UASB/接触氧化工艺处理玉米淀粉废水研究

针对锦州某玉米深加工企业采用UASB/生物接触氧化方法处理玉米淀粉生产废水,研究主要对UASB反应器启动、运行以及颗粒污泥的结构特性进行实践与探讨。结果表明：UASB反应器经过启动阶段、负荷提高阶段以及稳定运行阶段后,可实现进水量为4513 m3•d-1,进水CODCr平均浓度为7867 mg•L-1,反应器CODCr负荷为7.3 kg•m-3•d-1,出水CODCr浓度为480 mg•L-1,去除率为94%,运行稳定。     

"郑汴一体化"进程中生态廊道系统建设探讨

研究了废水中不同含盐量对生化处理效果以及生物学变化规律的影响.在废水含盐量低于22 g/L时,废水生化处理系统对COD的去除率可稳定在70%左右,污泥活性良好;随着进水盐浓度的增加,含盐量达到22 g/L时,污泥活性开始受到抑制,COD去除率急剧下降到50%左右;当废水含盐量达到31 g/L时,污泥活性明显受到抑制,污泥絮体开始部分解体,COD去除率下降到40%左右.     

SBR污水处理装置运行参数优化

以生活污水为供试水样,通过讨论曝气时间、污泥负荷、厌氧好氧时间分配、pH值等因素对SBR反应器中污水COD去除效果的影响进行研究。结果表明:在室温(20±5)℃和进水pH值为6.45—7.55条件下,SBR反应器优化的运行参数为厌氧150 min、曝气120 min、沉淀60 min,污泥负荷为0.049—0.082 kg BOD5/kg MLSS,MLSS 3000—5000 mg.L-1。在此条件下,COD、BOD5、NH3—N、TP和SS的平均去除率分别为85.45%、95.23%、80.25%、95.04%和85.84%,出水水质可满足城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(GB18918-2002)一级A。     

盐度对废水生物处理的影响

研究了废水中不同含盐量对生化处理效果以及生物学变化规律的影响。在废水含盐量低于22g／L时,废水生化处理系统对COD的去除率可稳定在70％左右,污泥活性良好;随着进水盐浓度的增加,含盐量达到22g／L时,污泥活性开始受到抑制,COD去除率急剧下降到50％左右;当废水含盐量达到31g／L时,污泥活性明显受到抑制,污泥絮体开始部分解体,COD去除率下降到40％左右。     

不同人工湿地系统中植物的生长特征及净化能力差异

以美人蕉、芦苇、香蒲、黄色鸢尾、水菖蒲、茭白为供试植物,以河沙和青砂为供试基质,通过模拟不同的人工湿地系统研究了植物生长特征及其人工湿地净化能力的变化.结果表明:与河沙处理相比,河沙+蚯蚓处理和河沙+青砂+蚯蚓处理中美人蕉的株高分别增加了42%和47%,叶长分别增加了36%和49%,株径分别增加了28%和20%;同样地,黄花鸢尾的株高分别增加了33%和23%,叶长分别增加了39%和29%,且水菖蒲的株高分别增加了53%和32%.与河沙处理相比,河沙+蚯蚓处理,河沙+青砂+蚯蚓处理中水菖蒲的SPAD值分别增加了20%和30%,黄花鸢尾的SPAD值分别增加了59%和65%,美人蕉的SPAD值分别增加了18%和11%.与对照人工湿地(CK)相比,人工湿地Ⅰ(河沙+植物)、人工湿地Ⅱ(河沙+植物+蚯蚓)和人工湿地Ⅲ(河沙+青砂+植物+蚯蚓)对COD的去除率分别增加了20%,24%和26%,对TP的去除率分别增加了14%,15%和19%,对NH₄-N的去除率分别增加了17%,23%和21%,对TN的去除率分别增加了5%,15%和12%.人工湿地Ⅱ中茭白、芦苇、水菖蒲和黄花鸢尾的密度高于人工湿地Ⅲ.粒径较小的河沙有利于植物的生长和氮的去除,而粒径较大的青砂对磷有较高的去除率.     

填料式SBR技术在啤酒废水处理工程中的应用

介绍了填料式SBR技术处理啤酒废水的工程实例。实际运行结果表明 ,该技术综合了接触氧化法的优点。当进水有机负荷大幅度变化时 ,系统可以迅速适应并恢复正常 ,保证出水水质达标。     

城市化对广州降水的影响分析

利用1959—2009年逐日降水观测数据,分析了广州51 a来降水的变化规律。发现城郊增城年总降水量变化趋势不明显,但大暴雨降水日数有所增加;广州年降水总量总体呈波动变化,1991年以来有微弱的增加趋势,增率为105 mm/a。而从降水等级日数和降水负荷上分析发现,1982年以来,广州年降水日数有下降的趋势,减少率为72 d/10a;而1991年以来,广州大雨以上等级降水日数和降水负荷均有明显的上升趋势,其中大雨降水日数增长率为28 d/10a,暴雨降水负荷增长率为24%/10a;城市化造成了广州大雨、暴雨和大暴雨等年强降水日数增加,相比1960—1979年,分别增加了6%、11%和23%;相对于城市化之前,从1991年开始,城市化过程使得广州降水量增加的趋势明显,城市化对广州城市降水增加的贡献率为447％。     

不同水力负荷的垂直流湿地对生活污水处理效果研究

以沈阳浑南垂直流人工湿地模拟系统为研究对象,考察了湿地模拟系统对生活污水的处理效果,重点研究了不同水力负荷的影响。结果表明,垂直流湿地模拟系统对生活污水具有较好的处理效果,出水NH₄⁺-N、TP、COD_Cr和BOD₅均达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）一级A 标准;水力负荷为0.156 t/m²•d时,是垂直流湿地模拟系统运行的最佳负荷。     

上海市电力负荷与气象因子关系及精细化预报

电力负荷预测是电力调度的重要参考依据,气象条件对电力负荷有重要影响。利用上海市2004—2008年15 min 1次的电力负荷资料和宝山气象站 (区站号58362) 同一时段3 h 1次的气象观测资料,对上海市电力负荷特征进行分析,发现不同温度区间和不同天气类型电力负荷的日变化特征有明显差别。采用逐步回归方法得到各温度区间日平均气象负荷率的预报方程,通过系数订正,得出不同天气类型的逐时负荷预报。2009年试报结果显示:采用预报日前3 d的趋势负荷平均值作为预报当日的趋势负荷值,得到的日平均负荷预测值的误差最小,约为3.6%;非工作日日平均负荷的平均预报相对误差比工作日大;日平均气温超过18 ℃时,工作日日平均负荷的预报误差较小;低于18 ℃时,预报误差明显增大;逐时负荷平均预报误差约为4%。     

积温效应在电力日峰谷负荷中的应用及检验

从电力气象服务需求出发,利用2001—2010年5—9月河北省南电网逐日电力日峰负荷、日谷负荷与对应时间的气象资料,探讨晴热天气和闷热天气对电力日峰负荷、日谷负荷的影响特征。分析发现持续3 d以上的闷热天气相对晴热天气使电力日峰负荷、日谷负荷增长更显著;日最高气温32℃是引起河北省南电网日峰负荷增长的初始气温敏感点,35℃为强气温敏感点,38℃为极强气温敏感点,日最低气温25℃为引起日谷负荷增加的敏感气温临界点;建立了引入积温热累积效应的日峰负荷、日谷负荷多元回归气象预测模型,经2011—2013年应用检验,日峰负荷、日谷负荷预测平均相对误差分别为4.8%和3.5%,提高了预测准确率,对电力调度具有参考价值。     

Study of metal aerosol systems as a sink for atmospheric SO2

The chemical removal of SO₂ in the presence of different aerosol systems has been investigated in laboratory experiments using a dynamic flow reactor. The aerosols consisted of wetted particles containing one of the following substances: MnCl₂, Mn(NO₃)₂, MnSO₄, CuCl₂, Cu(NO₃)₂, CuSO₄, FeCl₃, NaCl. The SO₂ removal rate R was measured as a function of the SO₂ gas phase concentration (SO₂)_g, the spatial metal concentration C_Me, and the relative humidity rH in the reactor. A first-order dependence with regard to (SO₂)_g was observed for each type of aerosol. For the Mn(II) and Cu(II) aerosols R was found to be a non-linear function of C_Me except for MnSO₄ and Cu(NO₃)₂ particles. The removal rate showed a significant increase with the relative humidity particularly when rH was close to the deliquescence point of the wetted particles. Among the Mn(II) and Cu(II) aerosols investigated Mn(NO₃)₂ was found to be most efficient for the chemical removal of SO₂ at atmospheric background conditions, especially in haze and fog droplets. The results further indicate that the catalytic oxidation of S(IV) in such aerosol systems may be as efficient as its oxidation by H₂O₂ in cloud water.     

未来气候变化对天津市办公建筑制冷采暖能耗的影响

利用能耗模拟软件（TRNSYS）模拟了1971—2010年天津市办公建筑制冷和采暖能耗,结合未来不同排放情景（低排放：B1;中等排放：A1B）下气候预估数据,定量评估了未来（2011—2100年）气候变化对办公建筑能耗的影响。结果表明,2011—2100年热负荷呈显著的下降趋势,而冷负荷显著上升,冷负荷的上升幅度高于热负荷的下降,导致总能耗呈微弱的上升趋势;低排放情景下热负荷的下降和冷负荷的上升幅度低于中等排放情景,总能耗的变化在两种排放情景下没有明显差异;与1971—2010年相比,低排放和中等排放两种情景下2011—2050年热负荷下降10%左右,而冷负荷上升约12%,总能耗增加超过2%;2051—2100年热负荷的下降和冷负荷的上升更为明显,尤其是冷负荷上升（约30%）,总能耗增加8%左右,冷负荷变化率在两种情景下相差较大。     

Numerical simulation of pollutants removal by precipitation

The acidification of precipitation and the wet removal of pollutants in South China in spring are evaluated by using a one dimensional, time-dependent, physico-chemical model of stratiform clouds. The results are consistent with the mean field data. In the typical condition, the in-cloud scavenging of gases and aerosols is the major removal process at the begining of rainfall, then fractions of below-cloud scavenging of S(VI) from S(IV) oxidation, NH₃, HNO₃ and particles increase gradually. It can be treated as an irreversible process. Numerical tests show that the concentration of oxidants, H₂O₂ can affect wet removal of SO₂, as well as the formation and deposition amount of S(VI). The convergence of airflow can compensate partially the depletion of pollutants by wet removal.     

气候变化对典型气象年数据的影响及能耗评估——以中国北方大城市天津为例

本文以中国北方城市天津为例,采用Sandia及Danish两种方法生成典型气象年（TMY）数据,并借助TRNSYS软件模拟得到3个时段（1961-1990年、1971-2000年和1981-2010年）典型办公建筑的逐时负荷,评估气候变化对典型气象年数据及模拟负荷的影响。结果表明：Sandia和Danish生成典型气象年的方法在天津均有较好的适用性,Sandia方法采用6个气象要素生成的典型气象年数据代表性满足要求。受气候变化影响,典型气象年数据变化较大,采暖期（11月-翌年3月）较制冷期（6-9月）的变化更明显;从30年均值差异看,1981-2010年相对于1961-1990年,建筑供热负荷减少5.2%,而制冷负荷增加1.6%。因此,在使用典型气象年数据进行建筑设计能耗评估时需充分考虑气候变化的影响,加快典型气象年数据的生成和更新工作。基于天津现行使用的典型气象年数据模拟得到的办公建筑制冷负荷较1981-2010年偏低6.7%,供热负荷偏高4.7%。表明采用现行典型气象年数据进行建筑能耗评估时,会造成制冷负荷偏低,供热负荷偏高,从而降低人体舒适度及造成供热能源浪费。     

聚丙烯SPG连续聚合生产工艺的清洁性分析

"丙烯液相本体聚合+卧式釜气相聚合"连续聚合工艺是由我国自主研发的一种聚丙烯生产工艺。针对中国石化某工程公司聚丙烯的SPG聚合生产工艺进行了清洁性分析,探讨其清洁生产水平。结果表明:该生产工艺具有操作简单、催化剂活性高、单程转化率高和物耗、能耗低等特点,对外界环境影响较小,可供企业选择聚丙烯生产工艺借鉴和参考。     

On the scavenging of SO2 by cloud and raindrops: III. A theoretical study of SO2 washout by rain falling through a pollution plume

Our previously described absorption model for the scavenging of trace gases by individual cloud and rain drops was applied to an ensemble of drops of given size distribution as found in typical atmospheric rainfalls. This study allowed: (1) determination of the redistribution which a pollution plume suffers as rain falls through it, and (2) determination of the amount of pollutant contained in. the fallen rain. For the present application it was assumed that the pollution plume consisted of SO₂, only, and that its concentration varied vertically as a Gaussian distribution centered 200 m above the ground. Rain of various intensities and corresponding drop size distributions was allowed to pass through this pollution layer. The results of our study show that the average height and concentration of the plume decrease in proportion to the total amount of rain which had passed through the pollution layer. The fractional plume washout rate (in % per mm of rain) was found to be inversely proportional to the SO₂ gas concentration, the plume height, and the plume thickness. By including the effects of oxidation inside the falling raindrops, it was noted that the removal of SO₂ became enhanced by a factor of up to 10 times. For significant oxidation the rate with which SO₂ was washed out was found to be inversely proportional to the rainfall rate. For the case of light drizzle (2 mm h^-1) and large oxidation rate constants (100 s^-1), as much as 40% of the sulfur load could be removed by 1 mm of rain. For the case of a heavier rainfall (25 mm h^-1) composed of correspondingly larger drops, the washout rate varied between 2 and 10$ mm^-1 over a wide range of oxidation rates.     

Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting Using Multi-Model Blending with Supplemental Grid Points: Experiments and Prospects in China

Quantitative Precipitation Forecast(QPF) is a challenging issue in seamless prediction. QPF faces the following difficulties:(i) single rather than multiple model products are still used;(ii) most QPF methods require long-term training samples not easily available, and(iii) local features are insufficiently reflected. In this work, a multi-model blending(MMB) algorithm with supplemental grid points(SGPs) is experimented to overcome these shortcomings.The MMB algorithm includes three steps:(1) single-model bias-correction,(2) dynamic weight MMB, and(3)light-precipitation elimination. In step 1, quantile mapping(QM) is used and SGPs are configured to expand the sample size. The SGPs are chosen based on similarity of topography, spatial distance, and climatic characteristics of local precipitation. In step 2, the dynamic weight MMB uses the idea of ensemble forecasting: a precipitation process can be forecast if more than 40% of the models predict such a case; moreover, threat score(TS) is used to update the weights of ensemble members. Finally, in step 3, the number of false alarms of light precipitation is reduced, thus alleviating unreasonable expansion of the precipitation area caused by the blending of multiple models.Verification results show that using the MMB algorithm has effectively improved the TS and bias score(BS) for blended 6-h QPF. The rate of increase in TS for heavy rainfall(25-mm threshold) reaches 20%-40%; in particular,the improvement has reached 47.6% for forecast lead time of 24 h, compared with the ECMWF model. Meanwhile,the BS is closer to 1, which is better than any single-model forecast. In sum, the QPF using MMB with SGPs shows great potential to further improve the present operational QPF in China.