基于RS与GIS技术的南中国海湿地保护区选址研究

作者选取植被指数和温度作为湿地保护区划定的基本依据,采用感测范围广、获取信息方便的NOAA／AVHRR影像作为主要数据源,反演南中国海区域的归一化植被指数NDVI、海面温度和陆地表面温度。对反演结果进行分析,确定湿地保护区的NDVI阈值和温度阈值,再对各个参数的阈值进行空间分析,最终确定南中国海湿地保护区地址和范围。最后把确定的保护区域与联合国环境署／全球环境基金确定的湿地示范区作对比研究,发现根据NDVI与温度确定的湿地保护区包括了6个重要湿地示范区中的5个。     

基于 NDVI 物候特征的华南地区冬种马铃薯遥感提取方法

马铃薯是华南地区的特色冬种农作物,其地块的“早稻―晚稻―冬种马铃薯”三季种植模式具有特有的植被指数时间序列曲线特征。利用这一特征,提出一种基于 NDVI 时间序列数据和 SAM 的冬种马铃薯种植面积提取方法。以广东省惠州市稔平半岛为研究区,冬种马铃薯面积为研究对象,采用 2011 年 HJ-1 A/B CCD 遥感数据为主要数据,计算每一景影像的 NDVI 后以时间为坐标轴排列成 NDVI 时间序列数据集,在此提取冬种马铃薯种植区的 NDVI 时间序列参考曲线,使用光谱角度匹配（SAM）方法,计算每个像元的 NDVI 时间序列曲线与 NDVI时间序列参考曲线的光谱夹角值,根据 Rule 图像的统计参数确定夹角阈值,达到快速有效地在遥感影像上提取冬种马铃薯对应像元的目的。结果表明：研究区总体提取精度为 82.70%,重点种植区域提取精度为 93.75%,可见基于 NDVI 物候特征的 SAM 方法能够有效提取研究区冬种马铃薯的种植面积。     

Albedo-NDVI特征空间及沙漠化遥感监测指数研究

利用遥感数据和野外调查数据分析了沙漠化与地表定量参数之间的关系,提出了Albedo-NDVI特征空间的概念以及基于Albedo-NDVI特征空间的沙漠化遥感监测模型,即沙漠化遥感监测差值指数模型(DDI)。这个模型充分利用了多维遥感信息,指标反映了沙漠化土地地表覆盖、水热组合及其变化,具有明确的生物物理意义。而且指标简单、易于获取,有利于沙漠化的定量分析与监测。     

Spatio-temporal Patterns of Vegetation Change in Kazakhstan from 1982 to 2015

The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), as a key indicator of vegetation growth, effectively provides information regarding vegetation growth status. Based on the Global Inventory Monitoring and Modeling System (GIMMS) NDVI time series data for Kazakhstan from 1982 to 2015, we analyzed the spatial pattern and changes in the vegetation growth trend. Results indicated that the three main types of vegetation in Kazakhstan are cropland, grassland and shrubland, and these are distributed from north to south. While the regional distribution pattern is obvious, the vegetation index decreased from north to south. The average NDVI values of the three main vegetation types are in the order of cropland > grassland > shrubland. During the period from 1982 to 2015, the NDVI initially increased (1982-1992), then decreased (1993-2007), and then increased again (2008-2015). The areas where NDVI decreased significantly accounted for 24.0% of the total land area. These areas with vegetation degradation are mainly distributed in the northwest junction between cropland and grassland, and in the cropland along the southern border. The proportions of total grassland, cropland and shrubland areas that were degraded are 23.5%, 48.4% and 13.7%, respectively. Areas with improved vegetation, accounting for 11.8% of the total land area, were mainly distributed in the mid-east cropland area, and the junction between cropland and grassland in the mid-east region.     

基于EOS/MODIS数据的NDVI与EVI比较研究

作为NOAA/AVHRR 归一化植被指数(NDVI) 的延续和发展, EOS/MODIS 归一化植被指 数(NDVI) 和增强植被指数( EVI) 在许多领域得到广泛应用。应用数理统计和地统计学方法对二 者进行的对比研究表明: NDVI 在植被生长旺盛期容易达到饱和, 而EVI 则能克服这一现象, 比 较真实地反映植被的生长变化过程; 相同空间分辨率下, EVI 取值范围、标准差与变异系数均高 于NDVI, NDVI 数据比较均一, 其空间相关性高于EVI, EVI 更能反映研究区域内植被空间差异。 关键词:MODIS; 归一化植被指数(NDVI) ; 增强植被指数( EVI) ; 对比     

Fire in Chihuahuan Desert grassland: Short-term effects on vegetation, small mammal populations, and faunal pedoturbation

A prescribed burn resulted in significant decreases in canopy cover of the grasses: Bouteloua eriopoda, Sporobolus flexuosus, and Aristida purpurea. One year post-burn, basal cover of B. eriopoda remained significantly lower in burned patches than in unburned areas but there were no differences in basal cover of the other perennial grasses. Only one species of the 14 summer annual species occurred in both burned and unburned plots. There were six species of spring annuals in burned patches but no spring annuals in the unburned grassland ten months post-burn. Fire killed 100% of the snakeweed shrubs (Gutierrezia sarothrae), 77% of the Ephedra torreyana shrubs, and 36% of the Yucca elata. All mesquite shrubs that were top-killed by fire, resprouted one month post-burn. Fire had no effect on abundance and species richness of rodents. There were fewer wolf spider, Geolycosa spp. burrows in burned areas than in unburned grassland. The area and volume of soil in termite galleries and sheeting were significantly larger in the unburned grassland than in the burned areas.     

基于MOD13Q1数据的宁夏生长季植被动态监测

宁夏自2000年后实施退耕还林以来,局部地区的生态环境得到明显改善,为探求近15来年宁夏地区植被的动态变化及其影响因子,本文以MOD13Q1为数据源,结合DEM数据、土地利用分类图,采用Sen+Mann-Kendall非参数检验方法和Hurst模型,分析了宁夏不同行政区、不同海拔、不同坡度、不同坡向及不同植被类型生长季NDVI的空间变化特征及未来变化趋势;并利用重心迁移模型和转移矩阵分析宁夏2000-2014年间植被覆盖的时空演变特征。结果表明：①从空间分布看,宁夏南部六盘山、北部贺兰山及引黄灌溉区植被长势较好,中部干旱地区植被长势较差;且植被NDVI与海拔高程和坡度呈显著正相关。②从植被覆盖的转移矩阵看,较高植被覆盖的面积占比从2000年的17.29%增长到2014年的31.55%,主要是由较低植被覆盖转化而来的。③从重心迁移方向看,中度植被覆盖和较高植被覆盖的重心迁移最为明显,分别向东北方向偏移了129.49 km和向东南方向偏移了89.49 km。④从变化趋势看,生长季植被NDVI整体呈上升趋势,明显改善的面积占总面积的59.63%,轻微改善区域占31.72%;林地和水田显著改善的面积分别占总面积的71.50%和70.80%;显著改善的面积比例随海拔高程和坡度的增加均先增加后减少,且南部各行政区植被改善的面积均高于北部。⑤从可持续性看,植被恢复的持续性较强,89.24%的植被NDVI呈现持续改善的趋势;南部地区的持续改善的面积大于北部地区。     

Aeolian sediment transport following wildfire in sagebrush steppe

Wind erosion of soil is an appreciable but unstudied event following fires in cold desert. We examined aeolian transport of sediment for 1 year following fire in semi-arid shrub steppe on loess soils in southern Idaho, USA. Sediment collectors were used to determine horizontal mass transport of soil and saltation sensors and anemometers were used to determine saltation activity (fraction of time having saltation) and threshold wind speed in an area burned in August and an unburned control site. Horizontal mass transport (per 30-day period) was negligible in the unburned area, but in the burned area was 5.40 kg m^?1 in October and decreased to 2.80 kg m^?1 in November and 0.32 kg m^?1 in December. Saltation activity was high enough to determine threshold wind speeds only in the burn site during fall, when values ranged from 10.0 to 10.6 m s^?1. Sediment flux and saltation activity in the burned site became much less pronounced following the emergence of herbaceous vegetation in the spring. Post-fire sediment flux in the shrub steppe we examined was of greater magnitude but shorter duration than post-fire fluxes in warm deserts or sandier regions that experience more frequent wind erosion.     

北部湾海岸带植被覆盖时空动态特征及未来趋势

分析北部湾海岸带植被覆盖动态变化趋势,能为开展海岸带植被生态环境监测提供决策。以2000―2011年SPOT-VEGETATION逐旬NDVI数据为基础,采用MVC（最大值合成法）、标准差、线性趋势分析（SLOPE）和Hurst指数等数理统计方法对研究区植被覆盖时空变化特征及未来趋势进行定量分析。结果表明：1）研究区植被覆盖整体上处于变好的状态,在年尺度上呈现出“波动―明显改善”的趋势,且海岸带东岸与西岸的植被变化趋势快于丘陵地区;在季节尺度上NDVI的增长速率为：秋季＞夏季＞春季＞冬季;在月尺度上NDVI在6―11月植被生长迅速,而在1―4月则生长缓慢;2）NDVI均值的空间分布规律自东北―西南中心线呈现出“两头高、中心地带低”的趋势,且NDVI均值自西向东的变化规律为-0.026/1N°,具有经向地带性特点;3）NDVI的Hurst指数值为0.306 5~0.995 3,平均值为0.777 4,反持续性序列（15.78%）＜持续性序列（84.22%）,未来总体植被覆盖呈现出持续性改善趋势。未来需要重点进行保护的植被区域主要集中在十万大山的西南部、钦江流域的上游以及合浦县的西南部。     

Expansive fire in Mojave Desert shrubland reduces abundance and species diversity of small mammals

Changes in plant community structure and composition of the Mojave Desert in response to greater fire intensity and extent are likely to have strong bottom-up effects on the biological community. The objective of this study was to determine how expansive fire in Mojave Desert impacts small mammal communities across seasons. We sampled small mammals in paired burned (4–5 years post-fire) and unburned areas of Beaver Dam Wash in southwestern Utah. Fire reduced total abundance of small mammals, and species richness and species diversity of the small mammal community. Merriam’s kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami) responded positively to fire (15% greater in burned areas). Long-tailed pocket mouse (Chaetodipus formosus) and canyon mouse (Peromyscus crinitus) were 91% and 98% less abundant in burned versus unburned areas. The positive response of Merriam’s kangaroo rat to fire is most likely correlated with their preference for open foraging microhabitat while other species captured prefer greater and more diverse cover. Because the small mammal community has been dramatically affected by fire, it is likely that top-down control of vegetation structure will be dominated by Merriam’s kangaroo rat in burned areas, which may promote more open habitat by limiting the growth of annual and perennial grasses.     

自然因子对四川植被NDVI变化的地理探测

许多研究已表明基于遥感的植被指数在地表过程和全球变化研究中具有重要作用,对认识植被变化的驱动因素具有重要意义,但自然因子对植被变化影响仍然难以量化。应用地理探测器模型,研究四川地区自然因子变化对植被分布的空间模式和植被变化的交互影响,并确定了促进植被生长的各主要自然因子最适宜特征。结果表明：① 2000-2015年,四川植被覆盖度状况良好,中高、高植被覆盖面积之和均超过94%;归一化植被指数（NDVI）转化表现为NDVI > 0.4以上区域转化明显,中高和高植被覆盖区面积分别呈显著下降和上升趋势;植被覆盖时空变化差异显著,植被覆盖较高区域位于四川盆地东北部、川西北高原地区,植被覆盖较低区域分布于四川盆地中部城市密集区域。② 土壤类型、高程和年均温度变化等因子较好地解释了植被状况的可变性。③ 自然因子对植被NDVI影响存在交互作用,自然因子协同效应呈现相互增强和非线性增强关系,两种因子交互作用增强了单因子的影响。④ 研究揭示的促进植被生长的各主要因子最适宜特征,有助于更好地理解自然因素对植被NDVI变化的影响及其驱动机制。     

Seasonal and inter-annual relationships between vegetation and climate in central New Mexico, USA

Linear correlations between seasonal and inter-annual measures of meteorological variables and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are calculated at six nearby yet distinct vegetation communities in semi-arid New Mexico, USA Monsoon season (June–September) precipitation shows considerable positive correlation with NDVI values from the contemporaneous summer, following spring, and following summer. Non-monsoon precipitation (October–May), temperature, and wind display both positive and negative correlations with NDVI values. These meteorological variables influence NDVI variability at different seasons and time lags. Thus vegetation responds to short-term climate variability in complex ways and serves as a source of memory for the climate system.     

黄河流域NDVI/土地利用对蒸散发时空变化的影响

基于蒸散发(ET)、归一化植被指数(NDVI)及土地利用数据利用M-K检验、Sen趋势分析等方法,研究2001—2015年黄河流域ET时空分布及不同植被覆盖/土地利用下的ET变化规律.结果 表明:(1)黄河流域年均ET呈东南高西北低的空间分布格局,与植被覆盖和土地利用的关系具有较好的一致性;(2)黄河流域ET、NDVI...     

基于NDVI与偏最小二乘回归的荒漠化地区植被覆盖度高光谱遥感估测

以星载高光谱影像Hyperion为数据源,系统比较了NDVI与偏最小二乘回归（PLS）估测荒漠化地区植被覆盖度的能力,模型的建立（n=46）与独立检验所用样本（n=10）均为地面实测数据。研究结果表明,基于星载高光谱数据的NDVI与PLS模型可以有效地估测荒漠化地区植被覆盖度。相比于宽波段NDVI（RMSEP=10.5618）及基于803.3/671.02 nm计算的标准高光谱NDVI（RMSEP=8.3863）,选择特定高光谱波段（823.65/701.55 nm）构建的NDVI预测植被覆盖度的误差明显较低（RMSEP=6.5189）。基于高光谱所有波段原始反射率、一阶导数及包络线去除光谱的PLS回归模型表现,要明显优于仅利用两个波段信息的NDVI,其中基于原始反射率的PLS回归模型表现最佳,RMSEP为4.4998,约为因变量平均值的23%。     

Spatial variability of soil hydrophobicity after wildfires in Montana and Colorado

Increases in runoff and erosion after wildfires are often attributed to the development of hydrophobic soils. The potential for increased overland flow depends on the spatial contiguity of the hydrophobicity as well as its overall strength, but there is limited information on the spatial variability of soil hydrophobicity. We conducted spatially intensive hydrophobicity measurements in 225 m² and 1 m² plots in forested areas of Montana and Colorado burned at moderate to high severity, and in unburned control plots. Both the burned and unburned 225 m² plots contained 10–23 hydrophobic soil patches in which hydrophobicity was strongest at the surface and declined rapidly with depth. The hydrophobic patches were closer together and up to 3 times larger in the burned plots. Consequently, 19% to 76% of the burned plots were hydrophobic compared to just 11% of the unburned plots. In five of the six burned plots, the patches were not laterally connected, suggesting that in most cases Hortonian overland flow generated from hydrophobic patches will infiltrate near its point of origin. The 1 m² plots were smaller than most of the hydrophobic patches, so they did not capture the spatial characteristics of soil hydrophobicity. Characterization of the spatial variability of soil hydrophobicity should be based on measurements conducted at  1 m intervals across areas of > 100 m². Due to the patchiness of soil hydrophobicity at the 10⁰ to 10¹ meter scale, overland flow measurements in small ( 1 m²) plots may overestimate the magnitude and variability of runoff from burned catchments.     

黄土高原植被恢复潜力研究

黄土高原从1999年开始大规模退耕还林（草）,植被覆盖发生了较大变化,对黄土高原植被恢复现状和恢复潜力进行评估具有重要意义。本文使用1999-2013年SPOT VEG NDVI数据,采用线性回归、Hurst指数分析法、统计学方法以及地理空间分析技术,对黄土高原植被恢复状况和潜力进行了探讨。结论主要为：① 1999年退耕还林（草）以来,黄土高原植被覆盖度呈显著上升趋势,黄土高原三分之二地区的植被将会持续改善;② 植被响应曲线分析表明,黄土区植被覆盖度和干旱指数呈显著的指数关系,且缓坡相关性大于陡坡。土石山区植被响应函数为线性函数,相关系数下降;③ 整个黄土高原地区平均植被恢复潜力为69.75%。植被恢复潜力值东南高而西北低,黄土高原东南地区植被恢复状况较好,其植被恢复潜力指数较小,而植被恢复潜力指数较高的地区主要为北方风沙区及西部丘陵沟壑区;④ 不同降水量条件下,植被恢复速度差别显著,其中降水量在375~575 mm之间的地区,植被恢复最快。植被恢复措施应该“因水制宜”,避免因造林带来的土壤干化加剧。研究结果以期为黄土高原生态文明建设提供科学支撑。     

基于 MODIS 数据的吐鲁番盆地 2001—2017 年 植被变化及水热组合影响分析

中国西北干旱地区的气候变化及其对植被的影响一直备受关注。以地形特殊的吐鲁番盆 地为研究对象,利用实测气象站点数据、再分析气象格点数据以及 MODIS 卫星遥感植被指数,采用 趋势检验、线性回归、偏相关分析等方法,探究了该地区 2001—2017 年间的植被变化及其与水热组 合特征之间的关系。结果表明：（1）吐鲁番盆地降水量整体没有显著变化,但北部山区降水增长较 多,气温总体呈显著上升趋势,尤其是盆地底部中心区域增温较大。（2）全区域植被指数（NDVI）总 体呈极显著上升趋势,山区及中心区域 NDVI 增长率较大。（3）受水汽来源和日照时长的影响,吐鲁 番盆地周边山区高程 3 000 m 左右 NDVI 值最高,山区植被最好的坡向是西北坡。（4）吐鲁番盆地水 热组合复杂,水分条件是大部分地区植被生长的主要限制因素,降水与 NDVI 有较好的正相关,在 山区和荒漠区热量增加不利于植被生长,但中心区域受地下水和人类活动影响,水分的供给相对 稳定,热量增加利于植被生长。     

半干旱典型风沙区植被覆盖度演变与气候变化的关系及其对生态建设的意义

中国北方四大沙地(毛乌素沙地、浑善达克沙地、科尔沁沙地、呼伦贝尔沙地)是半干旱地区荒漠化发展的典型地区和荒漠化防治的重点区域.分析四大沙地植被覆盖度的时空演变规律及其对气候要素的响应机制,对保护北方生态脆弱区的生物多样性与生态安全具有重要意义.基于1998-2018年SPOT-VEGETATION的植被覆盖度指数(ND...     

近15a陕西省植被时空变化与影响因素分析

利用2000—2014年MODIS/NDVI时间序列数据,采用栅格像元趋势分析、稳定性评价的方法,研究了陕西省近15 a植被的时空变化特征和规律;利用Hurst指数对陕西省植被未来变化趋势进行了预测;并利用相关性分析法分析了NDVI与年均温度和降雨量的关系。结果表明,2000年、2015年陕西省NDVI均值分别为0.4273、0.4942, 15 a来增加了0.067,增长了16.0%,其中陕北地区NDVI增加明显,关中部分地区出现负增长,陕南地区NDVI总体依旧维持在较高水平。陕西省植被变化趋势具有明显的空间差异性,全省植被未变化的占52.0 %,改善部分占44.27 %,退化部分占3.73%,说明15 a间陕西省植被覆盖改善面积大于退化面积,植被状况有所改善;其中陕北地区植被呈明显改善区域面积较大,关中地区植被覆盖面积有所减少,陕南地区植被变化幅度较小。陕西省植被稳定区域占50%以上（0 0.2),说明15a间陕西省植被较为稳定,变化程度不大;其中陕西省植被最稳定地区主要集中在陕南、延安南部,榆林部分、西安、渭南少部地区变化幅度较大。Hurst指数分析表明陕西省44.54%面积的植被未来有可能面临退化,主要分布在陕北和关中地区的北部,植被未来有可能退化也有可能改善的面积占49.78%,主要分布在延安和陕南地区。陕西省近15 a气温和降水量总体呈增加趋势,增加速率分别为0.48 ℃·(10 a)-1和69.5 mm ( a)-1;相关性分析结果表明,年均降雨量是影响NDVI的主要气象因子,同时陕西省植被变化也受到了退耕还林还草、防沙治沙、生态政治等人为因素的影响。     

Effects of fire and environmental variables on plant structure and composition in grazed salt desert shrublands of the Great Basin (USA)

Fire in shrub-dominated portions of the Great Basin, largely fueled by non-native annuals such as Bromus tectorum, has become an important structuring force altering vegetation composition and soil characteristics. The extent to which fire affects native species in drier portions of the Great Basin, termed salt desert, is poorly documented. We conducted a survey of grazed salt desert habitat in northwestern Nevada 5 years after wildfires burned 650,000 ha, with the goal of investigating community response to fire and factors correlating with post-fire recovery. We found that recruitment of a dominant shrub, Artemisia spinescens, is severely restricted following fire: it occurred in only 2 of the 24 burned sites. The co-dominant shrub, Atriplex confertifolia, occurred in most burned sites although on average its percent cover was one-third lower than adjacent unburned sites. Biotic soil crust cover was four times lower, and non-native species cover 5 times higher, in burned sites compared to unburned. Ordination analyses confirmed differences among plant communities in burned versus unburned sites, with environmental variables soil conductivity, plant litter, soil potassium (K⁺) and pH explaining 38% of the variance in community composition. However, we found no environmental predictors of recovery for native species in burned sites. Future recruitment is likely to be further limited, as fire frequency in the salt desert is expected to increase with invasion by non-native annual grasses and with global climate change.