Primitive-based Construction Theory for Diagrams in Thematic Maps

Abstract

To enhance the variety of map symbols and to develop new symbol types, a fundamental understanding of the map symbol construction process is mandatory. Current construction theories focus on diagrams without taking georeferencing or interactivity into account. This paper presents a new methodology for the creation of two-dimensional geometric symbols and diagrams for the application in thematic maps. In this context, 49 diagrams found in cartographic literature were analysed and classified regarding their construction properties. As a result of this research, diagrams can be defined using cartographic primitives which are arranged according to six arrangement principles. Since the variation of the primitive's size according to the data values follows a certain geometric direction, each diagram can be explicitly defined based on the three construction properties 'primitive', 'arrangement principle' and 'data direction'.     

Determining a Vertical Scale for Graphical Representations of Three-Dimensional Surfaces

Abstract

The selection of a vertical scale in the production of block diagrams or three-dimensional views is a decision which can have a great effect on the map reader's perception of the information presented. Advice available in the cartographic literature is extremely subjective and refers mainly to physical data. In the absence of suitable guidelines for statistical mapping, an experimental technique is presented which utilises the power of automated cartography in determining a scale which can be applied to all types of three-dimensional surfaces.     

Books

Abstract

This is a summary of the problems which are involved in the apparently trivial task of measuring the length of a sinuous line on a map. It represents an extended review of the publication Cartometric Measurements, by H. Kishimoto. It is concerned with three basic problems: (1) the sorts of errors which may result from using different instruments and methods of measurement and how these may be corrected: (2) the sorts of errors which may occur in the map and how these may be corrected: 3) the fundamental problem of what is 'length'. Extensive use is made of East European literature on these subjects.     

A Test of Central Place Theory Using Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR‐A) of China's North Central Plain

Abstract

This study utilizes radar imagery to test the application of Walter Christaller's central‐place theory on China's North Central Plain. Examination of the spatial order and layout of settlements reveal that central place theory's transportation principle, k=4 exists. The study distinguishes four hierarchical settlement sizes and shows how effective rural societies are in evolving settlement structures whose spatial order and regularity avoids spatial inefficiencies. The advent of space based imaging systems such as SIR‐A radar imagery has permitted tests of new sites where the restrictive conditions of central place theory exist. These studies allow parallels to be drawn between the postulates of this theory of settlement structure and whether the theory is matched in reality.

This work is needed because of such scarcities. It allows the theory to undergo further subjections, a scrutiny needed for the validation, or otherwise of its postulates. The work adds to a large body of literature on this topic whose limitation has been the scarcity of actual test sites where theory and reality can be compared. The study presents positive indications that central place theory exists in reality, a compliment to the remarkable perceptions of Walter Christaller.     

Some reflections on cartographic design

Abstract

The author reflects on some of the main influences on map design which occurred during his own working lifetime in cartography. These include the post-World War II developments in graphic arts technology and the impetus these gave to what is now regarded to 'traditional' cartography; the design challenge of the photomap; theory and research in the nineteen seventies and early nineteen eighties and finally the digital transition.

The use of powerful digital systems to experiment with cartographic design, and the improvements in design standards which expert systems may offer to noncartographers are regarded as important prospects in the immediate future.     

Change vector analysis for disaster assessment: A case study of Hurricane Andrew

Abstract

Remote sensing is a powerful and accurate means of collecting data for wildlife management, particularly for large areas which are difficult of access and feature delicate ecosystems.

Giant panda habitat in the People's Republic of China was evaluated by visual interpretation of multitemporal LANDSAT MSS images. The resulting map, combined with ground survey data, provides important information upon which management decisions can be planned.

This case study illustrates that remote sensing techniques can make a significant contribution to the management programme for the conservation of a threatened animal species.     

INSTRUMENT PATHOLOGY

Abstract

The treatment of the diseases afflicting surveyors' instruments has many analogies with the treatment of those ills to which human flesh is heir. The troubles themselves are diversified enough and are, frequently, still further complicated by the mental attitude of the owner.     

Relief and Colour

Abstract

Most maps which depict the earth's relief do not convey information about the colour or texture of the earth's surface. Ways of embodying these additional elements into hill-shaded maps are proposed by the Senior Lecturer in Geodesy, Israel Institute of Technology (Technion).     

Typographic Requirements of Cartography A Preliminary Note

Abstract

This paper, presented at the Society's Annual Technical Symposium held at Cambridge University in September 1972, summarises the results of a market survey conducted in 1970. Map ownership and usage are discussed and some conclusions are drawn as to possible future trends.     

John Stanley Keates: Curriculum Vitae and List of Publications

Abstract

The first BCS President of the twenty-first century reflects on the cartography of the twentieth century and identifies those 'maps' that he believes have had significant influence on the development of the discipline during that century.     

LATITUDE,LONGITUDE AND AZIMUTH FROM TWO STARS

Abstract

The article discusses an observation consisting of pointings made to two stars on opposite sides of the meridian, the altitude in each case being set equal to the star's declination.     

THE APPLICATION OF THE GAUSS METHOD OF COLLIMATION TO THE ADJUSTMENT OF SURVEY INSTRUMENTS

Abstract

Gauss's method of collimation is usually given scant attention in survey text-books. The following notes are based on experiments carried out at Accra in making a collimation base, the collimator being a Watts 2I-inch self-adjusting level fitted with a parallelplate micrometer.     

Ptolemy and the Early Image of the Old World

Abstract

A cartographic symposium held at Ulm in November 1982 was stimulated by the 500th anniversary of the printing of Ptolemy's 'Geographica' in that city, and was attended by an international gathering of historical cartographers.     

ICA Research Agenda on Cartography and GI Science

Abstract

The paper presents the ICA research agenda on Cartography and GIScience. The first part discuses the research topics and the second part deals with the 'implementation' of the agenda by the ICA Commissions and Working Groups.     

The Pattern Map: A reliability standard for area sampling methods

Abstract

Measurement of areas is necessary in many studies based on maps. Where precise measuring equipment is not available, more simple methods must be used. The information so produced can be improved in value if the degree of accuracy of the measuring technique can be stated. This paper demonstrates a 'model' by which results of the measuring technique can be judged against calculations for the same units, which are exact to one thousandth of a square centimetre.     

NOTES ON THE GEODETIC SURVEY OF SOUTHERN RHODESIA

Abstract

Triangulation.—Apart from Simms' Geodetic Chain, Gordon's Chain, the Copper Queen Limb, and a section of the Victoria and Umtali Series, all the primary triangulation shown on the accompanying map has been executed since 1933. The work of Simms and Gordon has been remodelled, however, being greatly strengthened, and these chains are now called Simms' and Gordon's Series. For an explanation and plan of the above Series, see “A Note on the Trigonometrical Survey of S. Rhodesia”, in the Empire Survey Review, no. 27, vol. iv.     

THE NAMING OF THE STARS

Abstract

We have seen that a few constellation-names used by us to-day make their appearance as far back as the Homeric poems, while the star-names Sirius and Arcturus are found in the works of Hesiod. We saw no reason to suppose that these early poets knew no names for other groups. They mentioned only those conspicuous heavenly objects that might occur in any general literature, as for example in the Old Testament books of Job and Amos. There are sporadic references to constellations in the extant works of the great Greek tragedians of the fifth century B.C., but these give us few additions to the Homeric list'. It is not till we come to the special literature of the subject that constellation-names appear in any quantity. The first specialist whose name stands out is the mathematician Eudoxus of Cnidus, a disciple of Plato, who lived in the first half of the fourth century B.C. He wrote a prose work entitled the “Phaenomena”, which, though unfortunately lost, was rendered into verse by the poet Aratus about 275 B.C.     

AIR SURVEY: THE RAND METHOD OF HEIGHTING FROM NEAR VERTICAL PHOTOGRAPHS

Abstract

The simplest approach is that of spherical trigonometry. In the following proof I have departed from Hotine's sign conventions in an attempt to obtain consistency between the spherical quantities and the photo rectangular co-ordinates.     

A vector and raster graphic mapping tool on micro-computers

Abstract

The rapid development of physically-based hydrological information and modelling systems has necessitated enhanced data entry and display systems. A 'mapping tool' is developed for the manipulation and display of spatial information, which is a cost-efficient, self-contained utility system that is suitable for use on micro-computers. It has the ability to be integrated as part of any modelling or information system. Diverse applications using the 'mapping tool' are briefly described including resource management systems for planners, mass balance studies in urban catchments and data entry systems for physically based models.