“蛟龙”号载人潜水器安全保障制度构建研究

为实现国家投资重大深海装备——"蛟龙"号载人潜水器的安全高效运行,文章分析研究了"蛟龙"号载人潜水器安全保障管理特点,针对我国科技管理体制和"蛟龙"号管理技术要求,提出了"三位一体"制度体系的构建方法,在"蛟龙"号海试与试验性应用规范要求的基础上,建立了由管理规定、实施办法、操作规程和技术手册组成的多层级"蛟龙"号管理制度体系。通过大洋37航次的试验性应用,充分证明该体系建设方法的有效性,可为我国其他深海装备管理制度体系建设提供参考方案。     

载人潜水器运行管理考核评价体系构建研究

为对载人潜水器运行管理工作进行科学考核评价,保障重大深海装备安全高效运行,文章以“蛟龙”号载人潜水器为例,分析研究了“蛟龙”号载人潜水器的运行管理特点,针对我国科技管理体制和“蛟龙”号载人潜水器的管理技术要求,在结合“蛟龙”号载人潜水器海试与试验性应用实际工作的基础上,建立了科学合理、具备可操作性的考核评价体系。通过在“蛟龙”号载人潜水器运行管理工作中的试应用,充分证明该体系建设方法的有效性,值得在载人无人潜水器等重大装备管理中推广应用。     

“蛟龙”南海行

2013年6月10日上午,"向阳红09"船搭载着"蛟龙"号载人潜水器从江苏省江阴市起航,奔赴南海和太平洋执行首个试验性应用航次任务。整个航次分为三个航段实施。第一航段在南海进行长基线定位系统的功能试验,并开展深海科学研究;第二航段在东北太平洋中国大洋协会多金属结核勘探合同区,重点开展近底生物调查、地质取样、海底摄     

“蛟龙”号载人潜水器运行与保障信息管理系统设计与应用

2017年我国"蛟龙"号载人潜水器完成了为期5年的试验性应用,期间累计下潜100余次,形成和建立了科学完善的应用保障体系和专业的应用人才队伍。以"蛟龙"号试验性应用中运行与保障的实践经验为基础,针对其中设备与备品备件管理、运行作业管理、拆检总装管理、数据资料查询与利用等方面的重要需求,设计开发了一套"蛟龙"号载人潜水器运行与保障信息管理系统,通过信息化平台实现设备资源、作业成果以及经验积累传承之间的高效衔接与复用,最大限度地降低装备运行成本、提高作业效率、保障海上作业安全。文章提出的载人潜水器运维体系能够为我国其他行业或部门的载人潜水器、远程缆控机器人(ROV)、水下自治机器人(AUV)等重大海洋装备的运行与保障提供有益参考借鉴。     

"蛟龙"号载人潜水器的布放回收系统及其关键技术

“蛟龙”号是我国首台载人潜水器,也是全球下潜深度最大的作业型载人潜水器。为使“蛟龙”号具有更大的作业空间,其布放回收系统须满足三级海况下布放和四级海况下回收的作业需求。文章介绍“蛟龙”号布放回收系统的系统组成和关键技术,并对其实际应用情况进行分析和总结。研究结果表明：“蛟龙”号的布放回收系统主要包括A形架、拖曳绞车和升降轨道车;拖曳绞车和A形架主吊缆的恒张力控制系统实现布放回收系统的升沉补偿功能,可满足“蛟龙”号三级海况下布放和四级海况下回收的需求;升降轨道车同时可作为“蛟龙”号日常存放、保养和维修的载体。     

基于蛟龙号的深海小型岩芯原位取样装置

针对"蛟龙"号载人潜水器海底岩芯原位取样作业需求,结合大洋航次开展国际海底矿区调查和科学研究需要,开展了基于蛟龙号的深海小型岩芯原位取样装置概念规划和系统设计。在分析国内外搭载于潜水器上的深海小型钻机特点基础上,针对潜水器作业工况和技术难点,研究了"蛟龙"号载人潜水器海底岩芯原位取样装置关键技术,分析计算了钻进压力、钻头转速和岩芯剪切扭矩等工作参数,完成了整机概念设计和操作工艺流程分析。为增加原位取芯作业能力和解决"蛟龙号"载人潜水器无配套岩石取芯作业工具的问题提供了相应的技术方案,对"蛟龙号"载人潜水器开展海底精细勘探和原位取样作业具有重要的现实意义。     

“蛟龙号”将载科学家开展深海科学研究

2013年"蛟龙号"深潜器将载科学家下濳深海开展科学研究。这些科学家都是在与科学任务相关的前提下由个人申请的,其中还包括一名来自香港的科研人员。他们已完成了较短时间的培训,了解和掌握了潜水器的基本性能,以及潜水器内部的作业规程。本次试验性应用航次分为3个航段。     

重点推介

<正>编者按2015年,国内外海洋界大事不断。1月19日,搭载"蛟龙"号载人潜水器的"向阳红09"船圆满完成中国大洋35航次第二航段科考任务,抵达毛里求斯靠港补给。本航段是"蛟龙"号首次到西南印度洋执行科考任务,在我国西南印度洋多金属硫化物合同区成功开展9次下潜,平均下潜深度2850米,创下了中国深海科考多项第一,取得众多突破性成果。     

“蛟龙”号海试亮出骄人答卷

7月14日下午,“向阳红09”船搭载“蛟龙”号载人潜水器及7000米级海试团队顺利抵达青岛锚地。6月3日至7月16日,“蛟龙”号载人潜水器7000米级海试队奔赴马里亚纳海沟,圆满完成7000米级海试任务。海试队边试验、边改进、边应用的技术模式和持续支持、注重技术经验积累的组织模式为我国深海技术的发展探出了一条新路。     

“蛟龙”号载人潜水器 再创7020米水深纪录

6月24日,“蛟龙”号载人潜水器7000米级海试现场再传捷报——“蛟龙”号在马里亚纳海沟完成第四次下潜任务时首次突破7000米,最大下潜深度达到7020米,再创我国载人深潜新纪录。海试完成后第一时间,国家海洋局在京举行了“蛟龙”号载人潜水器7000米级海试第四次下潜视频慰问活动。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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