新时期海岸带空间资源保护利用形势下的用海人口内涵研究

在供给侧改革的背景下,以资源开发为导向的传统涉海类空间规划,积极寻求向以资源环境为约束的海岸带国土空间规划发展转型。基于此,海岸带国土空间规划应当从以经济发展为导向,进行产业分类、资源开发的增量时代,转向生态化、可持续化、精细化发展的基于人本视角的存量发展时代。因此,针对原有各类涉海规划鲜有提及的用海人口概念,借鉴陆域国土空间规划人口体系,从人口概念、分类、测算方法、划分原则方面,系统梳理了人口规模与国土空间用途、规模与部门管理的关系,为国土空间规划的编制提供新的参考指标,实现海岸带空间的供需关系合理发展。     

国土空间规划下海岸带的功能定位及空间响应——以上海海岸带为例

海岸带规划作为国土空间规划体系中的唯一涉海规划,不仅要对海岸带地区进行陆海统筹综合管控,而且要对海岸带地区的发展进行战略功能引导,以适应海洋强国建设的蓝色发展要求。文章分析新一轮国土空间规划对海岸带规划的新要求,提出海岸带规划进行功能定位和空间响应的规划策略和方法;结合上海海岸带发展实际,从多维战略对接、区域功能耦合、未来发展趋势应对3个方面谋划海岸带功能定位,提出海岸带“三心二市”的功能内涵;在此基础上提出海岸带空间响应策略,主要包括对接国土空间分层逻辑、海洋功能区划和岸线区段功能耦合、开放式分圈层分区划分、落实核心功能诉求。     

基于陆海统筹的我国海岸带空间规划指标体系研究

2018年自然资源部提出建立国土空间规划体系,之后涵盖海陆两个国土区域的统一的规划研究愈加被重视。海岸带作为陆地与海洋的交汇地带,具有鲜明性和独特性,为实现海岸带地区的协调及可持续发展,对海岸带地区进行空间规划显得颇为重要。本文在梳理国内外海岸带空间规划及其指标体系研究现状的基础上,分析了我国海岸带空间规划存在的问题,进而采用频度分析法构建了基于陆海统筹的包含3个一级指标和30个二级指标的我国海岸带空间规划指标体系,以期为新时期海岸带空间规划乃至国土空间规划编制工作提供借鉴。     

基于GIS的海域海岸带空间管制分区研究——以三亚市为例

随着陆地发展空间开发日益饱和及海洋经济快速发展,对海域海岸带空间资源开发利用的范围和规模迅速扩大,可持续开发利用海域海岸带空间资源已经成为多数沿海城市区域面临的重大问题。空间管制是近年来规划界关注的热点理论,是一种调节社会、经济、环境可持续发展的重要方式。文章基于三亚市海域海岸带空间保护与利用的现状和阶段特点,采用生态安全格局理论、土地适宜性评价方法构建包括地形地貌、城镇与交通、自然生态、海域海岸带开发利用、未明确用途海域海岸带等5大类因素,23个具体评价指标的评价指标体系模型,计算海域海岸带保护与利用适宜性的综合得分;然后结合Arcgis软件,采用空间分析模块对三亚市海域海岸带进行空间管制分区,分析结果划分为4类区域,即严格管控开发区、限制开发区、重点开发区和优化开发区;最后根据分区结果提出三亚市海域海岸带不同空间管制区域的管控要求与引导建议。     

日照市海岸带保护与利用初探

在生态文明建设背景下,如何构建人-海和谐的海岸带空间发展格局,是海岸带开发利用过程中亟须探索的问题。文章通过SWOT分析方法对日照市海岸带的优势与劣势、机遇与威胁进行了详细分析,并据此提出了差别化管制的海岸线分类、海岸带功能分区利用和陆海统筹的空间管控策略,同时强调了海岸带综合管理体系建设的重要意义,为协调日照海岸带资源开发利用与生态建设的关系,合理布局海洋产业带来思考。     

海洋功能区划与主体功能区划的关系探讨

<中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划的建议>和<中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划纲要>都明确提出,各地区要根据资源环境承载能力、现有开发密度和发展潜力,统筹考虑未来我国人口分布、经济布局、国土利用和城镇化格局,将国土空间划分为优化开发、重点开发、限制开发和禁止开发四类主体功能区,按照主体功能定位调整完善区域政策和绩效评价,规范空间开发秩序,形成合理的空间开发结构.     

惠州市海岸带优化开发的思路和对策

海岸带以优越的自然环境条件和丰富的海陆资源支撑着沿海地区经济社会发展。全面优化海岸带开发保护空间格局,对提高惠州市海洋经济综合竞争力、促进区域协调发展具有重大意义。本文从研究惠州市海岸带发展存在的海岸带管理部门协调不够、部分近岸海域开发秩序混乱、海岸带生态环境退化等问题出发,提出了海岸带优化开发的主要思路,并从进一步发挥规划引导作用、加快产业调整和自主创新、注重统筹形成合力、坚持生态优先等方面提出具体对策。     

浅析城市规划和海洋空间规划对海岸带规划编制的借鉴

海岸带是资源丰富的陆海过渡地带,也是海陆之间相互作用的地带,对海岸带地区科学合理的规划,是实现海陆统筹、一体化协调发展的关键环节。当前国内海岸带地区规划和管理分属于国土、城市规划、海洋等多个部门,各部门分别对海陆进行系统性的规划和管理,尚缺少有效的衔接。从分析海岸带范围的界定出发,确定海岸带地区涉及的海、陆范围及其管理主体,对滨海城市规划和海洋规划中有关海岸带区域的规划思路、原则及规划方法等进行梳理分析,总结目前海岸带管理及规划编制存在的问题,提出对海岸带专项规划编制有针对性的对策和建议。     

极地海岸带调查及前沿问题探析

文章提出了“极地海岸带”这一概念,并从海岸带内涵的视角深入阐述了极地海岸带的定义和范围,全面分析了极地海岸带的特殊性和重要性。从调查监测技术发展和涉及学科领域两个角度梳理总结了与极地海岸带相关的调查监测实践。同时,分析了极地海岸带调查研究的前沿问题,提出了极地海岸带资源生态要素的调查监测发展方向,即充分利用遥感和现场探测手段,以较低成本来探明大空间尺度和长时间序列下的极地海岸带区域资源环境生态要素与时空变化特征。最后,构建了“双源数据挖掘-空间耦合模拟-区域综合评估-影响模拟预测”的知识与技术体系,为我国构建极地海岸带区域资源生态管理与保护政策体系提供科技支撑。     

基于多维影响机制的海岸带退缩线分级分类评估及管控研究——以东营市为例

海岸带退缩线是海岸带国土空间规划工作的重要部分,平衡沿海城市资源利用与生态保护需求,保障沿海地区健康可持续化发展的安全底线。目前我国海岸带退缩线缺乏系统的评估和管控体系,文章通过梳理社会经济价值、空间发展潜力、景观风貌风险、海洋灾害风险、生态环境价值5个影响维度与海岸带各类要素的关联机制,建立了陆海统筹的滨海地区海岸带退缩线重要程度的评估体系,总结我国海岸带退缩线分级分类差异化管控策略,并以东营市为例,进一步探讨了该评估体系在退缩线划定和管控层面的应用,以期为海岸带国土空间规划的管控提供参考。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.