黄县盆地古近纪煤与油页岩的有机岩石学和地球化学特征及形成条件

为了了解黄县盆地煤与油页岩的形成环境及其综合开发利用潜力,运用有机岩石学方法,对其有机岩石学和地球化学特征进行了研究。结果表明,煤层与油页岩中的有机质主要形成于陆上高等植物。盆地边界断层控制着成煤作用过程:当断层停止活动时,形成泥炭沼泽;当断层重新活动时,盆地下沉,湖水侵入泥炭沼泽,形成油页岩。油页岩中含有丰富的角质体和壳屑体,导致长链饱和烃增加。      

系列富硅铝矿石水热晶化法合成纳米莫来石复相粉体的研究

分别以粉煤灰、煤矸石、红柱石千枚岩、油页岩渣等富硅铝矿石为原料,经过除杂、煅烧活化后,利用水热晶化法制备出纳米莫来石复相粉体。采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、能量色散X射线荧光光谱分析(EDX)和选区电子衍射(SAED)等手段研究了复相粉体的物相组成与显微结构,并用魔角旋转核磁(MAS~NMR)分析水热晶化反应机理。结果表明:经过一定温度煅烧活化后,当NaOH溶液浓度为2~3 mol/L、搅拌温度80~90℃、恒温3 h、液固比为10 mL/g时,上述四种原料均可制得以莫来石为主晶相的纳米复相粉体,其中以煤矸石、红柱石千枚岩、油页岩渣为原料制备的晶体均为结晶良好的柱状晶,平均长度分别为50、300和150 nm,平均长径比分别为4、3.5和3.75;以粉煤灰为原料制备的晶体主要呈现棒状、针状和纤维状,其棒状晶长度约30~80 nm、直径约4.5~30 nm。     

吉林龙岗第四纪火山活动分期

在约1700km^2的龙岗火山区内分布100多个玄武质岩浆爆破成因的火山渣锥和射气岩浆成因的低平火山口－龙湾，最新喷发距今约1500－1600年。本文在火山地质研究基础上，测定了龙岗第四纪火山活动形成的熔岩台地、火山渣锥、低平火山口、火山碎屑席等不同火山地质体的31个火山岩K－Ar年龄和2个岩化木与与泥炭层的^14C年龄，厘定了龙岗第四纪3期火山活动的时间：小椅山期（早更新世：2．15－0．75Ma）、龙岗期（中－晚更新世：0．68－0．05Ma）和金龙顶子期（全新世：1600－1500a.BP）。     

PRB反应介质火山渣净化石油类污染地下水特性

以石油类污染地下水为研究对象、火山渣为天然活性可渗透反应格栅(PRB)反应介质,进行净化总石油烃(TPH)的性能和作用机理的研究。颗粒分级实验表明:粒径为0.25～2.00 mm的火山渣,对TPH及特征污染物苯、萘、菲、十八烷的去除效果均为80%以上。吸附动力学和等温吸附模型研究结果表明:吸附过程遵循准二级动力学模型,等温吸附模型符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,理论上最大吸附量为1.7mg/g。联合场发射扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换近红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪、X射线荧光光谱分析仪进行作用机理分析。研究结果表明:火山渣的蜂窝状孔隙和突起有利于物理吸附作用,火山渣赋存硅盐促进了化学吸附作用,水体中烃类有机化合物和火山渣在微观尺度上的有效碰撞对火山渣中的[SiO4]4-四面体结构产生微扰,同时烃类有机官能团与[Si-O]、[Si-H]键间发生了分子间键合作用。     

黑龙江省依兰盆地古近系达连河组油页岩沉积特征

达连河油页岩含矿区位于黑龙江省依兰地区,该区是一个半地堑式断陷盆地。古近系达连河组为一个完整的三级层序,油页岩形成于水进体系域和高水位体系域发育时期。油页岩沉积相类型为半深湖相沉积,与泥炭沼泽相煤层伴生,为煤层的顶板,含油率为3.75%~8.37%,有较高的开采价值。煤层顶部发育的巨厚湖相劣质油页岩,分布广,层位稳定,含油率<3.5%。研究区油页岩成因类型为混合型和腐殖型。根据油页岩工业划分标准,达连河油页岩属于中灰分、低含油率的油页岩。     

龙岗火山群四海火山渣层—来自金龙顶子火山亚普林尼式火山爆发

龙岗火山群四海玄武质火山渣层为金龙顶子火山爆发形成，而非多个火山共同喷发的结果。火灾山渣组成金龙顶子火山渣锥及以东相伴随的火山碎屑席，反映火山爆发时强劲单向西风的吹指。火山碎屑席中火山渣层厚度，火山渣粒度参数远离火山渣锥呈规律性变化。     

喀左盆地下白垩统九佛堂组油页岩特征及控矿条件

野外地质调查和岩石学、地球化学研究表明：喀左盆地3个油页岩层群分别发育于下白垩统九佛堂组的一、二、三段,以位于三段的第三油页岩层群的工业意义最大;油页岩常与上覆沉凝灰岩或其它凝灰质岩石呈伴生关系。油页岩（矿石）类型有泥岩、具粉砂质条带的含钙-钙质泥岩、泥灰岩和页岩4种类型,以前两者为主;低品级油页岩体积分数为50％,中品级油页岩体积分数为42％,高品级油页岩体积分数为8％,均属高灰分油页岩。油页岩的有机质类型为腐植-腐泥型,源于低等植物;浅湖-半深湖形成的油页岩（矿石）类型为含粉砂质条带的含钙-钙质泥岩,深湖形成的油页岩（矿石）类型主要为泥岩;物源区母岩类型对油页岩的化学成分特征及灰分成分类型具有明显的控制关系;火山喷发的灾变事件终止了油页岩的成矿作用。     

金川泥炭沉积中火山喷发物的发现及其意义

对金川西大甸了干玛珥泥炭沉积中部一段泥砂状物质进行鉴定，首次发现火山玻璃，确定为近原火山一次爆炸式喷发的原地沉积物。在排除来自长白山天池火山和龙岗金龙顶子火山约1600a前喷发的可能性后，据该火山喷发物主要化学成分特点，推测其为龙岗 山群早于金龙子火山约1600aBP喷发的另 一次喷发产物。据该火山喷发物所在泥炭层的年龄，推测这次喷发的可能年代为15BC－26AD。     

山东黄县断陷盆地油页岩特征及生成机制

古近纪的黄县断陷盆地中,煤与油页岩交互发育,呈旋回式出现。其中油页岩主要呈褐黑色、棕黑色,层理构造不发育,表现为致密坚硬块状。油页岩中有机质质量分数高达45%,并以I型干酪根为主。古生态学显示,古近纪黄县盆地中周期性发生海侵作用,油页岩生成于海水（咸水）与大陆淡水混合的微咸水-半咸水环境中。咸水与淡水混合时发生的凝胶作用是生成该块状油页岩的主要因素。当盆地基底沉降速率较快、发生海侵时,主要为油页岩沉积时期;盆地基底沉降速率较慢、无海侵作用时,盆地为泥炭沼泽环境,主要发育煤层。这种基底沉降速率变化及周期性海水进退,是造成煤与油页岩呈旋回式沉积的主要原因。     

老黑山盆地下白垩统穆棱组油页岩与煤含油率控制因素

我国陆相盆地内普遍存在油页岩与煤共生的地质现象。本文以老黑山盆地下白垩统穆棱组油页岩与煤为研究对象,基于工业分析（含油率、灰分、挥发分、全硫和发热量）和有机地球化学分析（有机碳、岩石热解、显微组分和生物标志化合物）,对油页岩与煤含油率的控制因素开展研究。根据含油率等工业品质特征,将研究区油页岩与煤进一步划分为高含油率油页岩（HOS）、低含油率油页岩（LOS）、高含油率煤（HC）和低含油率煤（LC）4种亚类。其中HC的总有机碳质量分数和生烃潜力最高,其次为LC、HOS和LOS,4种亚类的有机质类型以Ⅱ型干酪根为主,均处于未成熟的热演化阶段。沉积环境与有机质来源是控制油页岩与煤含油率的关键因素,HOS主要形成于陆源有机质供给中等的湖沼环境,而HC主要形成于陆源有机质供给丰富的泥炭沼泽环境。油页岩与煤形成时期的高等植物以松科、柏科/杉科、南洋杉科、罗汉松科和蕨类植物为主,这些植物可以提供充足的树脂和蜡质有机质,从而使油页岩与煤具有相对较高的含油率。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861