Are all maps mental maps?

The article focuses on the way in which map content reflects the cartographer's World view and system of values. Different World views are illustrated historically. Examples of topographical, land-use and vegetation maps from different parts of the World indicate the prevalence of Eurocentric perceptions in cartography. Different geological maps of Norden show how the visual image depends on the classification system adopted. All maps are mental maps in that their content is culturally determined and ethnocentric in origin.     

The implications of Maori perspectives for the management and promotion of heritage tourism in New Zealand

Maori images have long been a part of the international tourist image of New Zealand. However, Maori people have increasingly been asserting their rights to control and manage their own resources. The purpose of the present paper is to analyse the implications of Maori perspectives on the promotion, interpretation and management of tourism resources and to discuss the potential short and long-term implications of such perspectives on tourism development.The paper discusses the implications of the Waitangi Tribunal hearings and the overall assertion of Maori rights over tourism resources. While the articulation of Maori rights is by no means universal, several case studies illustrate potential implications of Maori control and ownership for the New Zealand tourism industry. The paper concludes that the implementation of the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi provides a basis for reconciling the interpretive and management demands of Maoritanga with the tourism industry in a manner which can have positive outcomes for both.     

Legends of geochemical maps

Analysis of geochemical maps and their legends permits the proposal of several ways of improving their information content. Firstly, coherent and comparable classification of the objects to be presented must be developed. This classification should be based on strictly defined quantitative geochemical features of the objects; natural associations, anomalous elements, rocks, ore deposits and ore-bearing areas. Secondly, the most informative features of objects must be selected and uniquely displayed with a standard set of symbols. These symbols must be clear, readily understood and logically connected. The third requirement is that maps must be prepared in accordance with the tasks they are intended to deal with, must be optimally scaled, and display only appropriate information.One possible way of meeting the above-mentioned requirements, is proposed in a system of geochemical discrimination and related map presentation methods. The latter involves black hachures for the geological base, and directed colour lines and other features of colour hachures to characterize geochemical associations. Ore deposits may be characterized on the basis of eight most meaningful features encoded in one complex hieroglyph-like symbol constructed from easily understood and memorable components. This type of construction facilitates the computerized analysis of maps and makes them far more useful for prognosis, genetic reconstruction and resource evaluation.     

Applicability of vulnerability maps

A number of aspects related to vulnerability maps are discussed: the vulnerability concept, mapping purposes, possible users, and applicability of vulnerability maps. Problems associated with general-type vulnerability mapping, including large-scale maps, universal pollutant, and universal pollution scenario are also discussed. An alternative approach to vulnerability assessment—specific vulnerability mapping for limited areas, specific pollutant, and predefined pollution scenario—is suggested. A simplification of the vulnerability concept is proposed in order to make vulnerability maps more objective and by this means more comparable. An extension of the vulnerability concept to the rest of the hydrogeologicar cycle (lakes, rivers, and the sea) is proposed. Some recommendations regarding future activities are given.     

Standardization of vulnerability maps

Groundwater vulnerability assessment schemes are used for the estimation of potential groundwater contamination at different scales and on different administrative levels. However, the term vulnerability is not standardized and the available methods are not able to give a unique assessment of vulnerability creating thus uncertainty in the interpretation and in further application concerning decision creation processes. To judge the information of vulnerability maps certainly and to value the general trends of vulnerability assessment of different methods, four different vulnerability methods of the parametric system group have been applied on a karst area in southwestern Germany to perform a comparative assessment and correlation of these vulnerability assessment methods, namely DRASTIC, PI, EPIK, and GLA. It is shown that by means of simple statistical considerations the first highly different vulnerability maps could be made more coherent after reclassification. The reclassified vulnerability assessments show a more consistent vulnerability distribution pattern and provide the possibility of area-wide validation of the maps as the chosen vulnerability classification is theoretically connected to the mean transit time of percolation water and is largely independent of the applied vulnerability assessment method.     

Phanerozoic equal-area maps

This paper outlines a method used to make paleocontinental maps and outlines its limitations. 15 pairs of new Lambert equal-area paleocontinental maps are presented, drawn at 40 Ma intervals from the present-day back to 560 Ma (early Cambrian time).

---

Zusammenfassung 15 Paare von paläoglobalen Karten werden hier nach einer Lambertschen flächengetreuen Projektion mit Hilfe eines Rechnerprogrammes dargestellt. Der Zeitabschnitt umfaßt in 40 Mill. Jahres-Schritten die letzten 560 Mill. Jahre seit dem Kambrium.

---

Résumé Ce travail définit la méthode utilisée pour dresser des cartes paléocontinentales, ainsi que ses limitations. — 15 paires de cartes paléocontinentales sont présentées, dessinées à des intervalles de 40 M. a. depuis l'époque actuelle jusqu'à 560 M. a. (début du Cambrien).

---

, , . 15 , , .. 560 , 40 .

     

Geological maps from the British Antarctic Survey

In a bold move the British Antarctic Survey has published the naturally fragmentary results of their ongoing geological mapping and research programme in the Antarctic Peninsula and offshore islands, plus South Georgia. The later is classified as a United Kingdom overseas territory, along with the volcanically active South Sandwich Islands just north of 60 degrees south. Beyond this latitude to the South Pole all territorial claims have been frozen by the Antarctic treaty, which built upon the International Geophysical Year of 1957 and came into force in 1961. Since then this monumental achievement, developed during the height of the cold war, has succeeded in keeping Antarctica demilitarized, including banning the disposal of nuclear waste, and untainted by mineral exploration. In 1998 this treaty was renewed for a further fifty years and extended to cover the impact of tourism. Although geological research had been conducted since the pioneering days of Shackleton, Scott and Amundsen, the original 1908 territorial claim was backed up by a continuing presence since 1943, and the Falklands Islands Dependencies Survey was renamed the British Antarctic Survey in 1962 to chime with the spirit of purely scientific research entailed by this treaty which has now expanded to a membership of nearly fifty nations.     

Economic restructuring, housing policy and Maori housing in Northland, New Zealand

Since 1984 the New Zealand economy has experienced a significant phase of economic restructuring which has had a differential impact on various sectors, regions and social groups within the economy. This paper examines the extent to which economic change has affected the marginalized status of Maori households in the predominantly rural region of Northland. The social implications of economic restructuring are assessed by focusing on the housing circumstances of this indigenous people. Using a newly developed Maori housing database, we argue that relatively progressive housing policies, developed in the 1980s, have failed to address the housing problems of Maori and that the recent reliance on ‘market’ mechanisms to meet housing needs is likely to exacerbate problems of housing access and cost.     

The first geological maps of the continent of Australia

Two factors limited the compilation of geological maps of the Australian continent during the nineteenth century, the problems of geological mapping over large areas and the fact that Australia was divided into a group of independent colonies. Only four such maps were compiled and published during this period and all others are mere copies of three of these four.

On the first map, compiled by J. B. Jukes and published in London in 1850 at a scale of 225 miles to an inch, the geological colours are.confined to the coastal areas and a small portion of the interior which had been examined by explorers. The second, compiled by R. B. Smyth and published by the Victorian Department of Mines in 1875 at a scale of 110 miles to an inch, was drawn up from a large number of published and unpublished geological maps including those of Victoria and Queensland. Large areas were filled in from information in explorers’ journals and from their maps. A revised reprint was issued in 1876. The third map, compiled by Arthur Everett who was closely associated with the production of the 1875 map, was again published by the Victorian Mines Department in 1887 at a scale of 50 miles to an inch. Geological maps of the colonies of Victoria, Queensland, New South Wales, Tasmania, and South Australia were used, together with large scale maps and data previously gathered for the 1875 map of Western Australia and the Northern Territory. The fourth map, compiled by H. Berghaus and published in Gotha in 1888 at a scale of 1:30 000 000, was drawn up from sources similar to those used by Everett.

The compilation of the 1875 and 1887 maps is analysed in detail and annotated lists of the actual source maps used are given in Appendix 1. Mention is made of the numerous copies of these two maps issued in the nineteenth century. A complete list of all known geological maps of the Australian continent, published to date, is given in Appendix 2.     

Probabilistic seismic hazard maps for the sultanate of Oman

This study presents the results of the first probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) in the framework of logic tree for Oman. The earthquake catalogue was homogenized, declustered, and used to define seismotectonic source model that characterizes the seismicity of Oman. Two seismic source models were used in the current study; the first consists of 26 seismic source zones, while the second is expressing the alternative view that seismicity is uniform along the entire Makran and Zagros zones. The recurrence parameters for all the seismogenic zones were determined using the doubly bounded exponential distribution except the zones of Makran, which were modelled using the characteristic distribution. Maximum earthquakes were determined and the horizontal ground accelerations in terms of geometric mean were calculated using ground-motion prediction relationships developed based upon seismic data obtained from active tectonic environments similar to those surrounding Oman. The alternative seismotectonic source models, maximum magnitude, and ground-motion prediction relationships were weighted and used to account for the epistemic uncertainty. Hazard maps at rock sites were produced for 5?% damped spectral acceleration (SA) values at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 1.0 and 2.0?s spectral periods as well as peak ground acceleration (PGA) for return periods of 475 and 2,475?years. The highest hazard is found in Khasab City with maximum SA at 0.2?s spectral period reaching 243 and 397?cm/s² for return periods 475 and 2,475 years, respectively. The sensitivity analysis reveals that the choice of seismic source model and the ground-motion prediction equation influences the results most.     

系列地图批处理自动成图解决方案——以勘查地球化学系列图为例

勘查地球化学系列图是化探地质工作成果的主要载体之一,是探索资源与环境问题的重要资料。在分析勘查地球化学数据的特点、常用图型及批处理自动成图含义的基础上提出了"地图模板+变量"驱动的解决方案,地图模板图记录系列地图间的共性,图系变量库刻画了系列地图间的个性,两者有机结合保证了系列地图批处理自动成图的高效性。采用ArcGIS环境下ArcMap软件与ArcPy脚本开发相结合的方式,阐述了系列地图批处理自动成图的实施过程。     

Optical processing of structural contour maps

Optical processing is a fast, easy, economical, and reliable method of quantifying map patterns. A reduced transparency of a zebra-like pattern, obtained by blackening in alternate contour bands of a map, is used as input to an optical system of a laser source and objective lens to produce Fourier transforms. By sampling the intensity distribution across the transform, information about the spatial frequency (periodicity) and orientation in the original map can be inferred. Parameters used for comparing the map images are the values of intensity distribution in the transform. These intensities are normalized and subjected to comparison using various similarity methods. Cross-multiplication of the intensities is suggested as a measure of vectorial comparison of the orientations. By plotting the directional intensities into a polar coordinate system, rose diagrams are prepared for visual comparison. Optically derived parameters are independent of scale and other restrictive and limiting requirements as demanded in techniques of map analyses based on numerically derived parameters. The technique can be used in analyzing other pictorial data including aerial photographs, rock-fabric diagrams, and thin sections.     

Preliminary seismic hazard maps of Slovenia

The preparation of the preliminary seismic hazard maps of the territory of Slovenia has been based on an expansion of the basic approach laid out by Cornell in 1968. Three seismic source models were prepared. Two of them are based mainly on the earthquake catalogue using the Poissonian probability model. A map of seismic energy release and a map of earthquake epicenter density are used to delineate seismic sources in these models. The geometry of the third model which is based on a rough estimate of seismotectonic setting is taken from the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of a nuclear power plant in Slovenia. Published ground motion attenuation models based on strong motion records of recent strong earthquakes in Italy are used. Test maps for variable and uniform b-values are presented. The computer program, Seisrisk III, developed by the U.S. Geological Survey is used.     

Radio galaxies of different populations on the Planck mission maps

We investigate the distribution of emission on the multifrequency Planck maps toward radio sources of several samples separated by spectral index, redshift, morphology.     

Principal component maps instead of trend surface maps for modal and chemical data of granitoid rock bodies

Summary Trend surface analysis may be an unsuitable method for the design of contour maps and of petrogenetic models for granitoid rock bodies. In granitoid bodies we are often dealing with several successive and superimposed petrogenetic processes, which lead to very complex regional patterns of modal or chemical data. Before drawing the contour map of a rock body it is of advantage, therefore, to separate the superimposed components of the complex pattern. The trend surface analysis allows only for the separation of the geometrically simple parts from those showing a more complex, or even random, distribution. Principal component analysis permits us to break multivariate data down into those components which are independent and result from different petrogenetic processes. For each of the most important eigenvectors which are calculated from the covariance matrix of data one contour map is drawn. The number of contour maps is therefore low and their interpretation relatively easy. The advantage of the principal comoponent analysis is demonstrated by its application to twelve granitoid rock bodies.

---

Hauptkomponenten-Karten statt Trend Surface-Karten für modale und chemische Daten von granitoiden Gesteinskörpern

Zusammenfassung Die trend surface-Analyse ist als Methode zur Anfertigung von Konturkarten und Aufstellung petrogenetischer Modelle für granitoide Gesteinskörper nicht sehr geeignet. In granitoiden Gesteinskörpern haben wir es oft mit mehreren sich überlagernden oder aufeinander folgenden petrogenetischen Prozessen zu tun, die zu komplizierten regionalen Mustern modaler oder chemischer Daten führen. Bevor eine Konturkarte gezeichnet wird, ist es daher von Vorteil, das komplexe Muster in seine sich überlagernden Komponenten zu zerlegen. Die trend surface-Analyse gestattet nur die Trennung eines geometrisch einfacheren von einem komplizierteren Teil. Die Hauptkomponenten-Analyse ermöglicht es uns, die multivariaten Daten in jene unabhängigen Komponenten zu zerlegen, die auf den Einfluß verschiedener petrogenetischer Prozesse im Gesteinskörper zurückgehen. Für die größten der aus der Kovarianz-Matrix der Daten berechneten Eigenvektoren wird je eine Konturkarte gezeichnet. Die Anzahl der Konturkarten ist daher gering und ihre Interpretation relativ einfach. Die Vorteile der Hauptkomponenten-Analyse werden durch ihre Anwendung auf zwölf granitoide Gesteinskörper demonstriert.

---

---

With 13 Figures