续利用来支持经济与社会的可持续发展.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the