NaCl胁迫对胡杨和新疆杨幼苗体内K+、Na+和Cl-分布的影响

采用盆栽沙培,研究了不同浓度NaCl处理下耐盐性不同的胡杨和新疆杨2种杨属物种幼苗体内K+、Na+和Cl-在器官间的区域化分布及其吸收运输特性,以揭示其耐盐性差异机制。结果表明：①NaCl胁迫下,2种植物体内K+含量下降,Na+和Cl-含量增加。不同器官中,K+含量叶中最高,茎中次之,根中最低;Na+含量由高到低依次为叶>根>茎;Cl-含量在2种植物间存在差异,胡杨叶中Cl-含量最高,根中次之,而新疆杨则是根中最高,叶中次之,但均是茎中最低。就各离子变化幅度而言,胡杨体内K+含量下降幅度及Na+增加幅度均低于新疆杨;胡杨根和茎中Cl-含量增加幅度小于新疆杨,而在叶中的增加幅度大于新疆杨。②2种植物体内K+/Na+值均随着NaCl浓度的升高而降低;除了低盐胁迫的茎以外,胡杨各器官中的K+/Na+值均显著高于新疆杨。与耐盐性较弱的新疆杨相比,胡杨根-茎运输选择性SK,Na值较低,而茎-叶运输选择性SK,Na值较高,根系截留Na+的能力较强。③随着NaCl浓度的增加,胡杨根向茎运输的SCl,Na值呈降低趋势,而新疆杨呈先降低后增加的趋势。耐盐性强的胡杨根向茎运输的SCl,Na值显著高于新疆杨,而茎向叶运输的SCl,Na值均低于新疆杨（2.0%NaCl处理除外）。以上结果表明,NaCl胁迫下胡杨是将盐分离子优先积累在根系来抵抗盐害,而新疆杨则是将盐分离子优先积累在茎部抵抗盐害。胡杨细胞拒盐性及液泡对盐分离子区隔化能力、维持K+、Na+平衡的能力较新疆杨强是其耐盐性优于新疆杨的主要原因。     

盐分对胡杨幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

基于控制试验研究了盐分对胡杨实生幼苗生长及光合特性的影响。结果表明:①随着盐浓度增大,盐分对胡杨幼苗株高、基径及生物量影响明显,其程度大小为叶＞根＞茎。当土壤含盐量小于18.32 g·kg-1(50 mmol NaCl)时,该处理幼苗生物量比无盐处理Ⅰ(0 mmol NaCl)的减小了30%左右;当土壤含盐量达到27.95 g·kg-1 (200 mmol NaCl)时,该处理幼苗的生物量比无盐处理Ⅰ的减小了80%左右,幼苗难以正常生长。②盐分对胡杨幼苗的光合速率和水分利用效率影响显著。随着盐浓度增大,胡杨幼苗的净光合速率下降。当土壤含盐量小于18.32 g·kg-1时,胡杨幼苗可以通过降低蒸腾速率,提高自身的水分利用效率和耐盐性;当土壤含盐量大于18.32 g·kg-1时,胡杨幼苗的水分利用效率降低,幼苗生长表现出盐害症状。③随着盐浓度增大,盐分对胡杨幼苗的荧光特性影响明显,最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ的有效光化学量子效率（Fv′/Fm′）、光化学淬灭系数（qP）、电子传递速率（ETR）显著减小,非光化学淬灭系数（NPQ）呈增大趋势。     

干旱环境下高温对胡杨光合作用的影响

在塔里木河下游3个地下水埋深（4.64 m,6.15 m,7.02 m）环境下,利用LI-6400便携式光合作用测定仪测定了胡杨叶片在适宜温度（27 ℃）和高温（39 ℃）下的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度(gs)、蒸腾速率（E）及胞间CO2浓度（Ci）,比较了不同地下水埋深下胡杨光合作用对高温的响应。结果表明：在3个地下水埋深下高温都使得光合速率和气孔导度明显减少,并且在地下水埋深（7.02 m）较深处,高温使得光合速率和气孔导度的下降幅度也最大,这都说明干旱胁迫加强了高温对胡杨光合作用的负面效应。然而,在同一地下水埋深下,由于高温的影响,胡杨叶片的胞间CO2浓度并未随着净光合速率和气孔导度的下降而减少,其原因很可能是气孔发生了不均匀关闭。而叶片的蒸腾速率和饱和水汽压由于高温作用的影响都明显增加,并且在地下水埋深7.02 m处,高温引起蒸腾速率的增加幅度是最小的,这表明了气孔对干旱高温胁迫下胡杨的光合作用具有一定调节作用。     

极端干旱区胡杨宽卵形叶水分变化影响因子分析

以新疆塔里木河下游极端干旱环境下胡杨宽卵形叶为研究对象,结合对气象因子、土壤水盐和胡杨叶片气体交换、水势特性的实地监测资料,研究了影响胡杨叶片气体交换特性和水势变化的主导环境因子,揭示了反映胡杨生长发育期叶片水分变化的环境因子的指示性和指示阈值。结果表明,空气相对湿度、气温等气象因子是影响极端干旱区胡杨叶片水势和气体交换特性变化的主要因素;（48.19±1.06）%的空气相对湿度是影响胡杨叶片气体交换特性变化的临界阈值,可作为反映胡杨生长与否的指示指标,不能反映胡杨叶片水分变化状况。在极端干旱的塔里木河下游,空气相对湿度在10.69%~48.19%时利于胡杨叶片气体交换和生长。该研究可为减轻胡杨受旱程度、维持胡杨正常生长及时补充水分提供理论依据。     

Salinity-induced growth and some metabolic changes in three Salsola species

Three Salsola species, Salsola dendroides Pall., S. richteri (Moq.) Karel ex Litw. and S. orientalis S.C. Gmel., were compared for their salt tolerance, inorganic ionic accumulation and their biomass production in saline conditions. Seeds were grown on sterilized quartz under five salinity levels in a factorial experimental design, with four replications, in greenhouse conditions.With salinity, Na⁺ accumulation increased while K⁺ accumulation decreased. All three species showed positive shoot growth for low levels of salinity. Root growth showed almost the same trend as shoot growth, with minor exceptions. At low levels of salinity, proline accumulated more in S. dendroides plant tissues than in the tissues of the other two species. These results suggest that the proline accumulation is a good index for salinity tolerance. Soluble sugars also increased as a result of salinity.     

干旱胁迫下的胡杨脯氨酸累积特点分析

以塔里木河下游的主要乔木-胡杨为研究样本，结合野外地下水位临测资料，详细分析了塔里木河下游干旱胁迫环境下胡杨体内脯氨酸的累积与变化。分析研究表明，胡杨体内的脯氨酸含量与塔里木河下游地下水位变化存在密切，脯氨酸含量随地下水位降低而增加，二者相关系数达0．913；在不同地下水位埋深条件下。脯氨酸含量的增加幅度有差异；胡杨体内的脯氨酸含量随干旱胁迫的加深而积累，是胡杨对干旱逆境的一种反应。表明塔里木河下游胡杨的生长发育已受到严重的干旱胁迫。     

塔里木河上游胡杨群落及种群特征分析

基于样地调查方法对塔里木河上游阿拉尔、新其满、英巴扎断面河岸胡杨群落特征及胡杨种群结构与侧枝生长量进行了研究和分析。结果表明:①塔里木河上游河岸胡杨群落物种组成较简单,共有16种植物,分属10科16属,其中乔木1种、灌木和草本分别为6种和9种。3个断面发现的物种种数分别为6种、8种和12种,共有种为胡杨(Populus euphratica)、多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissma)和铃铛刺(Halimodendron halodendron)。②各断面胡杨群落物种多样性指数较低,物种丰富度指数、Simpson指数和Shannon-Winner指数大小顺序为英巴扎,新其满,阿拉尔。③胡杨种群主要以幼龄个体为主,种群树高、胸径为底宽上窄增长型结构。④1998—2002年各断面胡杨枝轮生长量波动较大,2003—2007年生长量呈下降趋势。     

NaCl胁迫下红砂愈伤组织中主要离子累积特征的研究

盐胁迫下植物对Na+、K+、Ca2+、Cl-的选择性吸收代表了植物对盐胁迫的适应性。以荒漠植物红砂为材料,研究不同浓度NaCl胁迫对红砂愈伤组织Na+、K+、Ca2+、Cl-含量的影响。结果表明,NaCl胁迫下红砂组织相对生长率随着盐浓度的增加先增加后下降, 100 mM处理时达到最大;K+、Ca2+含量下降,Na+和Cl-含量升高,变化幅度随NaCl浓度的增加而增大。红砂愈伤组织具有很强的耐盐能力,低浓度NaCl处理可促进愈伤组织的生长,对Na+、K+、Ca2+、Cl-的吸收选择性提高,有利于避免离子代谢紊乱,减轻NaCl胁迫的伤害;在较高浓度下盐胁迫会对植物的生长造成一定的抑制。可见,离子平衡是红砂组织耐盐性的重要机理之一。     

塔里木河下游生态输水后衰败胡杨林更新能力与条件分析

对塔里木河下游3个样区生态输水后不同样地0—100 cm深土层中胡杨水平根系分布、繁殖更新能力、地下水位变化及成片胡杨林更新所具备的条件调查分析,结果表明：长期断流后,在低地下水位胁迫下胡杨0—100 cm的浅层水平根系发育严重受阻或萎缩消失,萌蘖能力微弱或消失。在距河道边50 m区域内,土层50—100 cm以下有较多的水平根系分布,生态输水后浅层根系具备萌蘖能力;距河道边50～150 m的范围胡杨浅层根系数量减少,分布深度下移,活力降低,实施萌蘖更新有一定的风险,而且随着与断流源区（大西海子水库）距离的增加,风险增大;距河道边250 m以上的区域胡杨水平根系很少,现阶段已基本上失去萌蘖更新的基础条件。胡杨集中分布区地表微地形复杂,大面积地表引流灌溉难度大,使得依靠种子和断根萌蘖实现更新十分困难。     

Foliar carbohydrate differs between Picea crassifolia and Sabina przewalskii with the altitudinal variation of Qilian Mountains, China

Nonstructural carbohydrates(NSC) and nitrogen metabolism strongly influence growth and development in plants. The biosynthesis of cellulose and lignin(structural carbohydrates, SC) depends largely on the supply of NSC. We desire to examine which hypothesis, carbon limitation or growth limitation, best fits the alpine plant response between NSC, SC, carbon(C), nitrogen(N) and altitude. We compared the foliar concentrations of carbohydrates, C and N between the leaves of Picea crassifolia(lower-elevation tree-line species) and Sabina przewalskii(high-elevation tree-line species) in their response to changing elevation. Our site was located in the mid-northern area of Qilian Mountains, China. We found that foliar soluble sugar(SG) concentrations were significantly higher in P. crassifolia than in S. przewalskii at the 2,700–3,400 m level. Foliar NSC levels in P. crassifolia increased at the 2,700–3,100 m level, indicating that growth was limited gradually resulting in a surplus of NSC(to conform to GLH), subsequently decreasing at the 3,100–3,400 m level, the assimilation declined leading to C deficit(to conform to CLH). SC(SC metabolism disorders at 3,100–3,400 m), C, N and starch were significantly lower in P. crassifolia than in S. przewalskii. Conversely, foliar SG concentration shows a fall-rise trend with increasing elevation for S. przewalskii. SC concentration in S. przewalskii leaves decreased with an increase of elevation and has a significantly positive correlation to N concentration marking the assimilation of plants. Therefore, the high-elevation tree-line species(S. przewalskii) utilize or store more foliar SG leading to a decrease of SG concentration for survival and growth/regrowth in an adverse environment, higher total C, N, SC, starch contents and lower NSC level. Also, their change trends along the elevational gradient in leaves of S. przewalskii indicate better assimilation strategies for SG use under environmental stress compared to P. crassifolia. This indicates that foliar C metabolism along the elevation follows the principle of the growth-limitation hypothesis(GLH) or carbon limitation hypothesis(CLH), which depends on the acclimation of different alpine life-forms to the environment.     

Nutrient status of Populus euphratica growing in desert riparian forests of northwestern China

Seasonal and microhabitat variations of chemical constituents of foliar organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), total phosphorus (P), and total potassium (K), in Populus euphratica growing in desert riparian forests in northwestern China and their correlations were studied. Results show that ranges of C, N, P and K contents in the leaves of P. euphratica were 39.08%?46.16%, 0.28%?2.81%, 0.05%?0.18% and 0.35%?2.03%, with means of 43.51%, 1.49%, 0.102% and 1.17%, respectively. The ratio of C/N, C/P and N/P changed from 16.26 to 146.61, from 258.08 to 908.67 and from 2.89 to 26.67; the mean was 37.24, 466.27 and 15.14, respectively. The mean N content was significantly lower than of deciduous trees in China, but the mean P content was nearly equivalent. The ratio of C/N was remarkably higher than of global land plants. The ratio of N/P indicated that growth of P. euphratica was jointly limited by N and P nutrient deficiency. During the growth season, total trends of leaf C, N, P and K contents decreased. The maximum appeared in May, and the minimum in September. Among microhabitats, C, N and K contents gradually increased from riparian lowland, flatland, sandpile, Gobi and dune, but C/N ratio was opposite, and P content was not apparent. Foliar C content was extremely, significantly and positively correlated with N and K contents, respectively. The relationships of N-K and P-K were both significantly positive.     

塔里木河下游干旱胁迫下的胡杨叶绿素荧光特性研究

 结合塔里木河下游典型监测断面和地下水位埋深的监测数据,测量了不同地下水位处胡杨的叶绿素荧光参数、水势及土壤含水量,探讨了不同地下水位埋深条件下胡杨的叶绿素荧光特性。结果显示,随着地下水位埋深加大,胡杨受到的干旱胁迫加剧,胡杨叶片光适应下的实际光化学量子产量、电子传输速率和光化学猝灭、相对叶绿素含量普遍下降,且下降幅度随地下水位埋深加大而增加; 非光化学猝灭和调节性能量耗散量子产量随光合有效辐射增大而显著升高; 潜在最大光化学量子产量总体处于适宜状态,表明胡杨在地下水位埋深4~8 m左右时,尚能通过自身能力进行调节,光系统Ⅱ未发生不可逆转的因干旱胁迫造成的损伤。     

Evapotranspiration of a Populuseuphratica Oliv. forest and its controlling factors in the lowerHeihe RiverBasin, Northwest China

Evapotranspiration (ET) within an ecosystem is crucial for the water-limited environment that currently lacks adequate quantification in the arid region of Northwest China, mainly covered by phreatophytes, such as the Populus euphratica Oliv. tree and the Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. shrub species. Accordingly, ET was measured for an entire year using eddy covariance (EC) in P. euphratica stands in the lower Heihe River Basin, Northwest China. During the growing season, the total ET was 850 mm, with a mean of 4.0 mm/d, which is obviously more than that observed at tree-level and standlevel scales, which was likely due to the different level of soil evaporation induced by irrigation via water conveyance. Factors associated with ET fall into either environmental or plant eco-physiological categories. Environmental factors account for at least 79% variation of ET, and the linear relationship between ET and the groundwater table (GWT) revealed the potential water use of P. euphratica forests under the non-water stress condition with the GWT less than 3 m deep. Plant eco-physiological parameters, specifically the leaf area index (LAI), have direct impact on the seasonal pattern of ET, which provides a valuable reference to the wide-area estimates of ET for riparian forests by using LAI. In conclusion, P.euphratica forests have high water use after water conveyance, which may be the result of long-term adapting to local climates and limited water availability.     

Effects on antioxidant enzyme activities and osmolytes in Halocnemum strobilaceum under salt stress

The seedlings of Halocnermum strobilaceum were cultivated in 0.5% hoagland nutrient solution containing 0.0%, 0.9%, 2.7% and 5.4% of NaCl as well as composite salt (Na⁺, Ca²⁺, K⁺, Si⁴⁺) for 20 days; all the contents are in weight ratio. Succulent level, inorganic ions (Na⁺, K⁺), organics such as betaine, proline, malondialdehyde, and antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) were measured to reveal its salt tolerance mechanism. When the composite salt concentration reaches 5.4%, SOD activity level, and MDA content is five times the control group; when it reaches 2.7%, the succulent level of seedlings, and the content of K⁺ in roots is nearly two times the NaCl treatment; the dry weight is more than three times the control group; with the NaCl treatment, MDA is three times the contrast; when the salt concentration is 2.7%, POD reaches the maximum. Results indicate that Si⁴⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ from composite salt in the roots of H. strobilaceum improved the water-holding capacity. The activities of antioxidant enzyme were raised by the accumulation of proline and betaine, which increased the salt tolerance. The absorption of K⁺ promoted the high ratio of K⁺/Na⁺ and alleviated the damage of cell membranes of H. strobilaceum, which is associated with osmotic contents such as betaine and proline.     

胡杨和灰杨的叶绿素荧光参数及茎水势对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地生境的响应

通过测定胡杨（Populus euphratica）、灰杨（Populus pruinosa）叶绿素荧光参数和茎水势,研究了二者成龄叶片样本的电子传递和光能的吸收、分配和耗散对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地生境的适应特征。结果表明,无论清晨弱光下还是正午强光下,胡杨茎水势均比灰杨低,胡杨具有更强的吸水能力;在光合有效辐射不十分高的晴天内,胡杨的光系统Ⅱ的电子传递速率ETR对时间的积分面积大于灰杨,表明胡杨的日能量积累量大于灰杨;胡杨的非光化学淬灭系数NPQ呈单峰状,灰杨呈双峰态,正午的光合有效辐射对灰杨造成了一定程度的光抑制;午后14时（光合有效辐射最大,PAR=1216 μmo·m-2·s-1）,胡杨Y(NO)∶Y(NPQ)∶Y(Ⅱ)=18%∶50%∶32%,主动耗散能量的比例占到50%,表现了极强的抗性,而灰杨3者比例为Y(NO)∶Y(NPQ)∶Y(Ⅱ)=16%∶19%∶65%,通过提高主动散热（NPQ机制）比例,胡杨较灰杨具有更强的强光适应能力。胡杨与灰杨皆可通过提高激发能热耗散比例适应较高光合有效辐射,但胡杨较灰杨具有更强的调节能力和抗性。     

模糊隶属法在塔里木河荒漠植物抗旱性评价中的应用

以塔里木河荒漠河岸乔木、灌木、草本植被的代表植物胡杨(Populus euphratica)、柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)和罗布麻(Apocynum venetumas)为研究对象,对塔里木河下游不同区段、不同地下水位状况下胡杨、柽柳和罗布麻体内叶绿素、可溶性糖、脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)和脱落酸(ABA)等主要生理指标和地下水位进行了测定。运用国际通用软件SAS6.12对这十项生理指标和地下水位之间的关系进行了相关性分析,结果表明:亚哈甫马汗断面的柽柳对地下水位的生理响应最为敏感。其次是胡杨和罗布麻;阿拉干断面的差异不大;在所测的十项生理指标中,丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、脱落酸(ABA)对地下水位变化的敏感度最高,其次为过氧化物酶(POD)、生长素(IAA)和分裂素(CK);地下水位是影响塔里木河流域植被生理特性的主要环境因子。在相关分析的基础上运用平均隶属函数法对这三种植物进行抗旱性排序,结果表明:在干旱胁迫下,植物各种生理代谢过程协同作用,共同抵御干旱胁迫,以减少其受伤害程度;就抗旱能力而言,胡杨>柽柳>罗布麻。     

荒漠河岸林胡杨和柽柳群落小气候特征研究

在内蒙古额济纳旗运用微气象学方法以多路传感器同步观测的方式对极端干旱区荒漠河岸林小气候进行了观测。对我国极端干旱区荒漠河岸林胡杨和柽柳群落内的小气候特征与空旷地的差异进行了初步的探讨,并分析了产生这些差异的原因。结果表明:荒漠河岸林具有独特的小气候作用。具有改变太阳辐射、调节近地层地表及地下温度、缩小温差、降低风速、增加土壤湿度和提高空气湿度等重要生态作用。(1)胡杨和柽柳群落均起到了改变太阳辐射的作用,林冠层顶部的太阳总辐射量月平均值分别为341.72MJ·m^-2、345.14MJ·m^-2,林冠遮蔽使胡杨和柽柳林内总辐射比林外分别减少49.8%、49.3%;(2)生长季胡杨和柽柳林内的气温均低于林外,胡杨林平均比对照低1.62℃,柽柳林平均比对照低0.83℃,而且森林覆盖率越高降温作用越明显;群落上层气温高于群落下层,气温随高度增加而增加;(3)林内平均大气相对湿度均高于林外,胡杨林生长季比对照平均高8.5%,柽柳林平均比对照大4.2%。胡杨林地空气相对湿度各月值高于柽柳林地,平均湿度比柽柳高4.33%;(4)柽柳林月平均土壤温度(19.43℃)高于胡杨林地(18.20℃);(5)林内风速低于林外,胡杨林地平均风速为0.33m·s^-1,比林外降低了2.7m·s^-1;柽柳林平均风速为0.72m·s^-1,比林外降低了2.31m·s^-1。胡杨林比柽柳林对风的阻挡作用强。     

极端干旱区胡杨根围丛枝菌根真菌的分离与鉴

 以极端干旱区塔里木河下游处于干旱胁迫下的天然胡杨为研究对象,采用传统形态鉴定法和分子生物技术,研究了胡杨根围土壤中丛枝菌根真菌。结果表明：处于干旱胁迫下的胡杨根围土壤中丛枝菌根真菌孢子密度较低,且孢子种类单一,经形态鉴定和分子生物学鉴定,孢子为球囊霉属的摩西球囊霉〖WTBX〗Glomus mosseae[WTBZ] （T.H. Nicolson &; Gerd.）,孢子在土壤中单生、根内生或孢子果内形成;圆形,近圆形,直径150~220 μm,浅黄色至黄褐色;孢壁3层,L1和L2无色透明,L3浅黄至黄褐色。连孢菌丝单根,连点漏斗状。胡杨根系内存在丛枝菌根真菌的泡囊结构,分子检测表明摩西球囊霉[WTBX]Glomus mosseae[WTBZ]与胡杨根系形成共生关系,但是胡杨根系的菌根侵染率及根系的菌根侵染强度均不高。     

新疆塔里木河下游不同地下水位的胡杨水势变化分析

结合塔里木河下游英苏与阿拉干两个断面距河道50m、100m与200m处胡杨茎水势的测定资料,对胡杨茎水势进行均值比较与检验分析,结果表明：胡杨茎水势变化既与地下水位有关,表现为在一定范围的地下水位条件下,胡杨茎水势变化随着地下水位的降低而升高;同时也与气候因子有联系,表现为在两个断面相应距离处的胡杨茎水势方差都没有显著差异。胡杨自身具有较强的抗旱性与适应性,能够在较深地下水位状态下,通过生理调节维持自身的水分需要而生存。