Soil restoration research advances of artificial sand-binding vegetation ecosystem in the Tengger Desert,Northern China

Soil plays an important role in desert ecosystem, and is vital in constructing a steady desert ecosystem. The management and restoration of desertified land have been the focus of much discussion. The soil in Shapotou desert region has developed remarkably since artificial sand-binding vegetation established in 1946. The longer the period of dune stabilization, the greater the thickness of microbiotic crusts and subsoil. Meanwhile, proportion of silt and clay increased significantly, and soil bulk density declinced. The content of soil organic matter, N, P, and K similarly increased. Therefore, soil has developed from aeolian sand soil to Calcic-Orthic aridisols. This paper discusses the effects brought about by dust, microbiotic soil crust and soil microbes on soil-forming process. Then, we analyzed the relation between soil formation and sand-binding vegetation evolution, in order to provide a baseline for both research on desert ecosystem recovery and ecological environment governance in arid and semi-arid areas.     

朝鲜半岛地缘政治经济格局演变及俄罗斯政策走向评析

俄罗斯历来重视朝鲜半岛的战略地位，半岛的稳定对其地缘政治经济战略具有重要意义。本文论述了俄罗斯不断调整的朝鲜半岛政策，对其形成背景、影响和制约因素进行了分析和探讨。     

Evaluation of embankment foundation creep in conditions of deep bedding of roof in permafrost soils

Railroad operating experience in permafrost conditions has shown that deformations of embankments on thawing foun-dations last for a long time. After an initial period of heat settlement due to permafr...     

Assessment and forecast of changes of reservoir volumes due to thermal settling in permafrost areas of Russia

This paper presents the results of data analyses and assessments of field and theoretical researches on reservoir bed relief transformation due to thermal settling in the permafrost regions of Russia.The resulting changes（increases） of the total volumes of large and small reservoirs are quantified,of which information will be of great use in future reservoir design and exploitation.     

满洲里对俄罗斯经贸合作现状、问题与前景

满洲里作为中国内陆主要边境口岸之一，发展满洲里对俄罗斯的经贸发展不但推进了中俄经贸关系健康稳定的发展，而且还具有睦邻、富民与兴边的重要作用。本文从时空角度对满洲里开展对俄经贸合作的历史基础、区位条件及规划措施进行了实证研究，探讨了满洲里对俄经贸合作的现存问题，并提出促进双方经贸发展的建议和对策。     

沙坡头人工固沙植被生态系统土壤恢复研究进展

土壤是荒漠生态系统的重要组成部分,沙化土地的治理与恢复是人们关注的重点。沙坡头人工固沙植被区的土壤经过50 a的恢复,已得到显著的发育。结皮及亚表土层厚度随固沙年代的增加而增大,土壤颗粒组成中粘粒和粉粒含量增多,土壤容重降低,有机质和氮、磷、钾等营养元素含量增加,流动风沙土已发育成为钙积旱成土。本文探讨了降尘、生物土壤结皮和土壤微生物对土壤恢复的影响,分析土壤发育与人工植被演替的相互作用,并提出了今后的研究重点方向。     

中国天山玛纳斯河流域积雪垂直分布及其与温度的关系（英文）

How snow cover changes in response to climate change at different elevations within a mountainous basin is a less investigated question. In this study we focused on the vertical distribution of snow cover and its relation to elevation and temperature within different elevation zones of distinct climatology, taking the mountainous Manasi River Basin of Xinjiang, Northwest China as a case study. Data sources include MODIS 8-day snow product, MODIS land surface temperature(LST) data from 2001 to 2014, and in situ temperature data observed at three hydrological stations from 2001 to 2012. The results show that:(1) the vertical distribution of snow areal extent(SAE) is sensitive to elevation in low(2100 m) and high altitude(3200 m) regions and shows four different seasonal patterns, each pattern is well correspondent to the variation of temperature.(2) The correlation between vertical changes of the SAE and temperature is significant in all seasons except for winter.(3) The correlation between annual changes of the SAE and temperature decreases with increasing elevation, the negative correlation is significant in area below 4000 m.(4) The snow cover days(SCDs) and its long-term change show visible differences in different altitude range.(5) The long-term increasing trend of SCDs and decreasing trend of winter temperature have a strong vertical relation with elevation below 3600 m. The decreasing trend of SCDs is attributed to the increasing trend of summer temperature in the area above 3600 m.     

Vertical distribution of snow cover and its relation to temperature over the Manasi River Basin of Tianshan Mountains,Northwest China

How snow cover changes in response to climate change at different elevations within a mountainous basin is a less investigated question. In this study we focused on the vertical distribution of snow cover and its relation to elevation and temperature within different elevation zones of distinct climatology, taking the mountainous Manasi River Basin of Xinjiang, Northwest China as a case study. Data sources include MODIS 8-day snow product, MODIS land surface temperature (LST) data from 2001 to 2014, and in situ temperature data observed at three hydrological stations from 2001 to 2012. The results show that: (1) the vertical distribution of snow areal extent (SAE) is sensitive to elevation in low (<2100 m) and high altitude (>3200 m) regions and shows four different seasonal patterns, each pattern is well correspondent to the variation of temperature. (2) The correlation between vertical changes of the SAE and temperature is significant in all seasons except for winter. (3) The correlation between annual changes of the SAE and temperature decreases with increasing elevation, the negative correlation is significant in area below 4000 m. (4) The snow cover days (SCDs) and its long-term change show visible differences in different altitude range. (5) The long-term increasing trend of SCDs and decreasing trend of winter temperature have a strong vertical relation with elevation below 3600 m. The decreasing trend of SCDs is attributed to the increasing trend of summer temperature in the area above 3600 m.     

毛乌素沙地砒砂岩与沙复配农田的固沙效应及其微观机理

砒砂岩与沙复配成土及其工程化核心技术的提出与应用,为毛乌素沙地合理利用土地资源、科学推进生态建设提供了新的思路与技术支撑。前期研究对利用层面的技术问题给予了较多关注并取得显著进展,而在潜在风险层面特别是关于复配土壤的固沙效应及其微观机理的探索则相对薄弱。基于集沙仪、扫描电镜及激光粒度仪,结合野外定位试验和室内仪器观测,对毛乌素典型原状沙地及复配农田的输沙特征差异及其固沙微观机理进行探索。结果表明：（1）观测周期内,原状沙地输沙总量为4 951 g,远高于复配农田2 436 g的输沙总量,原状沙地更易受风蚀,而复配农田土壤起沙风速大、输沙量较小,具有明显的固沙效应;（2）扫描电镜图像显示,原状沙地土粒（沙粒）粗骨化、无粘结,而耕种两年的复配农田土壤中已出现团聚体;（3）激光粒度仪分析显示,原状沙地的粉、黏粒含量仅为2.74%,而复配农田这一比例增至15.12%;（4）复配土防风固沙效应的形成与粉粒和黏粒含量及土壤结构等紧密相关。鉴于复配农田输沙固沙能力的动态差异性和风力敏感性,进一步实施复配成土造田工程时,宜在复配农田主导风向的上风向区域及成片农田内适当布设具有防风功能的适生草类或灌木条带。     

Effects of dune stabilization on vegetation characteristics and soil properties at multiple scales in Horqin Sandy Land, Northern China

Ecological patterns and processes in dune ecosystems have been a research focus in recent years, however information on how dune stabilization influences vegetation and soil at different spatial scales...     

外交事务中的控制力模型及其在中国外交中的应用

构建了双边外交、多边外交的控制力模型,计算了中国典型外交圈层的相对控制力,指出中国外交工作的关键点。在双边外交中,中国的控制力与日本、俄罗斯大体相当,比韩国略高,比印度、巴基斯坦高很多,但比美国低很多。在三方外交中,中-日-韩关系中,中国占据相当大的主动权,而日本被动;但中-日-美关系中,中国被动;在中-美-俄关系中,中俄合作使美国优势地位削弱;中-印-巴关系中,巴基斯坦的进入会大大增强中国的控制力。在四方和更多方的关系中,中俄合作对中国有益。     

Laboratory test on the combined cooling effect of L-shaped thermosyphons and thermal insulation on high-grade roadway construction in permafrost regions

With the completion of the Qinghai-Tibetan Railway,economic development of related areas has been greatly accelerated.This,in return,calls for building or upgrading more roadways,especially high-grade roadways.In cold regions,the thawing of permafrost can induce settlement damage of and even failure to railway (or roadway) embankments.Thermosyphons (self-powered refrigera-tion devices that are used to help keep the permafrost cool) have proved effective in mitigating thaw settlement by maintaining the thermal stability of the embankments.However,for high-grade roadway embankments of great width,stabilizing or cooling ef-fects of traditional geotechnological measures may be limited.To enhance the cooling effect of thermosyphons,an L-shaped thermosyphon was designed.A laboratory test was carried out to study the combined cooling effect of the L-shaped thermosyphon and thermal insulation applying to roadbed construction.The angle between the evaporator and condenser sections of the L-shaped thermosyphon is 134 degrees,and the L-shaped thermosyphon was inserted into the soil at an angle of 5 degrees with the road surface.The tested results show that the L-shaped thermosyphon is effective in removing heat from a roadway in winter.When the ambient air temperature is lower than the soil temperature,the thermosyphon is active and extracts the heat in the soil around it.When the ambient air temperature is higher than the soil temperature,the thermosyphon is inactive,and no heat is in-jected into the soil through the L-shaped thermosyphon.Compared to embankments with straight thermosyphons,the inner parts of the embankments with L-shaped thermosyphons were significantly cooled.It is hoped that the present study would be useful to the application of L-shaped thermosyphons in the construction of high-grade roadways in cold regions.     

Phenomena caused by seismic and geocryological processes across linear infrastructure, South Yakutia, Russia

High seismic activity, difficult permafrost and hydrogeological conditions of South Yakutia (Russia) complicate building and exploitation of engineering construction and require additional detailed and complex research. These conditions are evident within two sites. The first site is located in the middle reach of the Duray River, where it is crossed by the highway Lena. The second site is located on the right side of the Chulmakan River Valley, 400 meters to the east of the ESPO oil pipeline route. Seismic events, occurring four years ago, led to landslides in the mentioned sites. Formation of joint fissures on slopes assisted drainage of aquifers of free water exchange zone. It is worth noting that at the Duray River site, 59 cm of active soil slumping movement towards the roadbed has occurred within two summer months. Such a process is complicated by cryogenic disintegration of rocks in the base of the landslide body due to groundwater discharge and icing formation in winter.     

无灌溉人工固沙区土壤有机碳及氮含量变异的初步结论

对降水量小于200mm的沙坡头无灌溉条件下人工植被固沙区土壤有机碳和全氮含量变异进行研究。结果表明, 流沙在固定过程中, 人工植被固沙体系的营建改善了成土环境, 促进了生物地球化学循环, 使土壤碳、氮的含量和分布规律发生了变化: ①固沙区土壤有机碳和全氮含量及C/N均高于流沙区, 随土层深度增加土壤有机碳和全氮含量呈逐渐降低趋势, 而C/N呈逐渐升高趋势; ②不同年限固沙区间土壤有机碳、全氮含量及C/N变异小于土层垂直方向的变异; ③不同年限固沙区土层垂直方向土壤有机碳和全氮含量及C/N变异较大, 变异主要存在于结皮层及其下土层(0~5cm); ④流沙区土壤碳、氮含量及C/N低于固沙区, 而且在土层垂直方向上基本无变异。     

改进的热惯量模式及遥感土壤水分

本文提出一个考虑地表显热通量及潜热通量的热惯量模式。模式利用了地面定标的方法并充分利用了热象图的空间分布信息,因而较大幅度地提高了估算土壤水分含量的精度。     

基于日流量视角的俄罗斯首府城市铁路客运网络空间特征

构建俄罗斯81×81的首府城市的日铁路客运流量矩阵,基于社会网络分析研究其铁路客运网络特征,结果表明：① 俄罗斯首府铁路客运网络松散且不均衡,西密东疏,高、中密度联系的城市位于中央联邦区与西伯利亚铁路沿线,俄欧洲北部、欧洲南部、亚洲等3个铁路区系内包含不同的子群与核心。② 日铁路客运流量表现出沿西伯利亚铁路的“廊道型”向南北两侧逐渐递减弱化的“非对称性”空间态势,西伯利亚铁路内部初步形成以莫斯科、叶卡捷琳堡-彼尔姆-秋明、鄂木斯克、新西伯利亚为核心及其外围地区的次一级“核心-边缘”格局。③ 俄人口分界线——“圣图线”西南侧城市的铁路要素集散能力、铁路联系强度、对其他节点控制程度均强于东北侧城市。     

俄罗斯油气资源空间分布格局及可达性评估

俄罗斯地区油气资源储量十分丰富,未探明储量的地区也有巨大的资源应用前景。随着气候变化加剧,北极通航变为可能,俄罗斯也寄希望于通过北极航道,大力发展其能源贸易。本文将俄罗斯交通网络作为连接资源和港口的重点,采用空间统计方法刻化俄罗斯油气资源空间分布特征,并通过栅格成本距离法、加权平均旅行时间和区位优势潜力等方法量化各港口对油气资源的可达性,得出结论：① 油气资源集中分布在西西伯利亚平原,俄罗斯全域的港口可达性呈“西部高,中部低”的特征;② 俄罗斯东北地区港口的资源可达性普遍较差,西北地区港口资源可达性较好。综合考虑油气资源、地理位置和项目合作等方面,可重点建设萨别塔、摩尔曼斯克和符拉迪沃斯托克（海参崴）3个港口;③ 附近交通网络的布设密集度影响港口的资源可达性。随着气候变暖,冻土融化,加上中俄“冰上丝绸之路”倡议的逐步实施,未来远东地区港口的资源可达性可能有进一步提升的空间。     

Contemporary problems of migration of the population of the USSR

"The authors...discuss--on the basis of census statistics and poll results--the three basic trends of Soviet migrational processes (movement to the eastern and northern regions of new development from the country's densely settled regions, mainly central European Russia; constant and sizable rural-to-urban movement; and heavy movement into the country's largest cities and republic and oblast centers), as well as the three main migrational problems (stabilization of the rural population of central European Russia; acclimatization of new settlers in the eastern regions; and activization of the native inhabitants of Central Asia)."     

Dangerous deformations of subgrade and methods of their calculation

The main reasons for a breach of trouble-free operation of the subgrade are the different kinds of deformation, such as train load impact on subgrade surface, loss of stability to subgrade slope, weight of embankment on the base, and partial or complete failure of the railway track due to frost heaving. This paper gives a summary of deformation analysis methods being developed in Russia to estimate the operating conditions of the railway subgrade.