Identification of Optimal Colours for Maps from the Web

Abstract

Maps which are created on demand by combining geospatial data from different Web Map Services integrate conflicting portrayals and do not satisfy the requirements of effective cartographic communication. A significant improvement is achieved by selecting clearly distinguishable colours which are determined by solving an optimisation problem. Cartographic guidelines and user characteristics (e.g. colour vision impairment) can be incorporated into the optimisation model as constraints which guide the selection of colours.     

Measuring the Coastline from Maps: A Study of the Scottish Mainland

Abstract

While attempting to devise a methodology for the assessment of the impact of planning decisions on the coastline of Scotland, it became apparent that a means of mapping information concerning the coastline and coastal zone was necessary. This meant that the maps had to be capable of being produced in bulk, they should be easy to alter and produce at different scales and with different information. It was therefore decided to investigate the potential of computational techniques to produce the required maps. This was performed by employing a d-Mac digitising table to generate the required coordinates and by processing the information on the University of Aberdeen's ICL system 4/70 computer, the output being on drum plotter.     

无人机航摄系统获取DOM的技术研究

无人机航摄系统是继传统的航空摄影之后出现的一种新的数字测绘航空摄影技术。介绍无人机航空摄影测量系统的特点,通过对某区实施航摄获取正射影像（DOM）来阐述在DOM获取过程中像控点布设、内业数据处理（包括影像预处理、匹配、空三加密、正射纠正等）的相关技术,同时探讨DOM产品质量评价的方法。实践结果表明,无人机低空摄影测量系统在大比例尺、小区域成图时具有速度快和工作效率高的特点。     

Introducing the Sighted to Maps for the Blind: A Report on the I.G.U. Tactual Map Exhibit

Tactual maps can be useful aids for blind mobility. Sighted visitors to an exhibit on maps for the blind at the August 1972 International Geographical Congress had an opportunity to try out tactual mobility maps for themselves. Blindfolded participants attempted to guide themselves through a maze with the help of such a map. Over half of those observed had some difficulty in finding their way. Evaluation of their performances suggests that unfamiliarity with methods for reading and using tactual maps was a major problem. The maze and tactual map exhibit also emphasized that tactual maps differ from visual maps in content, design, and reproduction. Special requirements in all these areas will have to be met before tactual mapping can fulfill its promise as a mobility tool for the blind.     

基于VB.NET的地形图编号查询与面积计算程序

主要介绍利用Microsoft Visual Basic.NET编写的地形图分幅编号查询与面积计算程序。通过该程序,根据经纬度坐标或高斯坐标,可查询该点所在各种基本比例尺下的图幅编号、西南图廓点的经纬度坐标以及在不同坐标系下的图幅面积。     

The Place Names of the Middle East Before and After Ptolemaic Cartography: An Emblematic Selection from Ancient Maps

The cultural gap between Europe and Asia (at first political and then religious) saw an increase with the spread of Islam, which, to the European imagination, was synonymous with ‘foreign’. This separation grew after the discovery of America (1492) with the loss of the central commercial position of the Mediterranean reducing the level of contact between the countries of its basin. Traces of these changes can be recognized on historic Western maps in the transformation of their toponyms (place names). Through a comparative cartographic analysis, this paper examines some of the key changes and phases that occurred during the era.     

近太空平台摄影测量与遥感

本文介绍了近太空平台及主要特点，提出了在近太空平台搭载各类传感器进行摄影测量与遥感的初步设想，分析了它们的测绘性能，认为未来近太空平台摄影测量系统将成为航空和卫星系统的重要补充。     

Spatial Knowledge Acquisition with Mobile Maps,Augmented Reality and Voice in the Context of GPS-based Pedestrian Navigation: Results from a Field Test

GPS-based pedestrian navigation systems have become increasingly popular. Different interface technologies can be used to communicate/convey route directions to pedestrians. This paper aims to empirically study the influence of different interface technologies on spatial knowledge acquisition in the context of GPS-based pedestrian navigation. A field experiment was implemented to address this concern. Firstly, the suitability of the evaluation methods in assessing spatial knowledge acquisition was analyzed empirically (focusing on the ability of differentiating “familiar” and “unfamiliar” participants). The suitable methods were then used to compare the influence of mobile maps, augmented reality, and voice on spatial learning. The field test showed that in terms of spatial knowledge acquisition, the three interface technologies led to comparable results, which were not significantly different from each other. The results bring some challenging issues for consideration when designing mobile pedestrian navigation systems.     

Thermal Conditions in the Aral Sea (1982-2000) from Satellite Data

This paper presents the results of a study of the seasonal and interannual variability of Aral Sea sea surface temperature (SST) during the contemporary period (1982-2000) using sea-surface-temperature data obtained from NOAA satellites. A comparison was made between present-day temperature conditions in the sea and observations for 1950-1980, as well as with known predictions of its change due to a sea level reduction. Special aspects of temperature conditions in three Aral Sea (northern, western, and central) regions are examined separately.     

Water Supply Maps for the Western Front (Belgium and Northern France) Developed by British,German and American Military Geologists during World War I: Pioneering Studies in Hydrogeology from Trench Warfare

Abstract

Innovations for the British Army during World War I included use of a military geologist to compile 'water supply' maps and to guide well drilling. Between June 1915 and November 1918, W. B. R. King served as a staff lieutenant at General Headquarters of the British Expeditionary Force deployed on the Western Front. He pioneered British development of water supply maps for parts of Belgium and northern France, in several different styles and at scales of 1 : 100 000, 1 : 250 000 and 1 : 40 000. These assisted planning for advances into enemy-occupied territory or the development of water supply infrastructure within the region held ultimately by five British armies: in total about 1,500,000 men with some 500,000 horses and mules, each man/animal requiring on average 10 gallons (45 L) per day of potable water. The maps guided emplacement of over 470 military boreholes to supply drinking water to British forces, especially in provinces underlain by Cretaceous Chalk: Picardy and Artois. German forces also made use of military geologists at the Front, but in much greater number: up to about 300 in total. Water supply tasks were given high priority, and German water supply maps were finally standardized like other medium scale German geotechnical maps at 1 : 25 000. Six geologists were deployed with the American Expeditionary Force late in the war, and for their sector of the Front compiled at least two water supply maps at 1 : 80 000, and 11 at 1 : 50 000 that were supported by explanatory reports. Wartime imperatives thus generated expertise in hydrogeology that became available for civilian use post-war, and laid the foundation for further military development during World War II.     

“All the World's a Stage”: A GIS Framework for Recreating Personal Time‐Space from Qualitative and Quantitative Sources

This article presents a methodological model for the study of the space‐time patterns of everyday life. The framework utilizes a wide range of qualitative and quantitative sources to create two environmental stages, social and built, which place and contextualize the daily mobilities of individuals as they traverse urban environments. Additionally, this study outlines a procedure to fully integrate narrative sources in a GIS. By placing qualitative sources, such as narratives, within a stage‐based GIS, researchers can begin to tell rich spatial stories about the lived experiences of segregation, social interaction, and environmental exposure. The article concludes with a case study utilizing the diary of a postal clerk to outline the wide applicability of this model for space‐time GIS research.     

Estimates of carbon stored in harvested wood products from the United States forest service northern region, 1906-2010

Background  

Global forests capture and store significant amounts of CO₂ through photosynthesis. When carbon is removed from forests through harvest, a portion of the harvested carbon is stored in wood products, often for many decades. The United States Forest Service (USFS) and other agencies are interested in accurately accounting for carbon flux associated with harvested wood products (HWP) to meet greenhouse gas monitoring commitments and climate change adaptation and mitigation objectives. This paper uses the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) production accounting approach and the California Forest Project Protocol (CFPP) to estimate HWP carbon storage from 1906 to 2010 for the USFS Northern Region, which includes forests in northern Idaho, Montana, South Dakota, and eastern Washington.     

A note on palaeozoic bryozoa from the nayar phyllite formation,pauri garhwal,U.P.

This note records the discovery of bryozoan fossils collected from Nayar Phyllite Formation exposed around Satpuli, from a locality SSW of Ira (29° 53′32″: 78° 46′52″) in Pauri Garhwal district, U.P. On the basis of preliminary studies the fossil assemblage has been assigned to the families Phylloporinidae and Fenestellidae. The assemblage tentatively indicates Ordovician — early Silurian age for the formation.     

Modeling the risk of spread and establishment for Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) in Massachusetts from 2008-2009

Land managers responsible for invasive species removal in the USA require tools to prevent the Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) (ALB) from decimating the maple-dominant hardwood forests of Massachusetts and New England. Species distribution models (SDMs) and spread models have been applied individually to predict the invasion distribution and rate of spread, but the combination of both models can increase the accuracy of predictions of species spread over time when habitat suitability is heterogeneous across landscapes. First, a SDM was fit to 2008 ALB presence-only locations. Then, a stratified spread model was generated to measure the probability of spread due to natural and human causes. Finally, the SDM and spread models were combined to evaluate the risk of ALB spread in Central Massachusetts in 2008–2009. The SDM predicted many urban locations in Central Massachusetts as having suitable environments for species establishment. The combined model shows the greatest risk of spread and establishment in suitable locations immediately surrounding the epicentre of the ALB outbreak in Northern Worcester with lower risk areas in suitable locations only accessible through long-range dispersal from access to human transportation networks. The risk map achieved an accuracy of 67% using 2009 ALB locations for model validation. This model framework can effectively provide risk managers with valuable information concerning the timing and spatial extent of spread/establishment risk of ALB and potential strategies needed for effective future risk management efforts.     

Structural inferences from satellite image in and around Gadag,in the Dharwar Craton.

The geological interest of the Dharwar craton in the Precambrian Indian peninsular shield stems from its complexity. A satellite image (IRS-ID LISS-III) of an area of approximately 12,000 sq km corresponding to the region in and around Gadag in the Dharwar craton, was analyzed to determine the geological/structural configuration of the region. The disposition of schist belts, shear zones, and various faults and other lineaments in the region were delineated. The findings are significant in view of the paucity of structural data in the region and form a geo-structural database based on which ground surveys can be planned.     

Generation and evaluation of multitemporal digital terrain models of the Mt. Everest area from different optical sensors

Multitemporal digital terrain models (DTM) are an important source for many purposes such as the detection of areas, which are susceptible to natural hazards such as landslides and glacial lake outburst floods, or for the examination of changes in glacier thickness. To exploit the potential of stereo satellite and aerial imagery for time series analysis, the employed methodology and software can be critical. A statistical analysis based on quartiles is presented to eliminate the influence of registration and elevation errors in DTMs. For our analysis, we used multi-temporal airborne and spaceborne stereoscopic images. The oldest images were recorded in the 1960s by the US American reconnaissance satellite Corona, while the most recent imagery are 2007 Cartosat-1 stereo scenes, along with one ASTER stereo pair. Complex panoramic distortion and limited spatial resolution resulted in the Corona and ASTER DTMs having the highest RMSEz. Due to differing acquisition techniques, applied software packages and temporal differences DTMs will never be identical. Therefore, we propose a relative vertical accuracy assessment with a master DTM. We chose the Cartosat-1 DTM as it showed the highest absolute accuracy. Inaccuracies between the master and the slave DTMs were adjusted by means of trend surfaces and outliers were successfully eliminated applying the interquartile range.     

Three-dimensional mapping of salt stores in the Murray-Darling Basin,Australia: 2. Calculating landscape salt loads from airborne electromagnetic and laboratory data

Salt is widespread in the Australian landscape – in soil, regolith and groundwater – leading to concerns that land management practices may be putting much agricultural land and important water resources at risk of salinisation. Defining the location and nature of salt stores is an important first step in understanding the processes leading to salinity of soils, streams and groundwater resources, and predicting areas that may be at risk. Airborne geophysics can define subsurface salt stores and mobilisation pathways. Airborne electromagnetics (AEM) can map the three-dimensional conductivity structure of the landscape but does not, intrinsically, quantify the amount of salt. Salinity, moisture content, porosity and mineralogy all contribute to the electromagnetic signal, and each can vary significantly throughout the landscape.In the Lower Balonne catchment, Queensland, the relationship between AEM and the amount of salt in the landscape was quantified using laboratory analyses of pore fluids from core samples. A general statistical relationship was established between AEM conductivity and salt load (defined as the product of pore fluid salinity, porosity and moisture content)—with a significant positive correlation although data were generally widely dispersed. Comparison of calculated salt load with borehole electromagnetic logs gives insight into the factors contributing to dispersion in the AEM data.The relationship transforms bulk conductivity to salt load in 5 m layers, allowing the generation of a three-dimensional map of the salt load. This is a powerful tool for identifying areas that may require monitoring and management interventions to reduce salinity risk. An example is given of salt loads beneath an established irrigation area in the Lower Balonne catchment, Queensland.