MAPIT: A Computer Program for Production of Flow Maps,Dot Maps and Graduated Symbol Maps

Abstract

This paper describes some results of an attempt to design and to write a general purpose computer program which can be used to produce quality maps of discrete data by the person who has had no training in computer programming. In the first section, the variety of the maps this program can produce is illustrated; in the second section, some of the principles involved in such map production are discussed; in the third section, the input arrangements for using the program are described and, finally, the role of such programs in teaching and research in the years ahead is discussed.     

Testing the Effectiveness of Road Speed Maps and Conventional Road Maps

Abstract

This paper presents the results of two independent tests undertaken by a broad sample of motorists in the selection of minimum time routes using both the experimental road speed map and the traditional road map as the basic information. The tests are described, the results analysed, and certain conclusions drawn.     

《世界分国地图》的设计与编制

介绍<世界分国地图>的结构、设计编制特点及流程.这是一套内容较完整、现势性强、比例尺较大的世界分国地图.     

快速绘制线路平、断面图

绘制工程线路的平、断面图,用Excel（电子表格）和AutoCAD绘图软件配合进行数据处理和绘图的方式方法最为简单和快捷,本文对此法进行了详细介绍和举例。     

Assessment of Simulated Cognitive Maps: The Influence of Prior Knowledge from Cartographic Maps

Real cognitive maps encoded by humans are difficult to study using experimental methods because they are a product of complex processes whose content and timing cannot easily be known or controlled. This paper assesses the value of using neural network model simulations for investigating cognitive maps. The study simulated the learning of mapped city locations in South Carolina from reference sites in the three primary regions of the state using Kohonen self-organizing maps. The learning performances of models were considered based on available prior knowledge. Bi-dimensional regression analyses were used to assess the congruity of the simulated cognitive maps with a cartographic map and with sketch maps produced by human subjects. Error analyses indicated differences between central and peripheral reference sites. The cities known by subjects living at a central location were more evenly distributed in space and associated with significantly smaller errors. Models that learned combined state boundary and interstate highway information as prior knowledge or simultaneously with city locations consistently produced the best simulation results. The results indicated simulated cognitive maps could be used effectively to study the acquisition of spatial knowledge.     

Rethinking the Land: An Exhibition of Ulster Maps

The author curates a touring exhibition of Northern Ireland cartography, called Mapping Alternative Ulster. The project emerged from a dissatisfaction with how Northern Ireland is represented in maps, and one example is given. To counter them, he sought independent cartographers making original maps. The curator discusses the criteria he applied when selecting work for the show. He wanted maps with politics, although not the region’s traditional sectarian politics. All the selected maps constitute arguments, critiquing problems in the lived environment or drawing attention to valuable things that may be at risk. The latter sections of the article discuss five of the contributors and looks at their work in detail. In the conclusion, the impact of the exhibition is assessed by examining visitor comments. The paper is illustrated.     

等值线图和质量特征图综合分析及其结果应用的可能性

本文以分析和解译自然条件图为例,研究了等值线图和质量特征图综合分析的理论和方法。对多幅不同性质、不同表示方法的地图上的地理现象模拟的抽样方法、样点规模和样点布置作了深入研究,特别是将模糊数学综合评分和聚类分析引入信息采集及处理。通过县级农业气候类型区划的实例证实,结果正确且有实用价值。研究表明,模糊数学在多幅不同性质及表示方法的地图分析中有独特的优点。     

Value-by-alpha Maps: An Alternative Technique to the Cartogram

Abstract

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The cartogram, or value-by-area map, is a popular technique for cartographically representing social data. Such maps visually equalize a basemap before mapping a social variable by adjusting the size of each enumeration unit by a second, related variable. However, to scale the basemap units according to an equalizing variable, cartograms must distort the shape and/or topology of the original geography. Such compromises reduce the effectiveness of the visualisation for elemental and general map-reading tasks. Here we describe a new kind of representation, termed a value-by-alpha map, which visually equalizes the basemap by adjusting the alpha channel, rather than the size, of each enumeration unit. Although not without its own limitations, the value-by-alpha map is able to circumvent the compromise inherent to the cartogram form, perfectly equalizing the basemap while preserving both shape and topology.     

The Sheldon Tapestry Maps: their Content and Context

Abstract

This paper describes the tapestry maps woven in England in the last years of the sixteenth century for the Catholic Sheldon family of Beoley (Worcs.) and Weston (Warks.). It examines the nature of the problems encountered in their design and the sources adapted for their execution with particular reference to the maps of Christopher Saxton, traditionally regarded as the 'base map'. It considers also the identity of the designer.     

Animated Maps of Aggregate Data: Conceptual and Practical Problems

Predictions of the 1960s about the computer's potential to change cartography are finally being fulfilled. Dynamic maps for vehicle navigation, interactive cartographic/statistical tools, and map animation are being investigated actively. As these new environments for mapping become available, we must reevaluate past questions about transformations from reality to data and data to map. In this paper, we consider these transformation questions in the context of statistical map animation. The issues discussed were raised in producing a “map movie” depicting the spread of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) over time. Jenks' data model concept is used as the basis for a typology of data models representing phenomena typically depicted by enumeration unit data. The typology is then used to evaluate symbolization decisions for AIDS incidence maps. Implications for symbol selection imposed by dynamic rather than static maps are considered, as are technical issues involved in producing the animation on a microcomputer platform. A hybrid symbolization method that we have termed the “chorodot” is suggested as a way to meet the constraints on symbolization imposed by animation and to represent the appropriate data model for AIDS incidence.     

Narrative Cartography: From Mapping Stories to the Narrative of Maps and Mapping

Abstract

This paper provides an overview of the multiple ways of envisioning the relationships between maps and narratives. This is approached from a map making perspective. Throughout the process of editing this special issue, we have identified two main types of relationships. Firstly, maps have been used to represent the spatio-temporal structures of stories and their relationships with places. Oral, written and audio-visual stories have been mapped extensively. They raise some common cartographic challenges, such as improving the spatial expression of time, emotions, ambiguity, connotation, as well as the mixing of personal and global scales, real and fictional places, dream and reality, joy and pain. Secondly, the potential of maps as narratives and the importance of connecting the map with the complete mapping process through narratives is addressed. Although the potential of maps to tell stories has already been widely acknowledged, we emphasize the increasing recognition of the importance of developing narratives that critically describe the cartographic process and context in which maps unfold - the core idea of post-representational cartography. Telling the story about how maps are created and how they come to life in a broad social context and in the hands of their users has become a new challenge for mapmakers.     

Measuring the Coastline from Maps: A Study of the Scottish Mainland

Abstract

While attempting to devise a methodology for the assessment of the impact of planning decisions on the coastline of Scotland, it became apparent that a means of mapping information concerning the coastline and coastal zone was necessary. This meant that the maps had to be capable of being produced in bulk, they should be easy to alter and produce at different scales and with different information. It was therefore decided to investigate the potential of computational techniques to produce the required maps. This was performed by employing a d-Mac digitising table to generate the required coordinates and by processing the information on the University of Aberdeen's ICL system 4/70 computer, the output being on drum plotter.     

湖北省地图整理应用专项工作探讨

从地图整理、分析、应用3个方面,对湖北省地图整理应用专项工作进行总结和概括。阐述了收集现代、古近代地图资料的途径、步骤及选取原则和分析方法,明确了获取历代地图资料重在应用的理念,从如何将历史资料与现势资料进行有机融合,在更多的领域发挥作用等方面提出见解和思路。     

On the Origins of Analytical Cartography

This paper examines the development of analytical cartography and the contributions Waldo Tobler has made to it, starting well before his definition of the subject in 1976. Analytical cartography's roots in World War II and the Cold War are examined, and the influences and precedents for the academic course that Tobler described are discussed. The systems of knowledge production developed for analytical cartography in its social context are summarized and are found to show a powerful dependence on a working relationship between academia, industry, government, and the intelligence mapping community. Current research trends in analytical cartography, including the organization of research, its institutions, and its priorities, are discussed, and it is proposed that declassifying the "missing pool" of analytical cartographic research literature could be of great benefit in the future. The four-way academic/industrial/government/intelligence partnership is seen as an opportune direction forward for analytical cartography. The next generational shift in the center of the discipline may occur in networks that even Waldo Tobler did not anticipate.     

Maps and Mapping Technologies of the Persian Gulf War

Assessing the recent Persian Gulf War from a cartographic standpoint is now possible. Unlike in previous wars, which established new technologies for postwar cartographic exploitation, the gulf war is unique in having presented a proving ground for electronic cartographic technology. An analysis is given of map coverage of the war by the media, especially magazines and newspapers, and from a military perspective. From a cartographic standpoint, the winners in the war include hand-held Global Positioning System (GPS) technology, geographic information systems (GIS), workstation-based image processing and cartographic map-production systems, and radar imaging from aircraft. More fully exploiting and building on the success of these technologies in peacetime seems to be a clear mandate for academic and professional cartography.     

游戏地图的虚与实

数字信息技术使人类走向虚实相融的混合空间,作为现实世界的抽象和解释工具并辅助人们认识世界的传统地图面临新的挑战。在新形势下,地图需要纳入虚拟空间,进一步思考虚拟/现实带来的影响。聚焦游戏地图,利用刻画游戏地图的时间、地点、人物、事物、事件、现象、场景七要素,剖析其虚实表现,探究虚拟世界的构建与现实的映射关系以及虚实互通之处,确定虚拟世界反馈于现实世界的影响。丰富了地图学理论体系,促进人类规划更加智慧和宜人的社会。     

海图、谷歌地图的投影选择

由于因特网的普及,各种影像数据在现代制图中已成为一种不可或缺的手段。如何能更好地利用现有的我们能掌控的技术资源,让它为我们的海图制作服务呢?本文从投影的选择进行了探讨,希望能给大家带来有益的思考。     

Visual Abstraction and Stylisation of Maps

Abstract

We explore visual map abstraction for the generation of stylized renderings of 2D map data. We employ techniques that are centred around the concept of shape simplification and graph layout and that allow iterative abstraction of 2D maps. We use data from publicly available sources and show how we can iteratively generate aesthetic renditions of these maps. These renditions do not have the goal to allow for navigation tasks, but instead show the map data in a distorted manner. The techniques used to create these images apply simplification, abstraction/generalisation, and displacement operations to the map elements in varying orders and add stylistic shading to produce aesthetic renditions for print or electronic displays. The degree of abstraction/generalisation can be individually chosen and determines the characteristics of the distorted map: whether components retain their shape, degenerate, or are processed in a manner that the abstraction becomes the focus of the image rather than the underlying map data. The renditions can be further personalized by choosing shading and colours for this shading. Together, the presented techniques allow for playful and creative exploration of aesthetic renditions of 2D map data.     

浅谈"问题地图"的识别和预防

以地图审核工作中的实际案例为基础,结合相关测绘法律法规,对"问题地图"的识别方法、形成原因进行了详细的阐述和分析,同时提出了"问题地图"的预防措施,对地图管理工作具有一定的参考价值.