国外自然资源登记制度及对我国启示

通过对美国、英国、澳大利亚、新西兰等国家森林、水、草原、国家公园、荒地等自然资源登记制度的调研,本文总结出国外自然资源登记是以土地为核心,既有统一又有分离,基于土地、异于土地、回归土地,登记的多目的性、登记的广泛性、差异性和有限性等特点,提出我国自然资源登记制度设计中,应设定多目的且处理好确权与登记、司法与行政、自然资源登记与土地登记、信息公开与保密等关系,充分考虑信息化和大数据战略等建议.     

Responsibility, opportunity, and vision for higher education in urban and regional carbon management

This is a summary of the conversation among scholars attending the special session on "Responsibility, Opportunity, and Vision for Higher Education in Urban and Regional Carbon Management" at the First International Conference on Carbon Management at Urban and Regional Levels: Connecting Development Decisions to Global Issues in Mexico City Sept. 4–8, 2006. It includes The Declaration for Carbon Management Education, agreed upon by the participants. Obstacles to such a vision were discussed along with exemplar models of transdisciplinary curricula and suggestions for scholarship.     

Developments in digital map production and data integration within the British Geological Survey

Abstract

Digital techniques for cartographic data capture and high quality map production have been developed and applied over some 18 years to the mapping of the geoscientific datasets of the British Geological Survey, in particular to the geochemical dataset. Over this period, technological advances and developments in both vector and raster data processing techniques have facilitated high quality map production and the integration and display of multiple datasets. This paper reviews the developments in high quality map production and interpretation of survey information, with particular regard to the Regional Geochemical Atlas Series, through the application of image processing techniques on the display and analysis of multiple datasets.     

5G与高精度定位融合在军事物流仓储中的应用

军事物流仓储对军事物流具有加速军用物资流转,提高军事物流效率和质量的作用,其现代化、信息化建设均需要通信技术与定位技术支撑.随着5G通信技术与室内外高精度定位技术的发展,研究北斗导航定位系统、UWB等高精度室内外定位组合与5G通信融合对军事物流仓储现代化建设应用具有重要意义.针对军事物流仓储建设需要和特点要求,本文对自...     

MODIS和OMI数据评估阅兵期间北京市大气减排成效

卫星观测不仅能反映区域宏观大气污染状况,也能从城市尺度上监测大气污染物的变化。基于以上优势,本文利用MODIS气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)和OMI对流层NO_2垂直柱浓度数据,比较2015年与2012年—2014年以及2015年3个时期(减排前、减排中、减排后)AOD和NO_2柱浓度的变化,定性分析了阅兵期间华北平原地区污染物减排效果,重点定量评估北京市联控减排措施的效果。研究发现2015年减排中华北平原重污染地区AOD和NO_2柱浓度相比于前3年同期有明显降低。定量分析北京市的减排效果得到:2015年减排中较前3年同期而言,AOD降低59%,NO_2柱浓度降低41%;较2015年减排前而言,AOD降低73%,NO_2柱浓度降低30%,去除气象条件影响后,AOD下降43%,NO_2柱浓度下降21%,说明严格的联控减排措施有效地改善了空气质量,气象条件也起到积极的作用。减排措施结束后,AOD和NO_2柱浓度比减排中分别增加159%和71%。研究结果表明,卫星遥感与地基监测评估效果相当,能反映北京地面污染物排放能力;它既能观测区域尺度大气污染变化,又可评估城市尺度大气污染减排。随着卫星技术水平的提高,期望未来卫星遥感可作为一种独立手段来定量评估区域及城市尺度空气质量减排措施的效果。     

GIS本科教育:开放、开源与开发

随着地理信息知识结构的不断发展,社会人才需求呈现多样性,传统的本科教学方式不足以应对高水平的科研和工作要求,更科学高效的本科培养方案亟待提出。为响应以“成人”统领“成才”的教学指导方针,将GIS的基础理念、专业知识和方法技术贯彻到本科生的教学之中,本文提出GIS本科教育3个创新思想——开放、开源与开发,创建了一套“多学科、多方法、多技巧”的立体式培养方案,结合地理信息科学的专业特点在现有教学方式的基础上进行了突破性的设想和改革,将GIS的本科教学变成一种知识领域更加全面、方法技术更加前沿、实践方式更加多样的专业人才培养模式。该教学理念有利于本科学生充分认识所学知识,在理论基础的支持上能更快速地提升空间思维素养和增强实践开发能力,是GIS本科教育方法上的有益探索。     

澳大利亚流域规划的法律规定及启示

通过对澳大利亚《水法》中关于流域规划的目的、内容、编制、修订、评估等相关内容的概述与分析,总结其特点,并结合我国《水法》中有关流域规划的规定,提出我国应完善流域规划编制的协商机制、重视吸纳公众参与流域规划、加强流域规划的定期评估的建议,以充分发挥流域规划在流域水资源综合管理中的作用.     

GIS and people with visual impairments or blindness: Exploring the potential for education,orientation, and navigation

GIS, with their predominantly visual communication of spatial information, may appear to have little to offer people with visual impairments or blindness. However, because GIS store and manage the spatial relations between objects, alternative, non-visual ways to communicate this information can be utilized. As such, modified GIS could provide people with visual impairments access to detailed spatial information that would aid spatial learning, orientation, and spatial choice and decision making. In this paper, we explore the ways that GIS have been, and might be, adapted for use by people with visual impairments or blindness. We review current developments, report upon a small experimental study that compares the ability of GIS-based and various adaptive technologies to communicate spatial information using non-visual media, and provide an agenda for future research. We argue that adapted GIS hold much promise for implicitly improving the quality of life for visually impaired people by increasing mobility and independence.     

大型岩质滑坡形变历史回溯及其启示

大型岩质滑坡一般具有高位、隐蔽性强、高速远程等特点,往往造成严重的人员伤亡和财产损失。揭示其形变历史和发展演化规律,可以为类似滑坡灾害的早期识别提供参考。收集了近年来发生在中国大陆的5处典型大规模岩质滑坡滑前的多时相高精度遥感影像,通过对多时相高精度遥感影像的目视解译,对其形变迹象进行识别,并对其发展演化规律进行分析。发现大型岩质滑坡在发育演化过程中均会产生显著的地表变形迹象,这些形变信息可利用高分辨率光学遥感影像（亚米级）进行识别,变形的孕育演化时间可达数年甚至数10 a。大型岩质滑坡往往不具备“圈椅状”地貌特征,利用光学遥感影像对其早期识别的标志主要为坡体后源是否存在拉裂缝和坡体前缘是否存在局部滑塌。     

Forest carbon in North America: annual storage and emissions from British Columbia's harvest, 1965- 2065

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The default international accounting rules estimate the carbon emissions from forest products by assuming all harvest is immediately emitted to the atmosphere. This makes it difficult to assess the greenhouse gas (GHG) consequences of different forest management or manufacturing activities that maintain the storage of carbon. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) addresses this issue by allowing other accounting methods. The objective of this paper is to provide a new model for estimating annual stock changes of carbon in harvested wood products (HWP). RESULTS: The model, British Columbia Harvested Wood Products version 1 (BC-HWPv1), estimates carbon stocks and fluxes for wood harvested in BC from 1965 to 2065, based on new parameters on local manufacturing, updated and new information for North America on consumption and disposal of wood and paper products, and updated parameters on methane management at landfills in the USA. Based on model results, reporting on emissions as they occur would substantially lower BC[RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK]s greenhouse gas inventory in 2010 from 48 Mt CO2 to 26 Mt CO2 because of the long-term forest carbon storage in-use and in the non-degradable material in landfills. In addition, if offset projects created under BC[RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK]s protocol reported 100 year cumulative emissions using the BC-HWPv1 the emissions would be lower by about 11%. CONCLUSIONS: This research showed that the IPCC default methods overestimate the emissions North America wood products. Future IPCC GHG accounting methods could include a lower emissions factor (e.g. 0.52) multiplied by the annual harvest, rather than the current multiplier of 1.0. The simulations demonstrated that the primary opportunities for climate change mitigation are in shifting from burning mill waste to using the wood for longer-lived products.     

Training and education in remote sensing

Remote Sensing has emerged as a key technology in recent years to generate spatial information. Exploration of this technology to its maximum potential requires trained personnel and for wider understanding of the subject it needs to be introduced in our educational system. With the rapid technological advances being made by remote sensing information and decision support systems, it has become very important that training in remote sensing keeps pace with these advances. For wider acceptability of remote sensing well thought of plan needs to be made for human resources development through training and education in Remote Sensing. Various issues for training and education in Remote Sensing have been discussed in this paper.     

GIS analysis of the trafficability determined by slope in the eastern Tyrol front (WWI,Eastern Alps): a military history reading

In the autumn of 1914, Austria-Hungary began to prepare for the possibility of an Italian offensive by building field fortifications, which formed the Tyrol Defense Line (TDL). Mountainous areas, such as the area of the TDL, present obstacles to trafficability in large part caused by terrain slope. On the eastern Tyrol front, steep slope obstructed trafficability when the Italians attacked the TDL and represented, in turn, an advantage for the Austro-Hungarian defense. This paper focuses on the assessment of the conditions of trafficability determined by slope in the eastern Tyrol front, using a GIS cost distance analysis. Key sources were the maps of Austrian and Italian official histories, parameters derived mainly from Marinelli’s slope classification, and from the interpretation of the particular historical circumstances. The advantages and disadvantages were considered from the perspective of the defensive and offensive and their significance for the history of this conflict. In particular, these were related to the perimeter to be defended by alternative Austro-Hungarian lines.     

Ten things higher education needs to know about GIS in primary and secondary education

This paper examines the status of efforts to implement GIS in Kindergarten to Grade 12 (K-12) education in the United States. Factors promoting and impeding the growth and diffusion of GIS are identified and suggestions for action on the part of higher education GIS specialists are made. In the United States more science teachers have adopted GIS geography/social studies teachers for several reasons. These include science teacher preservice preparation and the essentially different natures of the respective disciplines. Preservice education and teachers' perceptions of geography emerge as key factors influencing the diffusion of GIS in K-12 classrooms. The need for on cognition and GIS before effective curricula and instruction can be developed is emphasized. Three strategies directed at higher education GIS specialists may help implement this eduational innovation. They are: (1) modelling GIS instruction in content classes; (2) including GIS in preservice preparation classes; and (3) outreach to professors who tach educational technology to educate than regarding GIS. The addendum by Paul Heinrich which follows this paper compares US and UK experiences in the diffusion of GIS in elementary and secondary schools.     

加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省和阿尔伯塔省的自然资源确权登记

本文通过对加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省的土地与资源统一登记情况和阿尔伯塔省的自然资源分类确权登记情况的分析,得出不同类型的自然资源往往采取不同的确权登记形式,土地登记系统可以作为不同类型自然资源确权登记的共同标尺.因此,中国的自然资源统一确权登记可以采取先以土地登记系统为基础构建统一的自然资源登记系统,而后再逐步推动确权的统一.     

测量学课程改革与实践

教育改革的核心问题是课程的改革，教育改革只有进入到课堂的层面，才是真正进入了教育改革的深水区。本文以测量学课程改革为立足点，对测量学课程改革的持续建设进行了总结，提出并不断丰富“一中心，三育人”课程教学理念；深化教学资源改革，构建了一种长效的“多主体、全过程、可量化”课程发展机制；教学相长，实现了“重素质、强能力、多元开放”的测量学课程教学。     

Flexible delivery and social learning: Seeking a new geography of education for GIS and GIS in education

This paper looks at GIS education in the context of changes in society and technology. It argues that socio-economic pressures and technological change are both working to change the traditional dichotomous structure of tertiary education in respect of campus and distance learning models. In general, the changed lifestyles of a larger, less affluent student base are seen as combining with economic pressures on universities to create a mainstream demand for more flexible learning environments, a demand which new advances in applied information technology can assist in meeting. The paper considers these forces and how developments in educational technology in general are likely to impact on traditional methods of delivering GIS education.     

迎接知识经济挑战落实科教兴国战略

本文首先分析了知识经济时代高学院校面临的新的机遇与挑战,并总结了测绘科技大学在科技创新与成果转化方面的实践经验,为高校落实科教兴国战略提出了有益的建议。     

努力做好全球定位系统知识的教育与普及工作

回顾了中国全球定位系统技术应用协会《教育与发展》专业委员会成立十年以来的工作,探讨了《教育与发展》专业委员会今后的工作任务。