利用地面电场仪与闪电定位资料进行短时雷电预警的方法

电场强度预警应以电场强度到达的门限等级、电场曲线初始阶段是否有快变抖动为判断的标准,雷电距离预警以雷电发生的位置和电场仪之间的距离为参考。综合两种预警手段,并结合人工判断雷电的移动趋势、对预警提前时间的要求以及电场仪安装的位置和本地的地形条件等因素,实现更准确的雷电短时预警。     

青岛地区电场仪资料在一次雷暴天气过程中的应用分析

利用大气电场仪资料,结合天气实况、天气雷达和闪电定位仪等资料,对2013年7月1日青岛地区一次雷暴天气过程进行了综合分析。结果表明,当地面电场强度曲线在几十到几百毫秒量级内发生极性反转,变化幅度在2 kV/m以上,且完成后电场值会迅速回到极性反转前的电场值附近时,可以判断为发生了一次地闪。单站电场强度曲线可以反映出雷暴云与测站间距离的变化,闪电发生前电场强度的增加可为雷电预警提供时间。大气电场仪组网监测资料可以对雷暴云的移动路径做出判断。综合分析大气电场仪组网数据、天气雷达以及闪电定位资料等多源资料,可以更好地判断雷暴云的活动状况,提高雷电的预警准确率和时间提前量。     

地面电场资料在雷电预警技术中的应用

论述利用地面电场仪的探测资料对雷电预警预报的技术方法，以大气电场测量为基础，利用地面电场仪的组网，实现自动、连续、实时监测雷雨云中强雷电活动中心在地面产生的电场强度、极性以及闪电数等，提供监测范围内雷暴强电荷活动中心的发生发展演变特征和整个雷暴过程中雷电活动位置和发展信息。同时结合闪电定位系统的观测，为雷电的监测和预报提供更充分的信息。     

基于大气电场的雷电监测预警方法

利用大气电场强度数据设计了一种雷电监测预警方法,并对江西省南昌县2020年8月的一次雷电过程进行预测。首先对大气电场仪采集的电场数据进行去噪处理和缺失填补,然后利用经验模态分解法分解大气电场数据,得到大气电场数据的幅值和频率的分布特征,运用多元回归模型构建雷电预警模型,预测未来一段时间内的大气电场强度值。参考大气电场强度等级划分表,开展雷电监测预警。结果表明,运用模型预测的大气电场强度结果与实况之间的可决系数均在0.9以上,即大气电场强度预测结果与实况较为接近,该监测预警方法具有一定的可行性。     

基于多源资料的新会雷电预警效果检验

利用粤港澳闪电定位以及江门新会电场强度资料，挑选了2017年14次强雷电天气过程，对比分析了闪电发生前的电场强度和差分电场强度分布特征，进一步检验了电场阈值和差分电场阈值下雷电预警效果。结果表明：(1)新会电场站附近闪电密度中心达到18次/km²,西北部闪电密度高，东南部低。(2)闪电距离越近，发生闪电前30 min产生的最大电场、平均电场强度越强，闪电的差分电场值较大，10～20 km闪电产生的电场极性较为稳定。(3)用电场阈值进行预警时，新会电场阈值设定建议不超过6 kV/m;用差分电场阈值进行预警，能提高临界成功指数(CSI)、降低虚警率(FAR),对于中短距离(14 km内)的闪电预警效果更好。(4)对于准确预警的雷电，雷电距离越近，或电场(差分电场)阈值越大，雷电预警的提前量越小；采用差分电场阈值时，较采用电场阈值的预警提前量整体减小，阈值5 kV/m内10～20 km雷电预警提前量下降更为明显。     

基于大气电场与闪电定位资料的哈尔滨地区雷电预警方法研究

利用大气电场和闪电定位两种资料相结合,通过统计分析哈尔滨地区32次雷暴过程中的大气电场强度和雷电发生距离数据,依据大气电场强度等级和雷电发生距离等级两个因子建立了哈尔滨地区雷电预警指标分级矩阵,最终将雷电预警等级划分为黄色、橙色、红色三个级别,预警等级分值R划分为三个等级并赋以三种颜色,表示雷电发生风险的三个等级:红色代表极易发生雷电,R分值为6-9;橙色代表易发生雷电,R分值为3-4;黄色代表可能发生雷电,R分值为1-2。实践表明两种探测资料结合建立了预警等级矩阵模型对提高雷电预警的准确率有重要意义。     

基于地面电场的凉山地区雷电预警方法研究

本文利用凉山地区2014~2015年雷电实况观测资料和地面电场资料,采用电场强度阈值预警和电场极性跳变预警两种方法对地面电场预警雷电天气的有效性进行了分析,并综合这两种方法,选取电场强度E和电场变化率△E两个参数,分雨季、非雨季(包括干季和过渡季节)确定了预警阈值,并检验了预警有效性。结果表明:(1)不同季节的雷电天气地面电场预警阈值不同。(2)综合运用E和△E的预警阈值这两个参数进行雷电天气预警,可小幅度提高其预警有效性。     

地面大气电场资料在强对流天气预报中的应用

利用大气电场仪对2008年6～10月天津地面大气电场变化进行连续监测。讨论晴空、稳定型降水、飑线和暴雨天气下地面大气电场强度特点,结合新一代多普勒天气雷达资料和闪电定位资料,对2008年9月4日飑线过程和2008年7月14日暴雨过程进行分析。结果发现:大气电场仪曲线在雷暴发生前15～50min剧烈变化,在强对流天气的雷电监测中有明显的指示作用。结合雷达资料和闪电定位仪资料能够提高雷电预警和短时临近预报的准确率,多站点的大气电场仪数据能够扩大雷暴监测范围并且判断雷暴云移动路径。     

大气电场仪在雷电预警中的应用

为了提高雷电预警和雷电防护技术服务,有效地探测雷电的发生、发展,利用大气电场仪,实时获取雷电的发生、发展观测数据,结合雷达、闪电定位、卫星等其他观测资料,追踪出雷电的移动轨迹和电场强度变化,按指数趋势对未来趋势进行系统分析,形成特定区域的雷电短时预警,避免和减轻雷电可能造成的灾害和损失。      

雷电预警中的风暴参数研究

目前,国内大多城市陆续建设了大气电场仪,旨在提前开展雷电预警,但基于大气电场仪开展雷电预警的虚警率始终较高。该文基于闪电定位仪和雷达风暴产品,提取了雷电发生时的风暴参数,即发生闪电的雷电预警指标需同时满足风暴中心强度在40d Bz以上、中心高度在3 km以上、回波顶高在4.5 km以上,在此基础上再与大气电场仪预警阈值结合,在降低雷电预警虚警率的基础上,实现了雷电预警时间的提前,为闪电定位、雷达、大气电场仪数据在雷电预警中的研究提供一定的应用参考。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Addressing the necessity of the registration of the effects of causal mechanics in the example of a simple barotropic model of the atmosphere

Summary Considering the effects of causal mechanics on geophysical problems enables us to explain a number of phenomena, which cannot be explained from conventional positions. This paper shows that the introduction of the force of causality in a simple barotropic hydrodynamic model of weather forecasts results in the outcomes, which, on the one hand, can not be described from the positions of classical hydro-thermodynamics, whilst on the other hand, exist in nature.     

Modeling the evolution of the family of Mediterranean cyclones using the regional model of the atmosphere

Due to the complex orography and the presence of the moisture-saturated air, the Mediterranean region is characterized by the increased baroclinic and convective instability, that leads to the sudden cyclogenesis and the formation of dangerous weather phenomena. The results are given of the investigation of formation mechanisms of Mediterranean cyclones, peculiarities of stages of their evolution and dynamical processes, which occur throughout the atmosphere, using the regional numerical ETA model of the atmosphere by the example of individual cases of the cyclogenesis over the Mediterranean Sea. It is revealed that the cold Arctic air outbreak (the intrusion of the cold Arctic air) to the south of the Western Europe, leading to the formation of the areas of the baroclinic instability and the increased moisture content of the air in the area of the vortex origin, favors the cyclogenesis. The use of the vertical coordinate η in the model enabled to compute more precisely the vertical wind speed, therefore, the influence of the orography on the moisture content and precipitation increase became pronounced. The transformation of the structure of meteorological fields in the course of the development of vortexes is considered. The computation of the helicity is made, and it is shown that this characteristic can be one of the earliest predictors of cyclogenesis.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

On the determination of the height of the Ekman boundary layer

The heighth of the Ekman turbulent boundary layer determined by the momentum flux profile is estimated with the aid of considerations of similarity and an analysis of the dynamic equations. Asymptotic formulae have been obtained showing that, with increasing instability,h increases as ¦¦^1/2 (where is the non-dimensional stratification parameter); with increasing stability, on the other hand,h decreases as ^–1/2. For comparison, a simple estimate of the boundary-layer heighth _u determined by the velocity profile is given. As is shown, in unstable stratification,h _u behaves asymptotically as ¦¦^–1, i.e., in a manner entirely different from that ofh .     

接地降阻剂的PH值的探讨

1引言我国执行接地降阻剂测试的技术标准是全国电力系统起草的:“接地降阻剂暂行技术条件修改稿”。在技术要求中要求接地降阻剂的酸碱值应在7￣12范围内。在实际使用中发现该技术要求对接地降阻剂的酸碱值要求范围并不合理,需要分析和讨论。2接地降阻剂的PH值接地降阻剂的酸碱性对地网的使用寿命至关重要,为了不让接地降阻剂腐蚀接地体或者减弱接地降阻剂对接地体的腐蚀,在接地降阻剂测试的技术要求中,对接地降阻剂的酸碱度有一定的限制。国内各厂家用于生产接地降阻剂的偏弱酸的盐类进行了对镀锌钢材腐蚀的试验,结果是这些镀锌钢材均受到…     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

阴山山脉对内蒙古中部地区气象要素影响初探

文章选用阴山山脉山北乌拉特后旗、白云、达茂旗、苏尼特左旗、化德,山南杭后旗、包头、呼和浩特、察右前旗、兴和1971—2000年气温、降水量、天气现象等资料进行对比分析,得到阴山山脉对内蒙古自治区中部地区气象要素影响初步结论。