国土资源调查系列图件定量精度的研究(摘要)

本文总结和分析了河南省国土资源调查遥感技术应用研究主要图件面积量算的经验和成果,阐述了ZML人工智能化光电扫描面积量算仪的工作原理、操作步骤及主要技术问题,对比分析了求积仪法、方格法及扫描法的优劣,从理论上探讨了几种检验面积量算精度的方法,     

土地面积量算的沙维奇法及简便计算公式

“十分珍惜每寸土地,合理使用每寸土地,应是我们的国策”。土地详查与研究工作中,运用求积仪在地形图上进行土地面积量测时,为了提高量测精度,消除各种误差,常根据沙维奇法的理论进行计算和平差。本文就沙维奇法的实质及县级面积计算中所采用的简便公式,进行了阐述和分析,提供地域研究和开发有关方面参考。     

航空摄影测量数字化测图采集方法探析

航空摄影测量数字化测图,就是利用数字影像,采用数字相关技术量测同名像点,通过解析计算建立数字立体模型,从而建立数字高程模型,自动绘制等高线、制作正射影像图,以及为地理信息系统提供基础信息等,是航测成图方法中精度最高、图质量最好、方法最先进的一种。航空摄影测量数字化测图,为地图的更新提供了现势性强的数据,为经济建设整体规划提供高精度的地图,为信息化建设提供强大的基础平台。     

不同分辨率遥感图像混合像元线性分解方法研究

混合像元的存在是传统像元级遥感分类和面积量测精度难以达到实用要求的主要原因,为了提高遥感应用精度,须解决混合像元分解问题。传统的方法主要通过改进分解模型提高分解精度,该文在不改变线性分解模型的条件下,分析不同分辨率尺度对于线性分解精度的影响。实验中运用像元合并的方法,得到不同分辨率的TM系列遥感图像,分别选取植被、裸地、水体3种典型地物进行线性分解;以分辨率更高的Quickbird图像分类结果作为真值进行精度评价。实验结果表明:随着图像分辨率的降低,植被的RMSE值不断缩小,在30 m分辨率尺度上均值为0.36,在150 m尺度上均值为0.17,分解精度提高了1倍左右;但随着分辨率进一步降低,由于混合像元现象加剧,RMSE值上升,分解精度随之降低。     

专题图件面积量测中精度与平差问题初探——日产KP-80N型求积仪为量测工具

笔者根据量测1:1×10~5阿克苏河流域土地利用图的实验数据,从量测技术和被测图幅本身特点入手,探讨了它们与精度的关系.图斑面积量测误差主要与图斑的周长/单位面积值有关,并阐述了依其平差的科学性及按图斑面积比例平差的不合理性.     

栅格化属性精度损失的评估方法及其尺度效应分析——以四川省1:25 万土地覆被数据为例

选择在600 m~30 km 16 个尺度上,在ArcGIS 中利用常用的面积最大值法(Rule ofMaximum Area,RMA) 对2005 年四川省1:25 万土地覆被矢量数据进行栅格化,并采用两种属性精度损失评估方法：传统的常规分析方法和一种新的基于栅格单元分析方法,来对比分析在这两种评估方法下RMA栅格化的属性(这里是指面积) 精度损失随尺度的变化特征。结果表明：(1) 在同一尺度下采用基于栅格单元方法分析所得的研究区平均属性精度损失大于常规分析方法分析得到的平均属性精度损失,且二者之间的差异在1~10 km内很明显,当栅格单元大于10km时,两种方法得到的平均属性精度损失的差值稳定,且其随尺度的变化曲线趋于平行;(2) 基于栅格单元分析方法不仅能够准确地定量估计RMA栅格化的属性精度损失,而且能客观地反映属性精度损失的空间分布规律;(3) 对四川省1:25 万土地覆被数据进行面积最大值法(RMA)栅格化的适宜尺度域最好不要超过800 m,在该尺度域内数据工作量适宜,且RMA栅格化属性精度损失小于2.5%。     

训练样本对遥感影像分类精度影响研究

以大理SPOT-5 HRG影像和Landsat TM影像作为数据源,在构建标准训练样本数据集的基础上,探索训练样本对遥感影像分类的影响。选取不同训练样本数量组合,分别对监督分类中的平行六面体、最小距离、马氏距离、最大似然法、神经网络和支持向量机6种分类方法进行多次实验,并采用Kappa系数和总体分类精度对实验分类结果的精度进行评价。结果表明:以多次分类结果的平均值作为最终的分类结果能减小随机误差;增加训练样本数量可以减小单次分类引起的随机误差;在不同的训练样本量下,支持向量机的分类精度最高。     

基于RS-SVM模型的滑坡易发性评价因子选择方法研究

为提高滑坡易发性评价的精度和准确性,利用粗糙集理论和支持向量机模型进行滑坡易发性评价因子选择。以三峡库区秭归到巴东段为研究区,首先通过相关分析和主成分变换对初始滑坡评价因子进行筛减与合并,将剩余的评价因子分为控制因素和影响因素,采用粗糙集理论分别对其进行属性约简,生成核因子集。然后,利用核因子集对支持向量机模型进行训练和预测,得到滑坡易发性评价结果,其预测精度和曲线下面积分别为76.9%和0.939。最后,将两种传统的对所有滑坡评价因子一同进行筛选的方法用于该研究区的滑坡易发性评价,并将传统方法与该方法的评价结果进行比较,结果表明,该文所提出的滑坡评价因子选择方法的精度和准确性均优于传统方法。     

测定城市建筑容积率的遥感方法研究

基于航片测定城市建筑容积率 ,首先需要确定建筑物的高度或楼层数 ,旨在比较利用直接法、投影法、阴影法和高差法估算城市容积率的精度 ,本文在 1∶ 2 5 0 0和 1∶ 40 0 0航片上测定了 2 1个建筑物的高度 /楼层数。比较分析表明 :直接法估算城市容积率的精度最低 ,高差法在测定地物高度时最精确 ,阴影法和投影法在估算楼层数时最精确。航片比例尺对容积率的影响因量测方法而异 ,随比例尺减小 ,直接法精度提高 ,投影法精度几乎不变 ,但阴影法和高差法精度明显下降。     

GIS中面积偏差控制下的矢量数据压缩算法

地理信息系统对矢量数据进行处理和应用的过程中,数据压缩是一个必须解决的问题,而通常采用的两种经典曲线数据压缩法:垂距限值法和道格拉斯-普克算法,都存在线段空间偏移过大以及面积偏差不可控的问题。利用曲线空间直线拟合的方法对曲线段中心轴进行空间逼近,通过增加面积偏差限值,提出了面积偏差控制下的矢量数据压缩算法,并以上海市崇明县岛屿边界轮廓矢量为例对该算法进行了验证。试验表明该方法对于解决两种经典压缩算法线段空间偏移过大以及面积偏差不可控的问题效果明显。     

Automatic extraction of road intersection points from USGS historical map series using deep convolutional neural networks

ABSTRACT

Road intersection data have been used across a range of geospatial analyses. However, many datasets dating from before the advent of GIS are only available as historical printed maps. To be analyzed by GIS software, they need to be scanned and transformed into a usable (vector-based) format. Because the number of scanned historical maps is voluminous, automated methods of digitization and transformation are needed. Frequently, these processes are based on computer vision algorithms. However, the key challenges to this are (1) the low conversion accuracy for low quality and visually complex maps, and (2) the selection of optimal parameters. In this paper, we used a region-based deep convolutional neural network-based framework (RCNN) for object detection, in order to automatically identify road intersections in historical maps of several cities in the United States of America. We found that the RCNN approach is more accurate than traditional computer vision algorithms for double-line cartographic representation of the roads, though its accuracy does not surpass all traditional methods used for single-line symbols. The results suggest that the number of errors in the outputs is sensitive to complexity and blurriness of the maps, and to the number of distinct red-green-blue (RGB) combinations within them.     

The use of digital map data in the segmentation and classification of remotely-sensed images

Abstract

Remotely-sensed data constitute a major potential source of input to geographical information systems (GIS)However, these data often have a relatively poor classification accuracy compared with that of the cartographic data from maps with which they may be combined in the course of GIS analysis. The possibility exists of using data sets (in the form of digital maps) resident within a GIS in order to improve this accuracy, before the classified image is incorporated into the GIS. Results are discussed from a British Alvey Information Technology project to develop a system for the knowledge-based segmentation and classification of remotely-sensed terrain images, in which the knowledge contained in digital map     

Competing space and place identity with landscape change analysis using Web GIS through Singapore historical maps (1828–2015)

The investigation of historical maps is fundamental to understanding the dynamics of landscape changes. In this study, we propose Web GIS tools as a way to compare historical maps efficiently for knowledge production. A key impetus of this article is to contribute to the ongoing efforts to broaden the appeal of ‘mixed‐methods research’ by bridging the epistemological and methodological gaps between GIS and qualitative methodologies in knowledge production. This article proposes a new visualization method for historical landscape change analysis by comparing multiple maps simultaneously with the mash‐up of Web GIS. Based on the analysis of exterior facts represented on the maps, four developmental footprints were investigated, namely, surviving place identity, disappeared place identity replaced by new identity, waning place identity overlapped with new identity, and waning identity by disconnected spatial relationships. To this end, the study argues that Web GIS applications have more potential in spatial knowledge production than traditional desktop GIS.     

等高线节点密度对DEM精度的影响

以西南丘陵地区两种比例尺的地形图为数据源,利用GIS软件平台研究不同等高线节点密度下的DEM精度,旨在揭示节点密度对DEM精度的影响.结果表明:不同节点密度所生成的DEM的高程主要差异区域分布在地形结构线附近;当比例尺为1:2000和1:1万,分辨率分别高于2 m和5 m时,节点的变化对DEM的精度并没有明显影响;分辨率低于2 m和5 m时,其理想的节点密度分别约为1/7个/m和1/12个/m,当大于此节点密度时,增加等高线节点并不能改善DEM的质量,反而会降低DEM的精度.     

Progressive vector compression for high-accuracy vector map data

With the increase in the number of applications using digital vector maps and the development of surveying techniques, a large volume of GIS (geographic information system) vector maps having high accuracy and precision is being produced. However, to achieve their effective transmission while preserving their high positional quality, these large amounts of vector map data need to be compressed. This paper presents a compression method based on a bin space partitioning data structure, which preserves a high-level accuracy and exact precision of spatial data. To achieve this, the proposed method a priori divides a map into rectangular local regions and classifies the bits of each object in the local regions to three types of bins, defined as category bin (CB), direction bin (DB), and accuracy bin (AB). Then, it encodes objects progressively using the properties of the classified bins, such as adjacency and orientation, to obtain the optimum compression ratio. Experimental results verify that our method can encode vector map data constituting less than 20% of the original map data at a 1-cm accuracy degree and that constituting less than 9% at a 1-m accuracy degree. In addition, its compression efficiency is greater than that of previous methods, whereas its complexity is lower for close to real-time applications.     

Illuminated and shadowed contour lines: improving algorithms and evaluating effectiveness

Shadowed contour lines vary line width. Illuminated contour lines additionally vary color based on an angle of illumination. Illuminated and shadowed contour lines date back to the mid-nineteenth century, but their effectiveness compared to conventional contour lines has not been fully examined. Currently, illuminated and shadowed contour lines are not widely used in computer-based cartography because they are not included in most GIS apmaking software. This article introduces improvements to existing algorithms for creating illuminated and shadowed contour lines from digital elevation data. A software package is made available to allow mapmakers to more easily make customized illuminated and shadowed contour maps. A user study comparing illuminated and shadowed contour lines to conventional contour lines and shaded relief with approximately 400 participants was conducted. Results indicate that map-readers can interpret relative height differences between points better and quicker with illuminated contour lines than regular contour lines or shaded relief. Study participants were able to select absolute maxima on an unlabeled illuminated contour map and a labeled regular contour map with equal accuracy and speed. These findings suggest that illuminated contour lines could be used more frequently for improved visualization of terrain and other surface data on maps.     

论旅游地图编制内容更新的若干问题

本文是在《新疆维吾尔自治区旅游图》、《新疆与周边国家导游图》、《丝绸之路图》的编制实践中,结合目前市场上出版发行的十多种旅游地图进行比较分析,进而指出从中发现的问题,提出区域性旅游地图编制内容更新值得探讨的若干问题。     

定性地理信息系统在城市社会空间研究中的应用

定性地理信息系统(定性GIS)是西方人文地理学定性研究的重要方法。它集成了定性和空间元素,更全面地阐明空间背景是如何被社会建构的。这种多元要素的整合,可以表达人们生活空间的多样性和复杂性,有助于展示生活路径的三维可视化细节,实现可视化社会空间过程。本文试图梳理西方定性GIS的方法论并探讨其在基于情感表达的个体数据采集分析、基于混合方法的可视化活动空间研究以及基于多重互动视角的社会空间研究中的应用。定性GIS包含微观和宏观层面的多重含义,使得研究者可以从多个有利位置观察问题并参与其中,有助于城市社会空间研究理论创新,为社会空间研究提供可探索空间。最后,从学科建设、方法论拓展、研究成果表达和研究议题选择等方面对中国开展同类研究进行展望。     

空间尺度上推方法的精度评价——以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟土地利用数据为例

不同的空间尺度上推方法会导致不同程度的信息丢失、信息歪曲等后果;但目前少有研究在较长的尺度序列上、对不同尺度上推方法所得成果开展精度分析。本研究首先提出尺度上推方法精度评价的三个准则,即:保持土地类型构成特征、保持土地面积精度、保持土地空间分布格局和斑块形态;继而使用格点中心值、最大面积斑块、最大聚合面积斑块等3种尺度上推方法,配合100 m～50 km土地利用数据开展尺度转化实验;最后基于上述评价准则和尺度上推实验所得的系列输出结果,分析了不同尺度上推方法的精度。研究表明:(1)格点中心值上推方法能更好地保留区域土地类型构成、土地面积精度等特征;(2)锡林郭勒盟地区土地研究的适宜尺度应小于10 km,最大不应超过30 km;(3)在尺度上推过程中,土地斑块的平均面积、形态以及空间分布格局对尺度上推成果精度有着重要影响。