非线性被动土压力

用双曲线数学模型描述被动土压力变化和挡土结构位移变化的关系。基于Mindlin弹性解,推导了土体某深度矩形区域作用均布水平荷载时该矩形区域内任意点水平位移的表达式,并用该表达式确定双曲线模型初始刚度。应用对数螺旋线被动土压力理论求解被动土压力,把该法求解的做图过程转化为数学迭代过程。算例表明,这样的被动土压力理论概念明确,结果准确。     

Reliability of passive earth pressure

Passive earth pressure calculations in geotechnical analysis are usually performed with the aid of the Rankine or Coulomb theories of earth pressure based on uniform soil properties. These traditional earth pressure theories assume that the soil is uniform. The fact that soils are spatially variable leads to two potential problems in design: do sampled soil properties adequately reflect the effective properties of the entire soil mass and does spatial variability in soil properties lead to passive earth pressures that are significantly different from those predicted using traditional theories? This paper combines non-linear finite element analysis with random field simulation to investigate these two questions. The specific case investigated is a two-dimensional frictionless passive wall with a cohesionless drained soil mass. The wall is designed against sliding using Rankine's earth pressure theory. The unit weight is assumed to be constant throughout the soil mass and the design friction angle is obtained by sampling the simulated random soil field. For a single sample, the friction angle is used as an effective soil property in the Rankine model. For two samples, an average of the sampled friction angles is used. Failure is defined as occurring when the Rankine predicted passive resistance acting on the wall, modified by a factor of safety, is greater than that computed by the random finite element method. Using Monte Carlo simulation, the probability of failure of the traditional design approach is assessed as a function of the factor of safety using and the spatial variability of the soil.     

挡土墙被动土压力研究

研究土体被动极限状态时的大主应力拱,给出大主应力拱的曲线方程和被动土压力系数;利用水平层分析法,分析被动土压力的分布规律。     

悬臂式围护桩受力性状与土压力试验研究

为研究悬臂式围护桩结构的受力性状和土压力分布特点,结合西宁火车站改造工程,对该深基坑支护结构在不同开挖工况条件下,悬臂桩的受力性状与内力传递特征进行动态的现场试验。试验结果表明：悬臂桩的受力特征与理论值有所差异,在实际设计中,可对其在配筋方式、混凝土设计、嵌固段长度等方面进行优化,实测土压力小于朗肯土压力,与经典土压力理论有显著区别。该试验结果可以有效优化桩身设计,为软岩基坑支护结构在开挖过程中的受力及变形提供理参考性依据。     

人工制备土样的非线性破坏试验及对朗肯被动土压力的影响

通过直剪试验研究了土的非线性破坏准则,给出了刚性挡土墙的朗肯非线性被动土压力公式并采用自适应步长Simpson积分法进行了求解,与线性Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则下朗肯被动土压力进行了对比,结果表明,采用线性Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则计算的被动土压力结果偏大35%～40%,在实际工程设计中偏于不安全。最后讨论了不同深度及非线性参数的影响。     

Significance of flow rule for the passive earth pressure problem

Acta Geotechnica - Determination of earth pressures is one of the fundamental tasks in geotechnical engineering. Although many different methods have been utilized to present passive earth pressure...     

考虑土拱效应的挡土墙主动土压力与被动土压力统一解

土拱效应对倾斜挡土墙下的主动土压力及被动土压力有重要的影响,但是相关计算理论研究略显不足。为了将土拱效应考虑到倾斜挡土墙下的土压力计算中,首先通过应力摩尔圆及静力平衡法分别给出了考虑土拱效应下主动土压力及被动土压力计算所需的两大因素：侧向土压力系数及竖向平均应力公式。在此基础上建立了考虑土拱效应的倾斜挡土墙主动土压力及被动土压力的统一表达式,并将其应用到求解土压力合力及其作用点高度的计算中。算例表明,土拱效应对于主动土压力与被动土压力的影响不同。随着墙体倾角的增大,主动土压力作用点高度逐渐降低,即土拱效应随着墙体倾角的增大而降低。与前述相反,随着墙体倾角的增大,被动土压力作用点高度逐渐降低,即土拱效应的影响随着墙体倾角的增大而增大。     

应力状态对粗颗粒土静止侧压力系数影响试验研究

土体静止侧压力系数K0随应力状态的变化规律对深入把握其力学性质非常重要。然而,由于适用于粗粒土K0试验仪器及方法较少,对粗粒土K0随应力状态变化规律的研究几乎是空白的。为研究加载和卸载过程中粗颗粒土静止侧压力系数K0随应力状态的变化规律,利用新近研制的大型K0试验仪对某砂卵砾石料和堆石料进行了不同应力状态下的K0试验。K0试验结果表明：颗粒形态、应力状态、级配都对粗粒土K0有一定影响,其中应力状态影响最为明显;加、卸载时粗粒土K0随竖向应力增大呈减小的趋势。通过对K0试验结果进行深入分析,提出了粗颗粒土在加载过程中K0与竖向应力的关系式,并进行了验证。在此式基础上,基于前人总结所得K0与OCR的关系式,总结了一个反映任意固结状态下粗颗粒土K0随应力状态变化的关系式。     

不同变位模式刚性挡土墙的动被动土压力

基于Mononobe-Okabe假定,通过对滑动土体中水平薄层单元的分析,建立了墙体平动（T）模式、墙体绕基础转动（RB）模式和墙体绕墙顶转动（RT）模式下的被动土压力的一阶微分方程,给出了土压力强度、土压力合力、土压力作用点的理论计算公式,并将该理论计算公式与库仑理论结果进行了比较。结果表明：土压力强度分布呈曲线分布,合力作用点到墙底的距离依（RB）模式、（T）模式和（RT）模式次序增大。     

Influence of initial density of cohesionless soil on evolution of passive earth pressure

This paper focuses on the influence of the initial void ratio on the evolution of the passive earth pressure and the formation of shear zones in a dry sand body behind a retaining wall. For the numerical simulation a rigid and very rough retaining wall undergoing a horizontal translation against the backfill is considered. The essential mechanical properties of cohesionless granular soil are described with a micro-polar hypoplastic model which takes into account stresses and couple stresses, pressure dependent limit void ratios and the mean grain size as a characteristic length. Numerical investigations are carried out with an initially medium dense and initially loose sand using a homogeneous and random distribution of the initial void ratio. The geometry of calculated shear zones is discussed and compared with a corresponding laboratory model test.     

桥台台背土压力的试验研究

快速铁路桥台台后填土的填料选择、施工控制、质量监测等方面均不同于常规铁路，由于对桥台台背土压力研究并不多见，再加上影响土压力的因素比较复杂，目前的土压力理论还难以准确地反映土压力分布的实际情况。因此，结合现场试验，对快速铁路桥台台背土压力进行长时间观测，分析了土压力随时间的变化、土压力随填土高度变化以及填土完成后台背土压力的大小和分布情况。分析结果表明，台背土压力沿桥台深度方向呈非线性分布，土压力随着至桥台顶部距离的增大而增加，但到达一定深度后，随着深度的增大，土压力反而减小；土压力合力作用点要比理论上的土压力合力作用点有所上移，在0．41倍填土高度处。     

基于修正应力法的横观各向同性摩尔-库仑准则及被动土压力公式

采用修正应力法考虑各向异性对土的抗剪强度的影响,该方法引入组构张量调整不同方向应力分量的相对大小,使得各向异性土在修正应力空间中等效成各向同性土。用修正应力张量代替真实应力张量,就能将摩尔-库仑强度准则发展至横观各向同性,公式的形式不发生改变,强度参数仍为与加载方向无关的常量。通过对比根据3种不同的修正应力公式得到的内摩擦角与加载方向的关系曲线,分析了组构值对内摩擦角变化规律的影响,在偏平面上绘出了连续规则的强度包线,并预测了不同各向异性岩土类材料的三轴压缩和真三轴试验结果。最后,根据横观各向同性摩尔-库仑准则计算水平沉积地层中挡土墙上的被动土压力,得到了简洁的显式表达式,验证了修正应力法的实用性。     

Kinematical analysis of 3D passive earth pressure with nonlinear yield criterion

Conventional methods for calculation of passive earth pressure were mainly based on the assumptions of the linear Mohr‐Coulomb yield condition and plane strain failure mechanism. However, both theoretical and experimental studies have shown that such assumptions are not satisfied in some geotechnical projects. Herein, a novel method incorporating a kinematically admissible 3‐dimensional (3D) rotational failure mechanism and the nonlinear power‐law yield criterion is proposed to compute the passive earth pressure acting on the inclined retaining walls. Instead of using the nonlinear yield criterion directly, a straight line tangential to the nonlinear yield curve is employed to represent the strength of soils, and therefore, the nonlinear problem is transformed into the traditional linear problem. The 3D failure mechanism is generated through rotating a circle defined by 2 log‐spirals, and a plane strain block is inserted into the mechanism to consider the retaining walls with different widths. Earthquake effects are taken into account by using quasi‐static representation, and the horizontal seismic coefficient concept is adopted for the estimation of passive earth pressure under seismic conditions. An analytical expression about the 3D passive earth pressure is educed by means of the upper bound theorem of limit analysis. Numerical results for different practical parameters are obtained from an optimization scheme where the minimum of passive earth pressure is sought. Compared with available 2‐dimensional and 3D solutions, the proposed method is validated. A parametric study is conducted to investigate the effects of different parameters on the 3D static and seismic passive earth pressure.     

考虑挡墙位移效应的被动侧土压力计算方法

挡土结构上土压力的计算是土力学和岩土工程领域的基本研究课题之一。实际工程中的土压力通常是介于主动土压力和被动土压力之间的某一值,墙后填土由于碾压具有较高的密实度。经典的朗肯和库仑土压力理论只能计算极限状态下的土压力,没有考虑挡墙的位移以及剪切过程中密砂的强度从峰值强度降低到残余强度这一强度变化特性对于土压力的影响。给出了考虑挡墙位移效应的被动侧土压力计算方法,该方法能够同时考虑剪切过程中密砂的强度从峰值强度降低为残余强度这一强度变化特性对被动土压力的影响。通过土压力模型试验结果对计算方法进行了初步验证,计算结果和试验结果吻合较好,表明了该方法的有效性。     

主动与被动状态下墙体侧向位移近似计算

极限状态下墙体侧向位移对土压力计算和支挡结构设计影响显著。根据Rankine变形体和Coulomb刚塑体模型,将墙后土体变形分别当作单剪和直剪试验中试样的剪切过程,以达到极限剪切变形（剪应变或单位长度剪切位移）作为进入主被动状态标准,构建了土体变形与墙体位移的几何关系,提出了反映土体变形与强度特性,同时考虑静止时初始应力状态影响的墙体极限侧向位移近似计算模型。分析表明：土体极限剪切变形、滑移区范围、初始应力状态是影响墙体极限位移的核心要素,其中极限剪切变形占据主导作用,是导致不同颗粒组成及密实程度土体进入极限状态所需墙体位移差异显著的主要原因,而主被动区范围不同和因静止土压力系数 1引起的初始剪切变形,则是被动状态墙体位移远大于主动的关键因素;算例中主动与被动状态下墙体位移与墙高之比分别介于0.5‰～13.2‰和?0.4%～?5.2%,且主动状态下细粒土墙体位移大于粗粒土,计算结果与工程经验及相关文献模型试验基本一致。     

基于主应力迹线分层的挡墙被动土压力分析方法

为了探讨墙背倾斜与粗糙程度对挡墙被动土压力的影响,首先,结合被动状态下受挡墙墙背和滑动面摩擦影响的滑动土楔内主应力传递特点,采用圆弧形主应力迹线描述滑动土楔中最大主应力传递规律,并提出了最大主应力迹线几何参数的确定方法;然后,采用沿最大主应力迹线的分层方法将挡墙后滑动土楔划分为若干圆弧形曲线薄层单元,并通过该薄层单元受力分析,依据其静力平衡条件建立了挡墙被动土压力分析新方法。该方法不仅可反映墙土摩擦和墙背倾斜程度对被动土压力的影响,而且有效避免了目前土压力分析方法研究中普遍采用的直线薄层单元难以准确考虑复杂的单元实际受力情况的问题,从理论上确保了新提出的挡墙被动土压力分析方法更具合理性;最后,通过试验、现有同类方法及所提方法分析曲线的对比,表明了新方法的合理性与优越性。就墙背倾斜与粗糙程度对挡墙被动土压力分布及合力作用点高度的影响规律也进行了探讨。     

Optimal lower bound of passive earth pressure using finite elements and non-linear programming

The present study pertains to the finding of the lower bound solution, formulating it as a non-linear programming problem using the generalized method developed by Lysmer with certain variations to incorporate the non-linear no-yield condition constraints directly in the analysis. The method considers the family of plane stress fields having the property that all stresses vary linearly within each triangular element of some mesh which covers the soil mass under study. For this type of stress field it is possible to express all equilibrium conditions as a set of linear constraints and the no-yield as a set of non-linear constraints. The boundary condition constraints may be of linear equality or inequality type. By expressing some of the design variables in terms of the remaining variables the linear equality constraints are implicity satisfied. Such a technique minimizes the complexity of the problem by eliminating the equality constraints and reduces the dimensionality of the problem, saving much, computational effort. The optimal lower bound is isolated by formulating it as a non-linear programming (NLP) problem subjected to both linear and non-linear inequality constraints. The sequential unconstrained minimization technique using the extended penalty function method as suggested by Kavlie has been used to isolate the optimal lower bound. The method has successfully been applied to the passive earth pressure and bearing capacity problem. Numerical results are obtained and compared with Lysmer's solution to show the effectiveness of the present approach.     

基于平面应变统一强度公式的结构性黄土填料挡墙地震被动土压力研究

基于结构性黄土不同含水率方形试样的三轴剪切试验,研究了非饱和黄土的残余强度效应和构度与强度参数的关系,引入两种效应修正了平面应变统一强度公式,分析了地震荷载作用下墙后土应力摩尔圆的变化规律,采用水平层分析法,建立了综合考虑中主应力、土结构性、残余强度的黄土填料被动动土压力公式。研究表明:平面应变统一强度公式计算得到的峰值或残余黏聚力和摩擦角随统一强度参数b值增大而增大,结构性对黏聚力的增幅较大,而对摩擦角影响则不明显;结构性黄土的地震被动土压力系数随b值、构度指标的增大而增大,而随水平地震系数的增大而减小;结构性较大时残余强度计算的地震被动土压力系数较峰值强度大,结构性较小时,两者计算结果接近。     

坑中坑条件下基坑有限土体的被动土压力计算

坑中坑在基坑工程实践中普遍存在,使得基坑底部土体成为有限土体,因此,常规的建立在半无限空间土体假定上的朗肯土压力理论对于坑中坑条件下的基坑不再适用。基于极限平衡理论和平面滑裂面假定,考虑土体黏聚力和滑动土体不同的形状,推导了4种情况下被动土压力的计算公式,并给出了滑裂面剪切破坏角的数学表达式。通过算例,计算了不同内坑位置条件下被动土压力的大小和变化趋势。结果表明,滑裂面剪切破坏角是与土体内摩擦角、黏聚力、计算深度、内坑大小及位置有关的变量,内坑的存在将降低围护结构上的被动土压力,且存在一个内坑影响最不利位置,此时的被动土压力值最小。成果为基坑围护设计中被动土压力的计算提供了理论基础。     

高填方输煤暗道周边土压力试验研究

高填方暗道在西部沟壑地区得到越来越广泛的应用,但有关高填方暗道周边土压力分布的计算尚不十分清楚,需要进一步研究。通过对山西平朔东露天煤矿输煤暗道周边土压力现场测试资料分析,得出了高填方输煤暗道周边土压力分布和变化规律,对暗道周边的应力状态有了更为清晰地了解。试验结果表明,高填方暗道结构顶部存在竖向土压力集中现象,高填方暗道侧部竖向土压力分布呈现如下规律：当填土高度较低时,土压力随填土高度增加较快;当填土高度较大时变化缓慢。高填方暗道竖向土压力计算时,当填土高度较低时,宜采用土柱法;填土高度较大时宜选用顾安全公式法。与暗道结构相比,公路桥涵与地下埋管尺寸和刚度较大,建议计算侧向土压力系数采用静止土压力系数。