Generalization of Contours Using Deviation Angles and Error Bands

Abstract

In this paper a new approach for generalization of contours is described. The aim of this approach is to obtain both simplified and smoothed contours lying on a minimum number of characteristic points and inside the error bands. Characteristic points of contours are defined in relation to the skeleton lines of the terrain and determined using the deviation angles at the contour points. Error bands for contours are constructed by means of the steepest slope lines and the mean square planimetric errors at the contour points. The new approach is compared to the Li-Openshaw algorithm according to the experimental testing results.     

面向等高线与河流冲突处理的多约束移位方法

本文针对等高线与河流的不一致性问题,以移位等高线匹配河流为出发点,提出一种对每个特征点动态确定仿射变换模型进行移位的方法。该方法综合考虑移位角度比例、地形特征点相对位置、局部形态的保持和变换等因素,对各特征点实时计算其位移的角度、位置和缩放变化等约束建立其移位模型。实验结果表明,本文提出的方法能够较好地实现等高线到河流的一致性改正,可有效解决等高线与河流数据的空间匹配问题。     

EXPERIMENTS ON THE GROUP GENERALIZATIONG OF CONTOUR LINES FOR TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

ABSTRACT

This paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of two technical lines for automatic group generalization of contour lines. The author suggests that it is possible to get faster and better generalization results if we simulate the intelligence of human experts in program designing, retrieve geomorphological structural information using the input data of 2-D contour lines and derive and output the generalized 2-D results directly.     

采用3D D-P算法的等高线三维综合实验研究

将等高线看作是由高程点以特定形式组织得到的空间三维线段,采用3维Douglas-Peucker算法从三维空间提取等高线上的主要特征点。根据等高线数据特点,对该算法进行等高线综合的几种方案进行实验讨论。实验结果和运算速度表明,采用3维Douglas-Peucker算法综合等高线具有广阔的研究前景。     

等高线的空间关系规则和渐进式图形简化方法

详细讨论了等高线表达地形的规则和以此为基础自动建立等高线关系的方法,对地形特征点、线的提取改进了已有较成熟的方法,建立了一套实用的等高线图形简化的渐进式方法,并对其特殊情况的处理提 出了具体的算法。这种方法把不同比例尺跨度的等高线图形综合融为一体,易于实现,等高线图形简化时的等高线相交可在综合过程中控制。     

COMPUTATION OF DISTANCES OF LONG ARCS FOR RADIO PURPOSES

Abstract

When we require the distance between two points on a spheroid, there are at least six different lines between the points which might be taken.     

一种由等高线构建DEM的新方法

基于HASM,提出了一种由等高线建立DEM的新方法HASM-OC。HASM—OC方法保证地形曲面的整体光滑性,保证DEM最大程度上忠实于原始等高线数据。实际等高线案例结果表明,HASM—OC方法与基于薄板样条原理的Hutchinson方法的DEM模拟结果及其回放的等高线差相比,前者比后者保留更多的地形特征信息,前者的回放等高线比后者回放等高线更忠实于原始数据。     

Automatic Building Extraction from Image and LiDAR Data with Active Contour Segmentation

Automatic building extraction is an important topic for many applications such as urban planning, disaster management, 3D building modeling and updating GIS databases. Its approaches mainly depend on two data sources: light detection and ranging (LiDAR) point cloud and aerial imagery both of which have advantages and disadvantages of their own. In this study, in order to benefit from the advantages of each data sources, LiDAR and image data combined together. And then, the building boundaries were extracted with the automated active contour algorithm implemented in MATLAB. Active contour algorithm uses initial contour positions to segment an object in the image. Initial contour positions were detected without user interaction by a series of image enhancements, band ratio and morphological operations. Four test areas with varying building and background levels of detail were selected from ISPRS’s benchmark Vaihingen and Istanbul datasets. Vegetation and shadows were removed from all the datasets by band ratio to improve segmentation quality. Subsequently, LiDAR point cloud data was converted to raster format and added to the aerial imagery as an extra band. Resulting merged image and initial contour positions were given to the active contour algorithm to extract building boundaries. In order to compare the contribution of LiDAR to the proposed method, the boundaries of the buildings were extracted from the input image before and after adding LiDAR data to the image as a layer. Finally extracted building boundaries were smoothed by the Awrangjeb (Int J Remote Sen 37(3): 551–579.  https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2015.1131868, 2016) boundary regularization algorithm. Correctness (Corr), completeness (Comp) and accuracy (Q) metrics were used to assess accuracy of segmented building boundaries by comparing extracted building boundaries with manually digitized building boundaries. Proposed approach shows the promising results with over 93% correctness, 92% completeness and 89% quality.     

Exhibiting the Exhibitors: Spatial Visualization for Heterogeneous Cinema Venue Data

Abstract

Cinema data is characteristically complex, heterogeneous and interlinked. Rather than relying on simple information retrieval techniques, researchers are increasingly turning to the creative exploration and reapplication of data in order to more fully explore the meaning of newly available and diverse data sets. In this context, the cinema historian becomes the creator of visual texts which can be assessed for both their interpretive insight and their aesthetic qualities. This paper presents four research projects that use different spatio-temporal visualization techniques to understand the industrial dynamics of post-war film exhibition and distribution in Australia. The research integrates work by a group of inter-disciplinary investigators into the effectiveness of techniques such as dendritic mapping, Circos circular visualizations, animation, cartogram mapping, and multivariate visualization for the study of cinema circuits and operations at a number of scales.     

An Algorithm for Localised Contour Removal over Steep Terrain

Abstract

Isolines have proved to be a highly effective way of conveying the shape of a surface (most commonly in the form of height contours to convey geographical landscape). Selecting the right contour interval is a compromise between showing sufficient detail in flat regions, whilst avoiding excessive crowding of lines in steep and morphologically complex areas. The traditional way of avoiding coalescence and confusion across steep regions has been to manually remove short sections of intermediate contours, while retaining index contours. Incorporating humans in automated environments is not viable. This research reports on the design, implementation and evaluation of an automated solution to this problem involving the automatic identification of coalescing lines, and removal of line segments to ensure clarity in the interpretation of contour information. Evaluation was made by subjective comparison with Ordnance Survey products. The results were found to be very close to the quality associated with manual techniques.     

The Effect of Experience on Reading Topographic Relief Information: Analyses of Performance and Eye Movements

Abstract

Cartographers believe that experience plays a central role in high-order map reading tasks. The effect of experience on topographic map reading was tested in an experiment in which subjects viewed ten maps while their eye movements were recorded, and answered questions on absolute and relative heights. Experienced readers performed better on the questionnaire test, especially for the relative height portion. For maps that had distinctive relief features, experienced readers had shorter fixation durations (indicating less processing difficulty) and higher numbers of fixations (indicating greater attention) to areas containing absolute heights. Visual search by experienced readers was apparently guided by familiar patterns of contour lines that they had developed through experience.     

Progressive graphic simplification of contours based on spatial reasoning

This paper discusses the rules representing relief with contour lines and methods for automatically constructing relation of contour lines. Mean-while, the improvement of existent methods for extracting the topographic characteristic points and lines is described. On the basis of this analysis, we propose a series of practicable progressive graphic simplification ideas of contour lines and concrete algorithms for the exception’s handling. In this way, graphic generalizations of contour lines at different scales are integrated into one model that is convenient to implement, and in which contour lines’ intersection in generalization can be controlled.     

A Mathematical Approach to the Storage of Digitised Contours

Abstract

The increasing use of digitised data, especially contours, is creating problems of storage in the smaller computers. Efforts made to make digitised contour information more compact for use in a data bank are described which can produce savings in storage requirements of up to 85 per cent.     

Influencing the Perception of Contour Lines

Abstract

Two possible causes of the failure of map users to successfully interpret relief forms from contour maps are Gibson's texture gradient effect which may give false depth cues; and, the expectancy or prior set developed from previous experience by the map reader. In the two experiments reported attempts were made to alter subjects' expectancy by providing cues or contextural information related to the task of interpreting a number of unquantified contour patterns. Although expectancy has proved to be a dominant influence on contour interpretation, successful priming in the experiments provided subjects with a number of conflicting but valid hypotheses which were often resolved in the direction of the texture gradient.     

端到端堆叠沙漏网络的遥感影像建筑物轮廓重构

针对如何以端到端可训练的方式重构建筑物轮廓的问题,本文提出了一种端到端多残差模块堆叠沙漏网络的建筑物轮廓重构方法。首先,采用多残差模块堆叠沙漏网络提取建筑物角点和边缘特征;其次,利用角点检测模块匹配对应角点的相对位置,以获取候选角点;然后,通过线段采样将候选角点生成候选轮廓线;最后,线验证模块利用候选线段及多残差模块堆叠沙漏网络得到特征图,并验证每个线段是否为建筑物轮廓线,以获得建筑物轮廓重构结果。试验结果表明,在SpaceNet建筑物数据集上,本文方法能检测出建筑物角点及边缘,并有效实现了以端到端可训练的方式重构建筑物轮廓。     

PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE LAPLACE LONGITUDE-AZIMUTH RELATION TO CONTROL OF GEODETIC ANOMALIES

Abstract

1. In geodetic work a ‘Laplace Point’ connotes a place where both longitude and azimuth have been observed astronomically. Geodetic surveys emanate from an “origin” O, whose coordinates are derived from astronomical observations: and positions of any other points embraced by the survey can be calculated on the basis of an assumed figure of reference which in practice is a spheroid formed by the revolution of an ellipse about its minor axis. The coordinates (latitude = ?, longitude = λ and azimuth = A) so computed are designated “geodetic”.     

基于Delaunay三角网的等高线树生成方法

研究如何利用Delaunay三角网构建等高线树,提出一种新的等高线树生成方法。该方法充分利用Delaunay三角网在领域分析中的优势,通过两次利用Delaunay三角网来判明等高线的空间关系进而达到统一被图廓截断的等高线以生成等高线树的目的。本文将等高线作为约束边构建约束型Delaunay三角网,利用Delaunay三角网查找具有邻接关系的等高线,在此基础上结合邻近等高线的高程关系判明、识别,最终统一被截断的等高线;然后对统一后的等高线再次利用Delaunay三角网查找具有邻接关系的等高线对,利用等高线对的高程关系判断出其为父子关系或兄弟关系,据此将等高线插入到相应的位置,逐步生长成等高线树。同时给出了基于Delaunay三角网的等高线树生成方法的算法设计及试验结果。     

Progressive graphic simplification of contours based on spatial reasoning

This paper discusses the rules representing relief with contour lines and methods for automatically constructing relation of contour lines.Meanwhile,the improvement of existent methods for extracting the topographic characteristic points and lines is described.On the basis of this analysis,we propose a series of practicable progressive graphic simplification ideas of contour lines and concrete algorithms for the exception's handling.In this way,graphic generalizations of contour lines at different scales are integrated into one model that is convenient to implement,and in which contour lines' intersection in generalization can be controlled.     

AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE FOR TRIANGULATION

Abstract

Since 1929 much of the primary triangulation carried out by the Geodetic Service of Canada has been preceded by an aerial reconnaissance of the areas: during this reconnaissance a tentative selection is made of station sites, and likely lines of sight are indicated. Varied types of topography have been covered—mountainous, rolling, flat wooded, mountain valleys. In most cases there were three common factors: the areas were well watered with lakes and rivers which permitted low flying in safety with pontoonor skii-equipped planes, ground transportation was difficult, and no contour maps existed. In some of the areas existing maps were very incomplete; of a few, reconnaissance aerial maps were available in which the planimetry was good; the better the map the easier the aerial reconnaissance. In all cases it was considered necessary that the air operations be checked by ground visits to the tentatively selected stations.