海勃湾水库用于黄河内蒙古河段防凌作用的研究

黄河内蒙古河段冰期一般在冬季封河期和春季开河期０容易出现严重凌情,造成灾害。故良好的封河形势和开河形势是避免凌灾发生的重要条件,自１９６８年刘家峡水库运用以来,黄河内下河段凌情已大有缓解。但是,由于有峡水库距黄河内下河段较远。对河道凌情变化反应不够灵敏。因此,一些年份仍有较为严重的凌灾发生。在分析黄河内蒙古河段封、开河形势特点的基础上,深入研究了海勃湾水库用于该段春季防凌调度的作用和能力,为黄河内     

新疆额尔齐斯河南湾水文站开河规律探讨及武开河成因分析

1997年3月29日额尔齐斯河南湾水文站发生了有记录资料（1985年12月至今）以来唯一一次特殊“武开河”解冻冰情现象,冰情极其特殊且影响后果严重,有必要全面分析其特殊冰情现象、特征及其影响因素。利用“1997·3·29”推冰前后的实测冰情、气温、水位等资料,对特殊“武开河”推冰现象、特征及其主要影响因素进行分析,结果显示：相较于其他年份解冻期气温缓慢稳定上升,这次“武开河”推冰现象发生前气温偏低;受气温转正时间短,气温偏低和冰厚较厚因素制约,“武开河”冰情发生前整个河流断面无推冰迹象,岸边无融冰,只有冰上流水现象;上游开河略早,来水量增加迅猛。“武开河”发生与最大冰厚间无必然因果关系,但上游来水量的急剧增加,水位快速上涨对于“武开河”解冻冰情现象的发生起了决定性作用。新疆阿勒泰地区发生冰凌溃坝型洪水的风险较低,对冰凌灾害的研究与预防方面应主要加强对推冰现象及过程的研究与预警方面。     

黄河下游凌情特征及变化

黄河下游冰情的基本特点和规律是:冬季有的年份封冻,有的年份不封冻;下游下段河道流凌封冻日期早,融冰、开河日期晚,封冻历时长,冰盖厚冰质坚;上段河道流凌封冻日期晚,融冰、开河日期早,封冻历时短,冰盖薄冰质酥。冰凌洪水特点是流量小,水位高且上涨快;凌峰流量自上而下沿程逐渐增大。近20年来,由于黄河下游河道水量大幅度减少,甚至发生连年断流,冬季气温持续偏高,加上水库调度等因素的共同影响,引起了凌情的相应变化。这些变化主要表现为:封开河日期提前,封河长度缩短、封冻冰量和槽蓄水量减少,冰塞冰坝发生次数减少,不封冻年频率增加等。     

水力与热力耦合的开河判别准则

寒带河流在春季往往会由于水力和热力因素的剧烈变化而引发冰盖溃决,国内俗称为"武开河"。这一现象会导致冰坝形成,造成巨大的自然灾害。通过冰盖断裂机理的力学分析,耦合热力对冰盖材料性质的影响,提出了一种开河判别方法。应用黄河河曲段实测原型资料进行验证分析,结果表明该准则判定结果与实际相符,是一种行之有效的判别准则。     

Cryospheric Changes and Their Impacts on Water Resources in the Belt and Road Regions

“Belt and Road” regions include Asia, Europe and eastern and northern Africa, with a wide spatial distribution. The cryosphere is undergoing rapid changes in the Belt and Road regions with global warming, and has an important impact on water resources, ecosystems and Arctic waterways in these regions. This article reviewed recent cryospheric changes and associated impacts on water resources in the Belt and Road regions during the last decades. The main cognitions are as follows: \mathrm{①} Most glaciers are shrinking and glacier mass balances are most negative, but there are regional differences in the changes of glaciers. \mathrm{②} Global temperature rise has resulted in permafrost degradation, including a rise in permafrost temperature and decreasing permafrost thickness as well as an increase in active layer thickness. \mathrm{③} There is a significant decrease in snow cover extent and an increase in snow depth. Snow cover duration has shortened, the onset of snow cover has delayed, and the end of snow cover has advanced. However, there are still obvious regional differences in the changes of snow cover. \mathrm{④} Arctic sea ice has declined precipitously in both extent and thickness in summer, and multi-year sea ice has decreased,indicating the precipitous retreat of sea ice. The freeze-up date of some lakes has been delayed, the break-up date has advanced, and the ice cover duration of river/lake ice has significantly shortened. \mathrm{⑤} Glacial runoff has increased significantly in China. Snowmelt and permafrost degradation have also increased the basin runoff, which indicates the important impact of cryospheric changes on runoff. This study will provide a baseline and important scientific support for addressing climate change and regional sustainable development.     

2001—2008年天山西部山区积雪覆盖及NDVI的时空变化特性

对于以融雪及融冰补给为主的山区河流,融雪及融冰量的多少对当地可供利用水资源量的大小起着决定作用,对河流所在的水库的正常蓄水、防洪及发电产生一定的影响.积雪时空变化规律的影响因素较多,除气温这个主要因素外,还与当地植被覆盖情况、风向、风速及太阳辐射等因素有关,因此,基于2001—2008年的MODIS积雪数据和NDVI数据分析了研究区的积雪覆盖度与NDVI时空变化特性.结果表明:天山西部山区积雪分布极不均匀,边缘山区多雪,腹地少雪,边缘山区南坡比北坡积雪多;积雪期主要集中在10月到翌年5月,积雪年际变化差异较大,积雪有减少趋势.近8a来研究区的植被有较好的改善且与降水有一定的联系,但部分区域NDVI也有减小的趋势,不同区域植被返青时间不同.通过对比分析发现,除积雪消融与NDVI有其自有的变化规律外,二者之间也有很好的相关性,但关于植被覆盖是否会对积雪的消融起加速或减缓的作用,基于此两种MODIS数据产品无法得知,有待于通过其它方法或进行野外实验确定.     

Natural ring structures on the Baikal ice cover: Analysis of experimental data and mathematical modeling

Hydrophysical studies and mathematical modeling of ring structures during ice cover on Lake Baikal have shown that their existence at the stage of ice cover degradation is due to anticyclonic currents. Such currents can be generated as a result of local upwelling, which we associate with the rise of methane hydrates from the top layer of bottom sediments and their dissociation. Analysis of satellite images shows that the radii of ice rings range from 1300 to 2400 m, which is close to the baroclinic Rossby radius. The measured ice thicknesses in the area of the rings are in agreement with model calculations. Deep water renewal in Lake Baikal can also be associated with the rise of hydrates.     

黄河内蒙古段头道拐断面冰期水流特征及其对气候变化与人类活动的响应

利用最新冰凌观测数据,分析了1960年以来黄河内蒙古段头道拐断面冰期流量特点及其影响因素.结果表明：头道拐断面小流量持续时间的年际变化具有明显的阶段性特征,1960-1967年、1968-1985年和1986-2010年小流量平均持续天数分别为68 d、17 d和37 d.气候变化和人类活动是影响小流量过程的主要因素,气候变化通过影响冰盖厚度和冰花堆积来影响封冻河段流量过程;河道冲淤演变则是冰期流量过程和槽蓄水增量长期变化的重要原因;刘家峡水库调度直接影响着内蒙古河段的流量过程. 最近10 a来,凌汛期气温变化剧烈,上游来水有所减少,河道淤积更加严重,河道工程增多是黄河头道拐断面小流量持续天数延长的主要原因.     

黄河封河期冰凌预警地电测试技术研究

黄河流域地形地貌相差悬殊,受西伯利亚和蒙古一带冷空气的影响,冬春季干、支流有不同程度的冰情出现.由于黄河凌情来势迅猛,水位急剧壅高,易决口成灾,开展冰凌预警研究是十分必要的.黄河封河期冰盖下流凌量及冰塞体的生长状况是黄河冰凌预警的关键要素,采用地电测试技术,对冰水两相流进行视电阻率测量,绘制电测深曲线,数字化模拟冰凌参数,评估冰塞体的生长及冰块堆积状况,为防凌减灾提供预警服务.测试结果表明,平稳流凌时,测深曲线经子波分解后阈值为10Ω·m左右,当出现局部冰塞时阈值达到100Ω·m左右,数值易于区分,基于电测深曲线的差异性进行冰凌预警的方法是可行的,可为防凌减灾提供预警服务.