复杂条件下高拱坝应力及坝肩稳定分析

众所周知,研究复杂地质条件下的高拱坝应力和坝肩稳定对确保工程安全具有重要的意义。研究的江坪河高拱坝地质构造较复杂,坝基及坝肩岩体存在大量断层、软弱夹层、泥化夹层和卸荷、风化岩体等地质缺陷,引起两岸坝肩岩体变形不对称、压缩变形量增大以及坝肩局部岩体承载能力低,直接影响到拱坝正常运行和稳定性。因而,对各种工况下的坝体及坝肩岩体进行了三维有限元分析,研究了坝体及坝肩的应力和变形发展状态、可能失稳模式、破坏形态和破坏机制。研究成果表明,未加固时坝肩岩体不稳定,因此,通过研究采用合理的加固处理措施,右岸采用6个传力洞进行加固;左岸采用锚洞进行加固。采取加固措施以后对其进行三维有限元分析,其研究成果表明,加固有一定的效果,改善了两岸的受力状况和变形分布,提高了坝肩稳定性,但左岸坝肩仍不能完全满足规范要求,还需要进一步增加锚洞的面积。     

Engineering geological characterisation of the rock masses at Tannur Dam site,South Jordan

This paper highlights the geomechanical characterisation of the rock masses exposed at the dam abutments and reservoir area at the Tannur Dam site, South Jordan. The right abutment rock masses are characterised by closely to widely spaced joints. The rock-mass qualities were assigned using the rock-mass rating (RMR) and Q-tunnelling index. Both systems assigned a poor quality for foundation rocks because of the presence of weak rocks. The rock masses constituting the dam abutments exhibit fair quality. The results of packer tests indicate that the hydraulic conductivity of the rock masses of Fuheis-Hummar-Shueib (FHS) and Wadi es Sir (A7) formations range from 10 to 150 Lugeon units (LU). The FHS was characterised by lower LU values compared with A7; this reflects the fracturing characteristics of A7. However, the A7 should be grouted especially the right abutment. However, the FHS needs less grouting because the spacing between joints seems to be tight. The estimated shear strength envelopes relevant to the rock masses of both abutments as well as the foundation rocks were quite similar and, therefore, present similar shear strength characteristics. The shear strength for jointed rock masses showed curvilinear failure planes with average cohesion values of 0.67 and 0.64 MPa and friction angles of 36.5 and 35.5° for dam abutments and the foundation area, respectively.     

Study of the Engineering Geological Problems of the Havasan Dam,with Emphasis on Clay-Filled Joints in the Right Abutment

Havasan dam site is located in northwest of Iran. The planned concrete dam is to be built on Cretaceous limestone. Faulted and fractured limestone is exposed at the dam abutments and in the reservoir area. Rock mass properties including the deformation modulus and uniaxial compressive strength were calculated using different rock mass classification systems (RMR, Q, GSI and DMR). Laboratory tests indicate that joint filling materials contain clay with low to high plasticity (CL to CH) and low to medium potential swelling pressures. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms that the reason for potential swelling of joint fillings is the existence of clay minerals (such as illite and montmorillonite). The study results about the shear strength of clay-filled joints show that under JRC–JCS condition (laboratory scale), JRC _n –JCS _n (large scale) and normal stress equal to 0.25–4 MPa, the range of shear strength of clay-filled joints will be equal to 0.2–2.17 and 0.14–1.72 MPa. In some areas dissolution along the joints results in high permeability, especially in the right abutment. Three dominant joint sets occur in the exploration galleries which have been excavated in the right abutment. The maximum aperture of these joints varies from 7 to 9 cm, and the joints are typically filled with clay. Preliminary analysis shows that the presence of open joints which will cause seepage of water, combined with the impact of the clay-filled joints and forces acting on the slopes, could lead to slope failures and rock falls. In addition, the assessment of slope stability results in abutments using limited equilibrium method and Swedge software under dynamic and static conditions shows that two wedges formed on the slopes of the abutment by the natural joints are potentially unstable. The rock wedge on the left abutment is smaller but presents higher sliding potential. In addition, there is no probability of planar failure due to the geological condition of the dam abutments. This paper summarizes the site investigation and subsequent analysis, which resulted in a recommendation not to construct this site. We offer some potential mitigation plans to consider if a dam were to be built at this site.     

基于地质力学模型试验的锦屏拱坝坝肩加固效果研究

锦屏一级高拱坝最大坝高305 m,是目前在建的世界最高拱坝,其坝址区地质条件复杂,存在断层、蚀变岩脉、层间挤压带、节理裂隙及深部裂缝等各类软弱结构面,坝与地基的整体稳定问题突出。为使坝体达到良好的受力状态,满足拱座的抗滑稳定与变形稳定等要求,工程上采取了大量的加固措施,主要有左坝肩垫座、左右坝肩混凝土网格洞塞置换、刻槽置换、传力洞等。加固处理后,坝肩的整体稳定性以及坝肩坝基的加固效果如何是工程上关心的重要问题。采用两个三维地质力学模型,分别开展了锦屏一级高拱坝在地基未加固和加固两个方案下的坝肩稳定综合法破坏试验研究,对比分析了两个方案下坝与地基的变形分布特性、坝肩坝基失稳的破坏机制和整体稳定安全度。结果表明：坝肩坝基加固处理后,坝体及左、右两岸坝肩变位的对称性得到明显改善,变位量值减小;在相同的超载倍数下,加固方案下两坝肩开裂破坏的范围减小,破坏程度减轻,坝肩破坏失稳的超载系数增大,超载能力得到提高;未加固方案拱坝整体稳定综合法试验安全系数为4.7 ~ 5.0,加固方案下安全系数为5.2 ~ 6.0,安全度得到明显提高。综合分析认为,锦屏拱坝采用以坝肩垫座、混凝土网格置换洞塞、刻槽置换、传力洞等为主的加固方案对坝肩坝基起到了良好的加固效果。     

昌马水库右岸山体稳定性研究

昌马水库导流排砂洞塌方导致右岸山体发生松动 ,本文在大量地质资料的基础上 ,对右岸岩体裂隙网络进行模拟 ,同时 ,采用极限分析能量法和有限元数值模拟方法等对右岸山体的稳定性进行分析研究 ,并提出相应的加固方案。     

Assessment of Relationship Between Grouted Values and Calculated Values in the Bazoft Dam Site

Seepage through foundation and abutments of a dam can potentially result in a waste of the water stored in dam reservoir, erosion of foundation materials, and development of uplift pressure in dam foundation which, consequently, threatens the long-term stability of the dam. In this study, the grout volume is estimated based on parameters such as joint aperture, the maximum penetration length of the grout, and calculated grout take in Bazoft dam site. Bazoft Dam is a hydroelectric supply and double-curvature arch dam with a height of 211 m located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province of Iran. The bedrock of Bazoft dam site consists of Asemari Formation (limy marl and marly lime), in the middle and upper parts of left abutment, and Jahrom Formation (limestone and dolomite) in the right abutment, river bed, and lower part of left abutment. The joint apertures were calculated based on the permeability and the joint spacing. Next, the maximum penetration length of the grout and grout volume were calculated. Using a statistical analysis, the relationship of the joint aperture, maximum penetration length, and the calculated grout volume with real grout take was also investigated. The results show that the grout take can be predicted with appropriate accuracy based on the calculated grout volume.     

小湾拱坝右岸缆机基础开挖边坡的优化分析

基于加锚节理岩体力学模型应用三维弹粘塑性有限元法,对小湾拱坝右岸缆机基础高边坡的开挖过程和加固措施进行了数值仿真计算,进行了两种设计方案的比较和优化分析,对缆机荷载移动、地下水位、岩体强度参数等影响因素进行了敏感性分析,并在此基础上评价了边坡支护加固措施和边坡的稳定性.     

某水电站坝肩随机块体稳定系数敏感性影响分析

针对复杂的地质条件,运用三维极限平衡法对某水电站坝肩随机块体的稳定性进行分析,并研究了块体稳定系数Fs的敏感性影响因子。通过敏感性计算,确定了结构面抗剪强度参数(包括粘聚力C、抗剪断摩擦系数f)和结构面产状(包括倾向和倾角)两组主要影响因子,分析了以上影响因子与Fs的变化规律。根据主要影响因子的变化规律比较,得出结构面产状是影响随机块体稳定性主导因素的结论。敏感性影响因子的变化规律分析,为坝肩抗滑设计和治理提供了一定的理论依据。     

地质力学模型试验中软弱结构面内埋式位移系统的研制与应用

在高拱坝坝肩稳定地质力学模型试验研究过程中,坝肩岩体内各软弱结构面的相对位移变化趋势是判定坝肩失稳及分析坝肩整体稳定安全度的重要参考依据。目前的量测仪器,如电阻应变片、表面位移计只能对坝体应变和坝肩抗力体表面位移进行量测,而对于坝肩岩体内软弱结构面的相对位移则难以获取。因此,针对上述问题,以电阻应变技术为基础,研制了用于获取结构面相对位移的内埋式位移系统,该系统由信号采集仪器、惠斯通电桥和位移传感器组成。在模型试验中,通过内埋式位移系统,获得加载过程中相应测点的应变变化过程,再由应变-位移关系曲线,即可得出位移值。结合锦屏一级高拱坝整体稳定地质力学模型试验,将该系统安装于需量测的坝肩软弱结构面上,获得了结构面在加载过程中的位移变化过程线,同时与大坝应变和坝肩表面位移监测成果进行对比分析,验证了内埋式位移系统的可行性,其测试成果可为判定坝与地基的整体稳定提供依据。     

龙羊峡水电站左岸坝肩尾工超深定向排水孔施工控制技术

龙羊峡水电站左岸坝肩尾工4个孔径130 mm、孔深80 m超深倾斜定向排水孔工程,从坝肩EL2610全部钻通至EL2530排水廊道（2 m×2.5 m)理论设计终孔点。采用瑞典Atlas-A32型潜孔钻机施工。针对该钻机钻具偏垂度3%的困难（同时也验证了其偏垂度3%的科学性）,从技术参数控制和施工工艺控制上克服了潜孔钻施工超深定向孔偏垂度过大的技术“瓶颈”,总结出了瑞典进口Atlas系列潜孔钻机冲击回转钻具施工超深定向孔的技术成果,为国内不同行业同系列Atlas系列钻机施工超深定向孔提供了参考依据。     

金沙江虎跳峡水电站龙蟠坝区坝肩边坡的稳定性研究

论文从龙蟠地区的基本地质环境入手,分析了工程区的地貌地质特征,以此获取了客观的计算模型。在此基础上,对在现今应力场作用下工程坝肩边坡的稳定性采用了有限元模拟,并对模拟的结果进行分析,得出坝肩边坡在现今应力场作用下左岸岩体应力-形变处于明显卸荷状态,右岸滑坡体处于明显的应力松驰阶段,但总体来说坝肩边坡在天然状态下是处于稳定状态的;同时对右岸滑坡体采用不平衡推力法对各种工况条件下的稳定性进行计算,并对计算结果进行分析得出右岸滑坡体在各种工况条件下也是处于稳定状态的。      

Seepage problems in the right abutment of the Shahid Abbaspour dam, southern Iran

In this study, seepage phenomena through the right abutment of Shahid Abbaspour dam are investigated. The Shahid Abbaspour dam is a 200 m high arch dam, which regulates the waters of the Karun River, serves power generation, and flood control and irrigation needs. The dam site lies in the Zagros Mountains of southern Iran. This region presents continuous series of mainly of karstic limestone, marl, shale and gypsum ranging in age from Jurassic to Pliocene. The region has subsequently been folded and faulted. Seepage from the Shahid Abbaspour reservoir occurs mainly through the karstic limestone.The basic foundation treatment of the dam consisted of consolidation grouting, a high-pressure grout curtain and a drainage curtain. Moreover, a 144 m high and 30 m wide concrete cutoff wall was built to prevent reservoir seepage through a clay-filled fracture zone in the right abutment. The grout curtain penetrates the “Principal Vuggy Zone” only beneath the central portion of the dam and below the cutoff wall. In the right abutment fan curtains were constructed to reduce drainage flows, but the seepage problem could not be solved. In order to determine the seepage direction and karstification pattern, hydrogeological studies have been carried out. Additional investigation boreholes have been drilled to monitor fluctuations in groundwater level. Besides these, water chemistry, dye tracer, pinhole and XRF tests have been carried out. As a result of these studies, seepage paths have been identified in the karstic limestone in the right abutment of the dam.     

拱坝联合坝肩岩体三维计算模型构建

坝址区复杂的地质条件与岩体力学环境变化,直接影响坝肩岩体抗滑稳定及拱坝的安全。我国西南乌东德超高拱坝坝址区工程地质条件极为复杂。坝体载荷后,区域内地层岩性、断层构造、岩溶系统、拱座内不连续裂隙等自然地质条件,成为影响坝肩岩体稳定性的主要因素。基于可研阶段地质勘探数据、二维地质剖面和工程设计数据,采用面向对象技术、多种软件协同作业,建立自然地质条件和工程对象的几何模型。构建适用于地应力反演分析,坝体载荷、工程开挖等因素影响下坝肩稳定性分析的三维精细有限元计算模型。该三维模型最大程度地模拟了工程岩体复杂结构,为高拱坝坝肩岩体稳定性综合分析提供良好的基础。计算结果表明:河谷两侧近地表地应力带及河床深部地应力区应力水平与实际量测值接近。坝肩槽开挖完成后,右岸拱肩槽800 m高程附近位移值最大达到12.9 mm。两岸9个可能滑动楔块在不同荷载组合条件下有一定差异,整体上左岸坝肩稳定性强于右岸。组合地震荷载作用下,所有楔块安全系数均大幅下降,但仍具有一定的安全裕度。     

下伏采空区对水库坝基稳定性和渗漏性的影响

结合延安某拟建水库的工程地质条件及采空区赋存状况,在分析房柱式采空区变形破坏形式及机理的基础上,分析了房柱式采空区对拟建水库坝基的稳定性及渗漏性的影响。稳定性分析认为:拟建场地采空区处于不稳定状态,在坝体荷载作用下,将引起采空区"活化",采空区对坝基及泄水涵洞等附属构筑物的稳定存在严重影响。渗漏分析认为,下伏采空区对拟建水库渗漏存在严重影响。在采空区未发生大面积拱冒、切冒破坏的前提下,采空区引起拟建水库的渗漏量为1 671.9 m3/d,约占水库年平均流域径流量的17.9%。当采空区发生大面积拱冒、切冒破坏条件下时,采空区产生的切冒破坏将引起坝基及两侧坝肩的绕流,在切冒陷落区与不扰动区接触带出现台阶,垂直坝基轴线方向形成上下游贯通裂缝或空洞,形成管涌破坏,导致坝体失稳。鉴于此,应对坝基采空区进行有效治理,以确保建设工程安全。      

老虎嘴水电站右坝肩边坡稳定性研究

岩土高边坡稳定性问题一直是水电工程研究的重难点之一。本文以老虎嘴水电站右坝肩边坡稳定性作为研究对象,针对边坡卸荷显著、节理发育、施工安全稳定问题突出的特点,采用数值分析软件FLAC3D,结合点安全系数法,对天然情况、导流洞泄洪洞开挖工况、边坡分级开挖分级加固工况以及开挖完成后降雨工况等不同状况下的相应稳定性问题进行了分析研究。结果表明,老虎嘴水电站右坝肩边坡在无支护加固状况下稳定性较低,不能保证施工期的安全,但在严格分级加固后各工况处于稳定状态,满足工程设计标准下的工程稳定要求。     

Sequential tracer tests for determining water seepage paths in a large rockfill dam, Nakdong River basin, Korea

The rockfill dam of this study has a clay core, filter zone, and sandy gravel shell, and it is located in the Nakdong River basin in Korea. Filling the reservoir began in August 1994 and it was full by April 1998. When the reservoir level was approximately 150 m, three settlement holes were found in the dam crest. To determine possible seepage paths and potential damaged areas within the rockfill dam, 15 tracer tests were performed during two periods. During the two test periods, six and nine tracer tests were conducted when the average water levels of the reservoir were 145 m and 142 m, respectively. Rhodamine WT (RWT) and bromide ion were used as tracers. For each test, 1800 to 4000 L of tracer solution were injected into the riprap for about 5 h. The 15 injection points were uniformly distributed from the right to left sides of the embankment and the two tracers were injected alternately. Tracer concentrations were monitored at 26 observation wells, which were divided into four groups by their geographical positions: right side of the crest, left side of the crest, right side of the dam toe, and left side of the dam toe. For each tracer test, more than 30 water samples were taken during a period of 96 h at each observation well. Based the breakthrough curves obtained from the sequential tracer tests, it was inferred that the most probable seepage paths and potential damaged area were in the left side of the crest (tongue wing zone) and, to a lesser extent, in the right side of the dam abutment.     

层状岩质边坡破坏模式及稳定性的数值分析

运用FLAC3D模拟层状岩质边坡的破坏模式,并采用强度折减法分析结构面倾角与稳定性之间的关系。结果表明:①水平层状边坡坡顶变形破坏早于坡面和坡脚,形成拉破坏区。当结构面倾角较小时,顺倾向层状边坡主要发生滑移破坏;当结构面倾角较大时,发生弯折-溃曲破坏。直立层状边坡主要发生弯曲-板间拉裂-塌落破坏。逆倾向层状边坡的破坏形式为对于小倾角为滑移破坏,对于陡倾角为倾倒破坏。②对于顺倾向边坡,整体安全系数随结构面倾角先减小后增大,呈现两头高、中间低的形态,在倾角为30°时安全系数最小;对于逆倾向边坡,曲线呈现增大-减小-增大的态势,并且大部分高于顺倾向边坡曲线,符合实际情况。③所采用的低强度弹塑性单元能够比较真实地模拟软弱结构面的变形。     

武汉高腊梅水库大坝安全研究

在调查高腊梅水库大坝所处地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造与地震及水文地质等地质环境条件的基础上,研究了坝体、坝基及坝肩的工程地质特征,对坝体的稳定性、填筑土的渗漏,坝基及坝肩岩（土）体的渗透等问题进行了评价.对可能产生的工程地质危害及应采取的加固处理措施等提出了有针对性的建议.     

Modeling uncertainty in stability analysis for design of embankment dams on difficult foundations

A probabilistic 3-D slope stability analysis model (PTDSSAM) is developed to evaluate the stability of embankment dams and their foundations under conditions of staged construction taking into consideration uncertainty, spatial variabilities and correlations of shear strength parameters, as well as the uncertainties in pore water pressure. The model has the following capabilities: (1) conducting undrained shear strength analysis (USA) and effective stress analysis (ESA) slope stability analysis of staged construction, (2) incorporation of field monitored data of pore water pressure, and (3) incorporation of increase of undrained shear strength with depth, effective stress, and pore water pressure dissipation. The PTDSSAM model is incorporated in a computer program that can analyze slopes located in multilayered deposits, considering the total slope width.

The main outputs of the program are the geometric parameters of the most critical sliding surface (i.e., center of rotation/radius of rotation and critical width of failure), mean 2-D safety factor, mean 3-D safety factor, squared coefficient of variation of resisting moment, and the probability of slope failure. The program is applied to a case study, Karameh dam in Jordan. Monitored data of induced pore water pressure in the dam embankment and soft foundation were gathered during dam construction.

The stability of Karameh dam embankment and foundation was evaluated during staged construction using deterministic and probabilistic analysis. Foundation stability was evaluated based on the monitored data of pore water pressure.

The study showed that the mean values of the corrective factors which account for the discrepancies between the in situ and laboratory-measured values of soil properties and for the modeling errors have significant influence on the 2-D safety factor, 3-D safety factor, slope probability of failure, and on the expected failure width.

The degree of spatial correlation associated with shear strength parameters within a soil deposit also influences the probability of slope failure and the expected failure width. This correlation is quantified by scale of fluctuation. It is found that a larger scale of fluctuation gives an increase in the probability of slope failure and a reduction in the critical failure width.     

Geotechnical Evaluation of Dam Foundation with Special Reference to In Situ Permeability: A Case Study

Since every dam site is unique and different from the rest, special geological and geotechnical investigation for each dam is a key factor in the success of the project. The Peygham-chay is a 55 m in height is an embankment dam with a clay core that is situated to the northwest of Iran and is under construction at present. The dam is founded on a valley filled by 12 m alluvium deposits that thicknesses increase toward left abutment up to 60 m. The dam site investigated based on surface discontinuity surveying, drilled boreholes logging data, in situ and laboratory tests. Detailed and extensive surface and subsurface explorations have been carried out at the dam site to characterize the geotechnical properties of foundation. The geology of the site consists of a series of cretaceous basic lavas intrusion composed with andesite, basalt and diabase that cropped out on the right abutments and is strongly fractured due to numerous joints and faults. Permeability of fissured rock mass is strongly depends on joint properties (degree of jointing, opening, continuity, filling material and weathering). In this paper in situ permeability of foundation was evaluated based on water pressure tests (lugeon) results and secondary permeability index (SPI). The impact of water pressure on joints characteristics and consequently flow rate are investigated and considered in the results. The overall groutability of rock mass was evaluated by comparison of RQD as an index of rock jointing degree and SPI values. The results indicated that permeability of rock mass in more than 66% of the tests is very low and not required for treatment. Meanwhile in the rest of sections the construction of preferred sealing system in necessary.