基于人口特征的城市生态游憩空间配置——以常熟市为例

生态游憩空间配置是休闲城市建设的重要内容,对城市生态文明建设、城市优质生活环境营造具有重要意义。本文以国家休闲城市综合标准试点市——常熟市为研究对象,以人口特征为切入点,对该市不同功能区内各年龄段人口数量、可进行生态游憩的时间、生态游憩意愿、对不同生态游憩空间的偏好,以及全市不同功能区人口对生态游憩空间的配置需求进行了调查研究。人口特征影响城市生态游憩空间的配置需求,全市不同功能区的人口特征有显著差异,因此对各类生态游憩空间的配置需求不同。在人口量、人口平均生态游憩可能性、人口生态游憩空间类型偏好等因素的影响下,商业活动区内人口对各类生态游憩空间的配置需求指数均最高,其次为生活居住区、商务办公区、工业生产区;全市不同功能区内人口对草地游憩空间的配置需求指数均最高,其次为水域和林地。可根据城市不同功能区人口数量、类型、分布特征,以及对各类生态游憩空间的配置需求来指导城市规划建设中生态游憩空间的配置实践。     

临沂城市湿地公园植物区域功能性选择与配置初探

阐述了临沂湿地公园植物的功能性选择及配置的原则和具体方法。介绍了临沂湿地基本情况和湿地公园规划,对临沂的适生湿地植物品种加以分析,并对湿地公园不同功能区的植物选择与合理配置进行了一些粗浅的研究。     

景观连通性模型及其应用沿海地区景观

景观连通性模型可区分为点连通性模型，线连通性模型，网连通性模型和斑块连通性模型。因为点连通性、线连通性和网连通性己有很长的研究历史，相应的连通性模型（连通度）己比较成熟，所以本文的研究焦点是尚不成熟的斑块连通性模型。斑块连通性被定义为斑块中动物迁徙或植物传播运动的平均效率（或最小化运动距离）。斑块连通性模型在黄河三角洲新生湿地的应用研究结果表明，斑块连通性与人类活动强度和景观多样性负相关。     

主体功能区规划监管与评估的指标及其数据需求

主体功能区规划是建国以来首次在全国范围实施的精度较高的国土空间开发规划, 不仅对规划方法、技术手段有较高的要求, 而且对基于县级行政区域或更高精度空间尺度的规划数据源有较高的要求。本文针对省级主体功能区规划的9 个指标项, 分析了主体功能区规划的数据需求特征, 认为在数据支撑方面存在数据精度不够、缺少经济内涵、数据标准不统一、个别指标底层数据缺失4 个主要问题。基于主体功能区规划绩效评价及今后国土空间开发管治的目标要求, 提出了规划监管与评估的指标设计原则, 从集聚效应、社会发展、食物与资源保障、生态与环境保护4 个方面设计了主体功能区规划监管和评估的指标体系, 以期为“十二五”及今后全国国土空间功能发展的科学评估和数据系统建设提供参考依据。     

Analysis of the geographical accessibility of neurosurgical emergency hospitals in Sapporo city using GIS and AHP

To improve the geographical accessibility of neurosurgical emergency hospitals for elderly people, we developed several alternative site plans for a new neurosurgical emergency hospital in Sapporo, Japan. Hospitals, population data, routes, and the numerical information for the Analytic Hierarchy Process computations were input into a Geographical Information System. Pairwise comparison revealed the following weights which were assigned to each of the four criteria: 0.674 for availability of hospital beds; 0.169 for the maximum road distance of the shortest routes; 0.101 for the elderly population within a 3‐km radius; and 0.056 for the median road distance of the shortest routes. The alternative proposed could cover 4000 more elderly people in the 3‐km radius of the hospitals. The integration of Geographical Information Systems and the Analytic Hierarchy Process constitutes a powerful tool for analysing traffic conditions in mid‐sized cities and for suggesting city planning to improve prognosis of stroke.     

试论非法占用湿地行为承担法律责任及湿地立法建议

介绍了非法占用湿地行为及湿地的概念,阐述我国立法保护湿地的现状,探讨非法占用湿地行为应承担法律责任的现状以及我国现行湿地管理法律体系存在的缺陷,呼吁尽快出台湿地保护专门法律,并提出湿地立法建议,旨在为我国保护湿地立法提供参考,同时也为林业执法、司法提供理论依据。     

On models for landscape connectivity: a case study of the new-born wetland of the Yellow River Delta

The models for landscape connectivity are distinguished into models for line connectivity, vertex connectivity, network connectivity and patch connectivity separately. Because the models for line connectivity, for vertex connectivity, and for network connectivity have long been studied and have become ripe, the model for patch connectivity is paid special attention in this paper. The patch connectivity is defined as the average movement efficiency (minimizing movement distance) of animal migrants or plant propagules in patches of a region under consideration. According to this definition, a model for landscape connectivity is mathematically deduced to apply to GIS data. The application of model for patch connectivity in the new-born wetland of the Yellow River Delta shows patch connectivity has a negative interrelation with human impact intensity and landscape diversity.     

1960-2012年西藏林芝气温和降水变化

基于1960-2012年日平均气温和日降水量数据,利用小波分析和Mann-Kendall突变分析方法,分析了西藏林芝气温和降水的变化特征。结果表明：林芝年平均气温增长速率0.028℃·a^-1;年平均气温受3~4 a尺度波动的影响,无明显主周期;年平均气温序列有3个突变点,分别是1972-1973年、1975-1976年和1977-1978年。年降水量增长率1.218 mm·a^-1;年降水量受4 a、10 a和20 a尺度波动的影响;有两个主周期,分别为2 a、19 a;年降水量序列有4个突变点,分别为1960-1961年、1965-1966年、1977-1978年、1982-1983年。     

Net Energy Payback and CO2 Emissions from Three Midwestern Wind Farms: An Update

This paper updates a life-cycle net energy analysis and carbon dioxide emissions analysis of three Midwestern utility-scale wind systems. Both the Energy Payback Ratio (EPR) and CO₂ analysis results provide useful data for policy discussions regarding an efficient and low-carbon energy mix. The EPR is the amount of electrical energy produced for the lifetime of the power plant divided by the total amount of energy required to procure and transport the materials, build, operate, and decommission the power plants. The CO₂ analysis for each power plant was calculated from the life-cycle energy input data. A previous study also analyzed coal and nuclear fission power plants. At the time of that study, two of the three wind systems had less than a full year of generation data to project the life-cycle energy production. This study updates the analysis of three wind systems with an additional four to eight years of operating data. The EPR for the utility-scale wind systems ranges from a low of 11 for a two-turbine system in Wisconsin to 28 for a 143-turbine system in southwestern Minnesota. The EPR is 11 for coal, 25 for fission with gas centrifuge enriched uranium and 7 for gaseous diffusion enriched uranium. The normalized CO₂ emissions, in tonnes of CO₂ per GW_eh, ranges from 14 to 33 for the wind systems, 974 for coal, and 10 and 34 for nuclear fission using gas centrifuge and gaseous diffusion enriched uranium, respectively.     

异地养老型旅游目的地开发初探——以云南卧云仙居为例

异地养老旅游是一种集养老、康体、娱乐、餐饮、住宿、医疗于一体的旅游方式。作者通过分析目前中国异地养老旅游的发展现状及云南卧云仙居发展异地养老旅游的成功经验,探索提出了开发异地养老型旅游目的地应具备的条件、异地养老旅游的市场划分及客源地类型、异地养老型旅游目的地的开发类型及模式以及在开发过程中应注意的问题,以期丰富老年旅游的研究,同时对其他地区发展异地养老旅游起到一定的借鉴作用。     

On models for landscape connectivity:a case study of the new-born wetland of the Yellow River Delta

The models for landscape connectivity are distinguished into models for line connectivity, vertex connectivity, network connectivity and patch connectivity separately. Because the models for line connectivity, for vertex connectivity, and for network connectivity have long been studied and have become ripe, the model for patch connectivity is paid special attention in this paper. The patch connectivity is defined as the average movement efficiency (minimizing movement distance) of animal migrants or plant propagules in patches of a region under consideration. According to this definition, a model for landscape connectivity is mathematically deduced to apply to GIS data. The application of model for patch connectivity in the new-born wetland of the Yellow River Delta shows patch connectivity has a negative interrelation with human impact intensity and landscape diversity.     

Ecological criteria, participant preferences and location models: A GIS approach toward ATV trail planning

This paper presents a geographic information system (GIS)-based method for recreational trail location for all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) which considers environmental factors, as well as rider preferences for trail attributes. The method utilizes the Least-Cost Path algorithm within a GIS framework to optimize trail location. The trail location algorithm considered trail impacts and benefits associated with water bodies, slope, land ownership, noise, trail separation, views, and rider preferences for vegetation types and loop trails. Alternative trails were generated to highlight the influence of different preferences for trail attributes and to demonstrate the capabilities of the Least-Cost Path algorithm as applied to trail location. The method shows promise for use in generating ATV trails, as well as other types of recreational trails, for consideration in recreational planning and analysis.     

Incorporating GIS Building Data and Census Housing Statistics for Sub-Block-Level Population Estimation

This article presents a deterministic model for sub-block-level population estimation based on the total building volumes derived from geographic information system (GIS) building data and three census block-level housing statistics. To assess the model, we generated artificial blocks by aggregating census block areas and calculating the respective housing statistics. We then applied the model to estimate populations for sub-artificial-block areas and assessed the estimates with census populations of the areas. Our analyses indicate that the average percent error of population estimation for sub-artificial-block areas is comparable to those for sub-census-block areas of the same size relative to associated blocks. The smaller the sub-block-level areas, the higher the population estimation errors. For example, the average percent error for residential areas is approximately 0.11 percent for 100 percent block areas and 35 percent for 5 percent block areas.     

基于景观格局分析的区域规划环评方法

针对当前区域规划环评在区域景观格局安全性判别和景观格局规划方案系统优化方法存在的不足,本文提出了基于景观格局分析的区域规划环评方法框架,构建了区域景观格局安全性判别准则和景观格局动态分析（累积影响评价）指标体系。通过对区域规划景观格局的动态分析和安全性判别,实现了区域景观格局的系统优化,从而为构建区域景观安全格局和区域...     

Assessment of Desert Ecological Assets and Countermeasures for Ecological Compensation

Can deserts be transformed into resources, into assets, and further into cash? It is necessary to scientifically assess desert ecological assets and incorporate them into the national economic accounting system and the current evaluation system for socio-economic development. This study will provide a scientific basis and robust data for establishing a target system that is compatible with both ecological civilization and an associated reward and punishment mechanism, as well as for designing and implementing effective compensation policies for desert ecosystems. This paper first defines desert ecological assets, and then develops a framework for assessing them based on the evaluation of desert ecological resources and desert ecosystem services. This framework paves the foundation for quantitatively assessing desert ecological assets and preparing balance sheets of desert ecological assets. Finally, this paper analyzes current policies relating to desert ecological compensation, discusses how to design compensation policies based on assessment of desert ecological assets, and puts forward suggestions for improving current policies.     

我国“三北”防护林地区土地资源及其开发潜力探讨

本文简要总结了我国“三北”防护林地区土地资源的区域分异、质量、数量及防护林体系的开发潜力。     

注重新形势下自然岸线管控的海岸线分类体系探讨

海岸线分类体系是海洋自然资源调查与管理、海岸线保护与利用的基础依据。在梳理现有海岸线分类体系的基础上,以易于操作和注重实用为原则,构建了面向于新形势下自然岸线管控的涵盖3个一级类、7个二级类、12个三级类的海岸线分类体系,进一步细化了自然岸线分类。新分类体系的建立是对贯彻《海岸线保护与利用管理办法》的积极实践,有助于对海岸线资源进行精细化管理,也可为实施海岸线整治修复提供重要支撑。     

An Indoor Routing Algorithm for the Blind: Development and Comparison to a Routing Algorithm for the Sighted

This paper presents a prototypical implementation of a non‐network‐based indoor routing algorithm for the sighted and the blind. The spatial abilities of the visually impaired are discussed. Former approaches of outdoor navigation systems for the blind are analyzed and deemed inappropriate for the purpose of modeling indoor navigation. The proposed routing algorithm for the blind calculates routes based on physical characteristics of traveling with a long cane. The algorithm distinguishes between clues, landmarks, obstacles, and hazards along the feasible paths and selects the optimal route by trading off distance and the number of landmarks and clues along a route. Subsequently, the routes for the blind are compared to routes calculated by the routing algorithm for the sighted. The paper asserts that the proposed indoor routing algorithm leads to more suitable routes for the blind.     

河北省粮食生产发展趋势及其地区差异

河北省2002年粮食作物播种面积为6484.4千hm2,其中小麦占37.8%,玉米39.7%;粮食、棉花、油料的种植比例为15.9:1.0:1.6。北部四地市粮食播面占全省的23.3%,南部七地市76.7%。2002年粮食总产2435.8万t,为1949年的5.2倍;粮食单产3756kg/hm2,为1949年的5.8倍;人均粮食362kg,为1949年的2.4倍。北部地区粮食总产占全省的17.2%,南部地区82.8%。据回归分析与双向差分建模分析,2010年粮食总产可达3087.5万t,粮食单产4478kg/hm2,人均粮食460kg。据灰关联分析,影响粮食总产的主要因子有:粮食单产、农副产品收购价格总指数(1978年=100)、农业机械总动力、农村用电量、农田化肥施用量与有效灌溉面积等。根据笔者预测,若2010年农业机械总动力达8989万kw,农村用电量240.8亿kwh,农田化肥施用量356.1万t,有效灌面4549.2千hm2,则其粮食单产可达4664kg/hm2;若2010年仍保持2000年小麦播面所占比例(0.387),玉米播面所占比例达0.439,则其单产可达4387kg/hm2。     

红壤退化中的土壤质量评价指标及评价方法

土壤质量评价与监测是评价土壤退化的重要工作,也是重新设计持续性的土壤管理系统的基础。目前缺乏统一的评价指标以及将各项土壤性质与土壤管理措施结合起来的评价方法。本文首先提出了选择红壤质量评价指标的原则,并从化学、物理学和生物学三个方面初步探讨了评价红壤质量动态变化可资采用的指标体系,综述了国内在南方丘陵区红壤质量演化的研究中应用的指标;最后从土地评价方法中选择了可用于红壤质量评价的方法,并简要综述了国际上最新的土壤质量评价方法。