黄河源区不同主体功能区草地恢复措施效果评价（英文）

位于青藏高原的黄河源区的高寒草地生态系统和牧民生计都极为脆弱,中国政府已经实施了一系列工程以恢复该区的退化草地。2014年青海省实施的主体功能区规划,依据资源环境承载能力、现有开发强度和发展潜力将研究区分为重点开发区、限制开发区和禁止开发区。本文旨在识别不同主体功能区采用的草地恢复措施并评估其生态和社会经济影响,以筛选有效的恢复措施。基于195份牧户调查问卷和遥感、统计数据,分析发现3类主体功能区的生态和社会经济特征差异:(1)研究区域应用了5种草地恢复措施;(2)2000—2016年间,重点开发区的草地恢复效果优于限制开发区和禁止开发区;(3)重点开发区的家庭纯收入最高;(4)重点开发区牧民对于草地保护和退化草地治理的认知和意愿比其他区域更为积极,该区牧民更多采用围栏+灭鼠+人工饲草地+暖棚舍饲措施。根据不同的发展目标,评估不同区域草地恢复措施的效果有助于促进草地可持续利用和理解区域生态承载力。     

长江金沙江段生态屏障建设的功能区划——以昭通市为例

以昭通市为例,探讨生态屏障地区的功能区划方案。生态屏障地区是国家“十一五”规划提出的4大类功能区中的限制开发区或禁止开发区,其目标是实施以国家、区域或流域生态安全为保障的生态系统恢复和保护工程。运用功能区划的基本思想,以昭通市自然、生态与社会经济主要因子的评价为基础,借助G IS分析工具,以参评因子的空间态势为依据,划分生态保护和经济发展功能兼备的主体功能区,为在中小尺度的生态保护地区划分功能区提供了研究案例。     

限制、禁止开发区旅游业发展模式探索——以云南省为例

国家主体功能区划政策出台后,云南省大部分国土将被划入限制开发区和禁止开发区域。根据区域特征,在区域内构建基于山地景观生态养生发展模式、基于坝区的古镇、民族村寨发展模式和基于谷地的乡村生态旅游发展模式3种旅游业发展模式。实施区域旅游业的可承载发展之路,在限制、禁止开发区域内制定相应的旅游发展政策与管制措施,从而实现经济效益和生态效益的最大化。     

基于主体功能区的循环经济发展模式研究

推动不同主体功能区的循环经济发展是转变我国地区经济增长方式的重要途径之一.以优化开发区、重点开发区、限制开发区与禁止开发区四大类型主体功能区为基础,根据各地方循环经济的具体实践,归纳不同区域范围内循环经济发展的类型、动力、特点及未来方向,并针对经济水平、资源禀赋等差异进一步细分为8种循环经济模式,有助于循环经济生产方式与国家宏观空间格局的适应与融合.     

环新疆经济圈视角下新疆主体功能区划分研究

环新疆经济圈是以中国新疆为中心区域构建的经济圈,为新疆主体功能区的划分和建设提供了全新的视角.从资源承载能力、开发密度和发展潜力三大方面选择指标,利用因子分析等现代统计分析方法,在调研数据的基础上实证研究新疆主体功能区的划分问题,并以县级区域为单位将新疆划分为重点开发区、限制开发区、禁止开发区和战略后备区.基于环新疆经济圈视角做出的新疆主体功能区划分结论为当前新疆实施的跨越式发展和跨国区域经济合作提供了重要的参考依据.     

基于主体功能区规划的中国城乡建设用地扩张时空特征遥感分析

21世纪以来,随着中国社会经济的快速发展,城乡建设用地不断扩张,对社会经济和生态环境造成了一系列影响.为了国家可持续发展目标的实现,必须对国土开发空间布局做出科学的规划.为此,一些学者开展了国家主体功能区规划方案研究,其研究成果支持了国家主体功能区规划的制定,该规划于2010年底颁布实施.为分析各类主体功能区在规划颁布前后城乡建设用地变化的特征,评估规划对区域开发的指导作用,及时发现规划实施中的问题,有必要采取有效手段对不同类型主体功能区的国土开发活动进行监测和评估.为此,本研究团队在已完成的2000年和2010年两期全国土地利用变化数据库的基础上,更新了2013年全国土地利用数据库,生成分期的城乡建设用地空间数据集;并对国家尺度各类主体功能区,以及东部,中部,西部,东北4大区域在主体功能区规划颁布前10年间(2000-2010年)和后3年内(2010-2013年)城乡建设用地扩张特征与差异进行了对比分析.结果表明:① 总体而言,2013年优化开发区,重点开发区,农产品主产区和重点生态功能区城乡建设用地在该类主体功能区国土面积中的占比明显不同,体现了国土开发按照不同主体功能布局的梯级特征.② 与2000-2010年相比,2010-2013年优化开发区城乡建设用地年增长率明显降低,重点开发区,农产品主产区和重点生态功能区建设用地年增长率均大幅增加;其中重点开发区和农产品主产区的城乡建设用地年均扩张面积已经超过了优化开发区;重点生态功能区城乡建设用地年均扩张面积和动态度仍处于最低的水平.③ 在区域尺度,优化开发区中,长江三角洲地区建设用地年均增量明显高于其他优化开发区;重点开发区中,西部地区在年增加面积和增加速率两方面均高于其他区域;农产品主产区中,东部,中部和西部地区内城乡建设用地年增加面积均超过前10年的2倍,西部地区的年增加速率更是达到前10年的3倍以上;重点生态功能区中,中部地区城乡建设用地的年变化率和动态度的增长均最为显著.④ 2010-2013年中国城乡建设用地扩张的空间格局和变化特征,在总体上体现了主体功能区规划的梯级开发特征.但是,局部优化开发区,农产品主产区和重点生态功能区建设用地的扩张速度过快,必须切实加强空间管控.研究表明,采用空间格局变化的分析方法,开展主体功能区规划颁布前后两个时期城乡建设用地扩张特征与分阶段区域差异的分析,清晰刻画出不同功能区和不同地区建设用地变化规律及其与主体功能区规划的契合程度,证明了该分析方法的有效性,可据此为未来国土开发空间格局的优化和城乡建设发展提供科学依据.     

基于三维魔方的芜湖市域主体功能区划研究

按照一定的分区原则,运用适当分区技术路径,合理选择主体功能区划指标体系,综合运用层次分析法和熵值法确定指标权重,从资源生态保护度、社会经济发展强度、发展潜力3个方面分别进行指标评价,将评价单元划分不同等级.在此基础上,采用三维魔方法,构建魔方单元与主体功能区对应关系,将市域划分为优化开发区域、重点开发区域、适度开发区域、限制开发区域,定性确定禁止开发区域,分区评价及提出相应发展策略.     

黄河流域生态经济协调发展研究

以主体功能区规划为依据,运用层次分析法(AHP)测算不同主体功能区生态和经济的权重,改进生态经济协调度模型,对1991—2015年黄河流域8个省份642个县域不同主体功能区的生态经济系统协调程度进行评估。结果表明:(1)流域生态价值呈曲线波动上升趋势,从2001年的8 230亿元增至2015年的11 420亿元。(2)流域GDP呈线性增长态势,人均GDP高值区和中高值区集聚在黄河流域九大都市圈附近,成为人均GDP热点区域;冷点区域主要分布在生态保护区和农业开发区。(3) 1991—2015年流域生态经济协调度先升后降,中下游生态经济协调度普遍处于上升状态;生态经济协调发展度偏低,类型以失调-经济滞后型为主。协调发展区域主要集中在以济南市和青岛市、郑州市、西安市、呼和浩特市、兰州市和西宁市为中心的五大城市群;失调区域面积占比高达86%,位于黄河中上游的生态限制开发区和能源丰富的重点开发区。     

基于PSR模型的景观人为干扰度综合分析——以北京市为例

以景观自然度作为状态指标,考虑人为干扰源对地表景观造成的生态压力以及为防止生态压力传播所建立的保护区域的空间分布,基于PSR模型在单位格网上建立了人为干扰度综合分析模型,分析2015年北京市人为干扰的空间分布状况,评估主体功能区规划的实施效果。研究结果表明:北京市人为干扰指数较高的区域集中在东南平原地区,北部山区的怀柔区和西部的门头沟区人为干扰相对较低;石景山区受生态压力的影响最大,该区各类保护区对生态压力的传播可起到有效的抑制作用;面临显著生态压力影响的朝阳区内保护区面积分布不足。北京市禁止开发区和生态涵养发展区的人为干扰综合指数明显低于其他主体功能区,超过99%的低人为干扰度区域分布在禁止开发区和生态功能区,首都功能核心区、城市功能拓展区和城市发展新区的区域生态压力较高,低人为干扰度的区域分布不足,需加强生态修复与保护。     

主体功能区划背景下的宁夏生态文明建设

生态文明建设自2012年以来在中国特色社会主义事业战略布局中的地位愈加突出。宁夏回族自治区作为中国西部生态环境最为脆弱的省区之一,生态文明建设任务艰巨,建设进展备受关注。以宁夏国家级主体功能区划中不同功能区（重点开发区、限制开发区、禁止开发区）的典型区域作为研究单元,结合《国务院关于加快推进生态文明建设的意见》中对生态文明建设限定的主要指标,系统分析了近年来宁夏典型区域生态文明建设的发展趋势。结果显示：2012—2015年宁夏的生态文明建设成效显著,但部分区域的城市扩张控制效果不佳,能源消耗强度没有持续下降;全区整体环境质量得到改善,但工业废水处理率这一定量指标暗示了重点开发区和限制开发区的环境改善仍有较大提升空间。     

过牧及封育对红砂荒漠植被演替的影响

红砂灌丛植被是我国西北荒漠地区的主要放牧地,并在生态保护中具重要作用。本试验以内蒙古阿拉善盟不同过牧强度下的退化(轻度、中度和重度)红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)+无芒隐子草(Cleistogenes songorica)荒漠草地为对象。首次研究报道了不同过牧梯度和围栏封育对红砂植被演替的影响。经过6a过牧(平均1.8只羊·hm^-2),植被总盖度已由12%降至8%,平均每年盖度绝对值下降0.7%。随草地过牧加重红砂灌丛在逐渐消亡,在中度和重度退化样地的盖度已分别较轻度样地(7.5%)下降了74%和84% (P<0.05);质量差或产量低的草本在增加;无芒隐子草和匍根骆驼蓬(Peganum nigellastrum)的增加可分别作为该类草地中度和重度过牧演替的指示种。短期封育效果十分显著,封育一年的各样地平均较放牧样地比,植被盖度绝对值提高了1.7%,产草量增加2188%,红砂种子产量是放牧样地的371倍。然而,优势种红砂的产草量和盖度在封育期的相对恢复速率皆随样地退化加重而显著降低(P<0.05),重度退化区盖度封育当年的恢复速率为0。所以,封育是保护和恢复我国红砂荒漠植被的有效措施,但封育宜尽早开始,否则,红砂将恢复缓慢或难以复存。     

Fundamental Strategic Shift Required by the Expensive Ecological Policy in Chinese Grasslands

Grasslands have critically important ecological and economic values while most of them have been suffering from various degrees of degradation in China due to overgrazing. The “Forage-Livestock Balance” (FLB) policy has been implemented for more than a decade, aims to balance the relationship between forage productivity and grazing consumption of grasslands by livestock. According to the review of statistical data and literatures on policy evaluation, FLB-dominated subsidies for grassland ecological conservation policies are ineffective on grassland restoration, livestock reduction in some overloaded areas and improvement on herdsmen livelihood. To deal with the dilemma, we suggest a fundamental shift of strategy from controlling livestock numbers to maintaining and improving grassland health (MIGH) based on ecological theories, and promote the sustainable development of grassland in China. The results show that, FLB policy failed to obtain expected benefits mainly because it interfered with the herders' autonomous use of contracted grasslands along with the defects of its underlying theory and methodologies. Implementing reward and punishment based on ecosystem health will not only motivate herders to manage their grassland autonomously, but also be more scientific and feasible than FLB.     

北方农牧交错区草原利用与禁牧政策的关键问题研究

草原作为我国最大的陆地生态系统,对生态安全、生物多样性、畜牧业等具有重要的意义,但草原生态承载力有限,随着人口和社会经济压力的不断增加,对草原的过度利用导致草原生态破坏严重,草原生态系统面临巨大威胁。为了恢复和保护草原生态系统,2002年前后国家在草原破坏严重的地区实施禁牧政策。政策实施以来,草原得到很大程度的恢复,生态效果明显,但政策实施过程中也出现了一些新的问题。探索北方农牧交错区草原利用效率和存在的问题可为进一步制定相关政策提供依据,对北方农牧交错区的生态环境修复和可持续发展有重要的意义。本文通过对相关文献的综述和典型禁牧区的研究,从禁牧政策的效益、问题和农户支持度等方面,进行了研究和论述,主要结论包括：（1）北方农牧交错区草原生态承载力低,生态赤字严重。（2）禁牧政策虽对生态环境的改善起到很大作用,但在一些禁牧区,当地政府不能因地制宜实施禁牧政策,再加上配套实施和基础设施滞后,草场界限模糊以及政策宣传和监管力度不够等问题导致了新的草原退化,草原生态恢复大打折扣。（3）禁牧政策实施对农户的生产和生活造成一定的影响,部分农户无法顺利完成生计方式的转型,又因生态补偿标准低和补偿有失公平等问题无法弥补禁牧造成的经济损失,导致农户生活水平有所下降,加深了生态环境与农户生计之间的矛盾,部分农户对禁牧政策的支持度较低。     

Examining the influence of the implementation of Major Function-oriented Zones on built-up area expansion in China

China had implemented the national strategies for Major Function-oriented Zones (MFOZs) to realize the goal of national sustainable development since 2010. This study analyzed and compared spatio-temporal characteristics and differences in built-up area for China’s MFOZs using a China’ s Land Use Database (CLUD) derived from high-resolution remotely sensed images in the periods of 2000–2010 and 2010–2013. To sum up: (1) The percentage of built-up area in each of the MFOZs was significantly different, revealing the gradient feature of national land development based on the distribution of the main functions. (2) Annual growth in built-up area in optimal development zones (ODZs) decreased significantly during 2010–2013 compared with the period 2000–2010, while annual growth in built-up area in key development zones (KDZs), agricultural production zones (APZs) and key ecological function zones (KEFZs) increased significantly. (3) In ODZs, the average annual increase in built-up area in the Yangtze River Delta region was significantly higher than in other regions; the average area increase and rate of increase of built-up area in KDZs was faster in the western region than in other regions; average annual area growth of built-up area in APZs in the northeast, central and western regions was twice as high as the previous decade on average; the annual rate of change and increase in the dynamic degree of built-up area were most notable in KEFZs in the central region. (4) The spatial pattern and characteristics of built-up area expansions in the period 2010–2013 reflected the gradient feature of the plan for MFOZs. But the rate of increase locally in built-up area in ODZs, APZs and KEFZs is fast, so the effective measures must be adopted in the implementation of national and regional policies. The conclusions indicated these methods and results were meaningful for future regulation strategies in optimizing national land development in China.     

The conservation patterns of grassland ecosystem in response to the forage-livestock balance in North China

Being a key ecological security barrier and production base for grassland animal husbandry in China,the balance between grassland forage supply and livestock-carrying pressure in North China directly affects grassland degradation and restoration,thereby impacting grassland ecosystem services.This paper analyzes the spatiotemporal variation in grassland vegetation coverage,forage supply,and the balance between grassland forage supply and livestock-carrying pressure from 2000 to 2015 in North China.We then discuss the spatial pattern of grassland ecological conservation under the impacts of grassland degradation and restoration,and livestock-carrying pressure.Over the last 16 years,the total grassland area in North China decreased by about 16,000 km2,with vegetation coverage degraded by 6.7％ of the grasslands but significantly restored by another 5.4％ of grasslands.The provisioning of forage by natural grassland mainly increased over time,with an annual growth rate of approximately 0.3 kg/ha,but livestock-carrying pressure also increased continuously.The livestock-carrying pressure index without any supplementary feeding reached as high as 3.8.Apart from the potential livestock-carrying capacity in northeastern Inner Mongolia and the central Tibetan Plateau,most regions in North China are currently overloaded.Considering the actual supplementary feeding during the cold season,the livestock-carrying pressure index is about 3.1,with the livestock-carrying pressure mitigated in central and eastern Inner Mongolia.Assuming full supplementary feeding in the cold season,livestock-carrying pressure index will fall to 1.9,with the livestock-carrying pressure alleviated significantly in Inner Mongolia and on the Tibetan Plateau.Finally,we propose different conservation and development strategies to balance grassland ecological conservation and animal husbandry production in different regions of protected areas,pastoral areas,farming-pastoral ecotone,and farming areas,according to the grassland ecological protection patterns.     

中国草畜平衡状态时空演变指示的草地生态保护格局

中国草原牧区作为重要生态安全屏障和草地畜牧业生产基地,其草畜平衡状态直接影响草地退化与恢复,进而影响草地生态系统服务能力的强弱。本文分析了2000—2015年主要草原牧区草地植被覆盖、牧草供给、草畜平衡状态的时空变化特征,深入探讨草地退化与恢复及载畜压力下草地生态系统保护与恢复空间格局。结果表明：过去16年主要草原牧区草地面积净减少约163万hm²,6.7%的草地出现植被覆盖退化,而5.4%的草地呈现植被覆盖明显恢复。天然草地牧草供给量以增加为主,年增率约0.3 kg/hm²,然而其载畜压力亦持续增加,不考虑补饲的载畜压力指数高达3.8,除内蒙古东北部、青藏高原中部仍有载畜潜力,其余多处于超载状态;考虑实际冷季补饲的载畜压力指数约3.1,内蒙古中东部有所缓解;假设冷季全额补饲则载畜压力指数减至1.9,内蒙古、青藏高原等区域明显缓解。叠加上述数据,本文针对自然保护地、牧区、半农半牧区和农区等不同区域的草地生态保护格局,提出了平衡草地生态保护与畜牧生产利用的不同发展策略。     

科尔沁沙质草地植物群落的放牧退化及其自然恢复过程

 为了了解不同放牧强度对我国北方沙质草地的影响及其封禁停牧后草地植被的自然恢复过程,我们于1992—2006年在科尔沁沙地开展了草地放牧和封育试验,分析研究了人类放牧活动对草地植被的影响,比较了不同程度退化草地恢复速度及其所受气候变化影响。研究结果表明:①在科尔沁沙地,随着放牧强度的增加,草地植被受放牧影响的程度会加重,但只有持续重牧才会导致植被的严重退化,而且持续重牧对植被盖度、高度和草地生产力的危害程度要大于对物种丰富度和多样性的危害程度;中度放牧可以导致植被盖度、高度、生物量的轻度下降,但对物种丰富度、多样性没有不良影响;对于退化草地而言,持续轻牧可促进植被的有效恢复;②封禁停牧以后,草地原受干扰程度不同,其恢复的相对速度也不同,表现为原草地退化越严重,其恢复速度相对越快,而且是植被高度、盖度、生物量的恢复速度要大于物种丰富度、多样性和频度的恢复速度;③草地植被的恢复演替明显受到气候变化的影响,暖湿气候有利于植被的恢复,暖干气候对于植被的恢复不利。     

Land use and land cover change and its driving forces in Maqu County, China in the past 25 years

Maqu County is located in the northeast Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, and it is the main watershed for the Yellow River. The ecosystem there is extremely vulnerable and sensitive to climate change and human activities, which have caused significant deterioration of the eco-environment in this region. In order to restore the ecological environment, a government project to restore the grazing areas to grassland was implemented in Maqu County in early 2004. This study evaluates the effects of that restoration project on land use and land cover change (LUCC), and explores the driving forces of LUCC in Maqu County. In the study we used Landsat images obtained in 1989, 2004, 2009, and 2014 to establish databases of land use and land cover. Then we derived LUCC information by overlaying these layers using GIS software. Finally, we analyzed the main forces responsible for LUCC. The results showed that forests, high-coverage grasslands, and marshes experienced the most significant decreases during 1989-2004, by 882.8 ha, 35,250.4 ha, and 2,753.4 ha, respectively. However, moderate- and low-coverage grasslands and sand lands showed the opposite trend, increasing by 12,529.7 ha, 25,491.0 ha, and 577.5 ha, respectively. LUCC in 2004-2009 showed that ecological degradation slowed compared with 1989-2004. During 2009-2014, high- and moderate-coverage grasslands increased obviously, but low-coverage grasslands, marshes, unused lands, sand lands, and water areas showed the opposite trend. These results suggested that the degradation of the eco-environment was obvious before 2009, showing a decrease in the forests, grasslands, and water areas, and an increase in unused lands. The ecological degradation was reversed after 2009, as was mainly evidenced by increases in high- and moderate-coverage grasslands, and the shrinkage rate of marshes decreased obviously. These results showed that the project of restoring grazing lands to grassland had a positive effect on the LUCC. Other major factors that influence the LUCC include increasing temperature, variation in the seasonal frozen soil environment, seasonal overgrazing, and pest and rodent damage.     

Strategic transformation of regionalization for the agricultural comprehensive development: The example of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in China

Strategic transformation of regionalization for agricultural comprehensive development (ACD) was presented by the Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China (MOF) in 2014. The regionalization is the premise and basis of the sustainable development and improved competitiveness for agriculture. Based on the environmental resources related to agriculture, such as cropland, climate, water resources, terrain, geomorphology, patterns of the ACD projects, distribution of ecological planning, etc., we devised 13 indices using the geographic comprehensive regionalization method. The indices took into account a combination of dynamic and static, qualitative and quantitative, as well as agricultural and ecological factors. The strategic transformation of regionalization for the ACD in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China was performed; seven types were included: prioritized regions, prioritized and restricted regions, protected regions, protected and restricted regions, restricted and prioritized regions, restricted and protected regions, and restricted regions. A further 24 subtypes were used based on locations and ecological zones. The regionalization results showed that prioritized regions were mainly in northern Ningxia, the most suitable area for agriculture. The protected and restricted regions were in central and southern Ningxia. In the central part, drought was the limiting factor for agriculture, and water conservation projects there should be supported. The ecological environment is fragile in southern Ningxia, so there is a need for ecologically sound agriculture to be developed in this region. Such regionalization could achieve two goals, namely agricultural conservation and eco-environmental protection. It was performed following the requirement for scientific regionalization to include three types of regions (prioritized regions, protected regions, and restricted regions), and was applied at the township scale in a provincial or autonomous region for the first time. The results provide both guidance for the strategic transformation of the ACD in Ningxia, and a reference for similar work in other provinces.     

主体功能区划与中国区域规划创新

"十一五"规划期间,国家将区域规划工作放在了突出重要的位置,这是解决中国区域重大问题、促进区域协调发展的迫切要求.同时,"规划"提出将国土空间划分为优化开发、重点开发、限制开发和禁止开发四类主体功能区.主体功能区的提出对中国区域规划将产生创新性影响:①完善了区域规划理论体系;②创新了区域规划理念;③丰富了区域规划内容;④重构了区域规划的空间体系;⑤推动了区域规划与其它空间规划的融合;⑥保障了区域规划的实施.