SURVEY OF PALESTINE: THE FIRST TWENTY YEARS

Abstract

I suppose most of you look at a map nearly every day and I expect you know a good deal more about them after following the blitzkriege of armies in Europe—and Africa. My advice is, go on learning, for a map has become the means of picturing allsorts of things closely connected with our lives ; modern methods of reproduction have made maps so picturesque and useful that they should be companions to all those who take the trouble to understand them.     

The preparation of the town maps for Lysons' Magna Britannia

Abstract

Although methods of map preparation and production in the nineteenth century are generally understood, in truth little is known in detail. A rare opportunity to further understanding of the methods of the day is offered by the analysis of the surviving working documents and correspondence related to the production of town maps for Lysons' Magna Britannia. As methods of compilation and preparation become clearer, some of the resultant town maps appear more original and carefully created than previously thought, forcing a reassessment of their value as historical evidence.     

A FIFTY-YEARS RETROSPECT

Abstract

The International Map of the World.—Officially known as the Carte du Monde au Millionième, this undertaking has the following history. At the International Geographical Congress which was held at Bern in 1891, Professor Dr. Albrecht Penck proposed the construction, by all the nations of the world, of an International Map on the scale of 1 to 1 million. This idea was unanimously approved, and a very sketchy outline was roughed out for its prosecution. Of this outline the chief item that has survived is the size of the sheets, which were to be six degrees in longitude by four in latitude. Well, time passed and nothing much happened. Year after year there were a few murmurs at congresses about the map, and a few, a very few, sheets were printed, some by Section “F” of the British War Office. There was no general organization to look after the prosecution of the map, and there were no adequate regulations for its construction. Generally speaking, the official map-making institutions were out of touch with the scheme, and geographical societies and congresses had no money and no power to carry it out.     

The Conversion of Aerial Photography to Symbolised Maps

Abstract

The use of the aerial photograph as a basis for a topographic map is currently one of the most interesting developments in cartography. A member of the staff of the Army Map Service, who is primarily concerned with investigations into map design, presents some possible lines of development in this field.     

THE CADASTRAL MAP

Abstract

In the Empire Survey Review for April 1934 (No. 12, pp. 382–4), the Editor has raised the question of the function of the cadastral map. As he remarks, the question is not simple, but it is easier to say what the function of the map is than to decide of what the map should consist in order that it may fulfil its function. Broadly speaking we may state that the function of the map is to record the boundaries of landed property in such a manner as not only to afford a pictorial representation but also to supply data for the identification of these boundaries on the ground when occasion requires. Apart from this the map should show the areas of properties, as this information may be required for taxation purposes.     

Moving On. Where Should the University Map Collection be Going?

Abstract

This paper argues for the importance of retaining a map library presence on UK university campuses at a time when many are under threat of closure, and access to geospatial data is increasingly moving to web-based services. It is suggested that the need for local expertise is undiminished and map curators need to redefine themselves as geoinformation specialists, preserving their paper map collections, but also meeting some of the challenges of GIS, and contributing to national developments in the construction of distributed geolibraries and the provision of metadata, especially with regard to local data sets.     

ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF MAP PROJECTIONS

Abstract

1. Classes and Varieties. A map projection can be considered from different points of view, each such point of view representing a “class” of projections. The classes, in their turn, are subdivided into “varieties”.     

The topographic record of The Netherlands 1800–1992 for sale

Abstract

At the end of the eighteenth century, a large-scale map of the Austrian Netherlands and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège was manufactured, covering more or less the current territory of Belgium. The work for this Carte de Cabinet was carried out by artillerists under the guidance of count Joseph de Ferraris, who was commissioned for the task by the Habsburg government. At the time that the map was designed, no modern legend was included. This paper tries to fill that gap by presenting a legend that was constructed more systematically than any of its predecessors. It is based on the structure of the legend of the Topographic Map of Belgium and the CORINE land cover map, making it an easy-to-use tool for modern researchers. The problems encountered during the development of the legend are described, and the link between the Carte de Cabinet and eighteenth-century French cartography as well as with cartographic manuals is also discussed.     

Books

Abstract

This is a summary of the problems which are involved in the apparently trivial task of measuring the length of a sinuous line on a map. It represents an extended review of the publication Cartometric Measurements, by H. Kishimoto. It is concerned with three basic problems: (1) the sorts of errors which may result from using different instruments and methods of measurement and how these may be corrected: (2) the sorts of errors which may occur in the map and how these may be corrected: 3) the fundamental problem of what is 'length'. Extensive use is made of East European literature on these subjects.     

THE EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON TRAVERSE ERRORS

Abstract

I. These notes are the results of following up in some detail the well-known fact that the horizontal distance between two points at altitude h is greater, by an amount proportional to h, than the distance between the corresponding points at sea-level. Traverses based on rectangular coordinates are considered, with special reference to the residual errors left after adjusting the misclosures of such traverses without first eliminating errors due to altitude.     

A MAP OF THE EMPIRE

Abstract

About sixteen years ago an apparent need of the time led the writer to consider the construction of a small-scale map of the British Empire. It was immediately obvious that such a sheet, prepared in a manner to reduce the errors of scale and bearing to figures approaching the minimum, would have to extend from the Yukon and across the Eastern Hemisphere to New Zealand_ Accordingly, it would involve an oblique projection, cutting the Equator at some angle to be investigated. Moreover, the depth of the map would necessarily be the least possible in order to conform with the desiderata above.     

Reviews

Abstract

Vegetation and rural land use show some of the greatest variety both in what and in how they are depicted on topographic maps. This paper discusses the various approaches that have been adopted to the selection of information to be shown on non-specialist maps. It also looks at the different ways in which vegetation and rural land use are depicted on a range of published map.     

Mapping the London 2012 Olympics

Abstract

The London 2012 Olympic Games was a true spectacle of sporting achievement. It also provided the impetus for official organisations, news media and individuals to turn the vast amount of data into map form. This paper provides an outline of some of the cartographic highlights (and one or two lowlights) that the Olympics inspired. There were some great maps on view and also some interesting trends emerging, particularly in terms of web maps and web maps used as infographics. In particular, the Dorling cartogram saw widespread use, particularly to map medal tallies by online news media.     

HEIGHT CONTROL IN AIR-PHOTO SURVEY

Abstract

1. An air-photo survey of part of Southern Palestine was carried out in 1938, both field-work and plotting being executed by the same surveyor, a comparative newcomer to this type of work, who therefore equipped himself with Lieut Salt's valuable book (Professional Papers of the Air Survey Committee, no. 8, 1933) for guidance. The area covered was very broken barren country and the contours became the principal features of the map, so that a great many spot-heights were necessary and certain deviations in detail from the routine laid down in the Paper suggested themselves.     

Further Thoughts on the Representation of Vegetation on Topographic and Planimetric Maps

Abstract

The content of topographic and planimetric maps in relation to vegetation is examined with reference to the evaluation of contouring, the degree to which vegetation impedes movement, forestry, recreation, the planning of development projects, route planning, vegetation as base map information, and land use. This is an extension of the paper published in the Cartographic Journal, vol. 2, no. 2, and refers in particular to Africa South of the Sahara.     

THE TRANSVERSE MERCATOR PROJECTION AND ITS APPLICATION TO TANGANYIKA TERRITORY

Abstract

The Transverse Mercator Projection is also called the Conformal of Gauss since it was devised by him in the early part of the nineteenth century in connexion with the Triangulation of Hanover. It belongs to the class of cylindrical orthomorphic projections. That is to say, the Earth's surface, or part thereof, is developed on the surface of a cylinder, and there is practically no angular distortion, an angle on the surface of the Earth being represented on the map by almost precisely the same angle. The representation of meridians and parallels, for instance, shows them intersecting at right angles as they actually do on the Earth's surface; but this orthotomic condition, though essential, is not in itself sufficient for orthomorphism.     

THE NOMENCLATURE OF MAP PROJECTIONS

Abstract

Map Projections.—A matter that should have been mentioned in the original article under this title (E.S.R., vii, 51, 190) is the definition of a map projection. In the list of carefully worded “Definitions of Terms used in Surveying and Mapping” prepared by the American Society of Photogrammetry (Photogrammetrie Engineering, vol. 8,1942, pp. 247–283), a map projection is defined as “a systematic drawing of lines on a plane surface to represent the parallels of latitude and the meridians of longitude of the earth or a section of the earth”, and most other published works in which a definition appears employ a somewhat similar wording. This, however, is an unnecessary limitation of the term. Many projections are (and all projections can be) plotted from rectangular grid co-ordinates, and meridians and parallels need not be drawn at all; but a map is still on a projection even when a graticule is not shown. Objection could be raised also to the limitation to “plane surface”, since we may speak of the projection of the spheroid upon a sphere, or of the sphere upon a hemisphere. Hence, it is suggested that “any systematic method of representing the whole or a part of the curved surface of the Earth upon another (usually plane) surface” is an adequate definition of a map projection.     

The Generalised Settlement Area: mapping the Earth surface in the vicinity of built-up areas

ABSTRACT

Geo-information on settlements from Earth Observation offers a base for objective and scalable monitoring of the evolution of cities and settlements, including their location, extent and other attributes. In this work, we deploy the best available global knowledge on the presence of human settlements and built-up structures derived from Earth Observation to advance the understanding of the human presence on Earth. We start from a concept of Generalised Settlement Area to identify the Earth surface within which any built-up structure is present. We further characterise the resulted map by using an agreement map among the state of the art of remote sensing products mapping built-up areas or other strictly related semantic abstractions as urban areas or artificial surfaces. The agreement map is formed by a grid of 1?km², where each cell is classified according to the number of EO-derived products reporting any positive occurrence of the abstractions related to the presence of built-up structures. The paper describes the characteristics of the Generalised Settlement Area, the differences in the agreement map across geographic regions of the world, and outlines the implications for potential users of the EO-derived products used in this study.     

EXPANSION OF PAPER AS AFFECTING AREA

Abstract

For the sake of the junior reader we may repeat an old and simple investigation. Let us suppose that the paper on which a map is printed undergoes a regular expansion p in one direction, say the X direction, and another regular expansion q in the Y direction, perpendicular to the former; it is required to know the effect of these expansions on the area of any parcel on the map. Note that, so far as the mathematics are affected, X and Y are not necessarily parallel to the margins of the sheet; we shall take them here as axes of any rectangular coordinate system. The symbols p and q are regarded as ratios, so that 100p and 100p represent the percentage expansions; if the paper contracts instead of expanding, no more is necessary than to change the sign.