日食的射电观测(英)

日食为射电天文提供了一维高空间分辨率太阳射电观测机会．日食射电观测在太阳射电物理的发展上起过重要的作用．文中对日食射电观测的若干重要因素作了介绍和分析．日食射电观测在我国太阳射电天文发展上也起了重要作用．文中简要介绍了在我国组织观测的1958年、1968年、1980年及1987年的太阳射电日食观测及其主要结果．     

White-Light Observations and Polarimetric Analysis of the Solar Corona During the Eclipse of 1 August 2008

In order to study the solar corona during eclipses, a new telescope was constructed. Three coronal images were obtained simultaneously through a single objective of the telescope as the coronal radiation passed through three polarizers (whose transmission directions were turned 0°, 60°, and 120° in the chosen direction); one image was obtained without a polarizer. The telescope was used to observe the solar corona during the eclipse of 1 August 2008. We obtained the distributions of polarization brightness, K-corona brightness, the degree of K-corona polarization and the total polarization degree; the polarization direction, depending on the latitude and radius in the plane of the sky, was also obtained. We calculated the radial distributions of electron density depending on the latitude. The properties of all these distributions were compared for different coronal structures. We determined the temperature of the coronal plasma in different coronal structures assuming hydrostatic equilibrium.     

Spectro-Imaging Polarimetry of the Local Corona During Solar Eclipse

Results are presented from spectro-imaging polarimetry of radiation from the local solar corona during the 2013 total solar eclipse in Gabon. This polarimetric observation was performed from 516.3 nm to 532.6 nm using a prototype Fiber Arrayed Solar Optical Telescope (FASOT). A polarimetric noise level on the order of \(10^{-3}\) results from a reduced polarimetric optical switching demodulation (RPOSD) procedure for data reduction. It is revealed that the modality of fractional linear polarization profiles of the green coronal line shows a diversity, which may indicate complex mechanisms. The polarization degree can approach 3.2 % above the continuum polarization level on a scale of 1500 km, and the nonuniform spatial distribution in amplitude and polarization direction is found even within a small field of view of 7500 km. All of this implies that the coronal polarization is highly structured and complex even on a small scale.     

1997年3月9日的日冕偏振CCD观测

给出１９９７年３月９日日全食时所作的日冕偏振ＣＣＤ观测资料的处理结果,包括太阳赤道东西和两极等十二个方向的中冕（１．６－３．２Ｒ）绝对亮度分布和偏振度分布。     

Observations of the 21 June 2001 Total Solar Eclipse

Total solar eclipses are rare events, but the publicity surrounding them is generating a lot of interest. These events can be used to popularize astronomy and promote science awareness. The internet is gaining popularity as a medium to view eclipses remotely as is evidenced by the number of websites devoted to the 2001 solar eclipse. More internet webcasts are needed to meet the demand that these events generate. The attempt by a team from the Astronomy Department at the University of South Africa to broadcast a streaming video of the 21 June 2001 total eclipse from Lusaka on the internet are described. All the necessary equipment is commercially available. Lessons learnt from this eclipse can be used to prepare for future events. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

High-resolution Observations of Plasma Jets in the Solar Corona

We present recent observations of coronal jets, made by TRACE and Yohkoh/SXT on 28 May and 19 August 1998. The high spatial resolution of TRACE enables us to see in detail the process of material ejection; in the line of Fe ix (one million degrees) we see both bright emitting material and dark absorbing/scattering material being ejected, i.e., both hot and cold material, highly collimated and apparently ejected along the direction of the overlying field lines. Bright ejecta are seen simultaneously in Lyman α for one event and Yohkoh/SXT in the other. The jets on the two days are different in that the 19 August jet displays the morphology typical of a one-sided anemone jet while the 28 May jet exhibits a two-sided jet morphology. The 19 August jet shows evidence for rotation and an interesting bifurcation at large distances from the energy release site. We study the physical properties and energetics of these jetting events, and conclude that existing theoretical models capture the essential physics of the jet phenomena. Supplementary material to this paper is available in electronic form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005213826793     

Ultraviolet Observations of a Dynamic Event in the Solar Corona

The Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation instrument (SUMER) observations show high Doppler shifts and temporal variations in profiles of ultraviolet lines from low temperature gas in the corona above the active region NOAA 7974. The profiles indicate 100 km s^-1 flows coming from an almost stationary source that appears bright in the lines of N III and Si III. The variations in line-of-sight velocities and intensities suggest small knots of cooling plasma emanating from a small region high in the corona. A few arc sec sunward of the region where the cool flows are seen is an elongated region of enhanced higher temperature, low velocity Ne VI and Mg VI line emission.     

Connections Between the White-Light Eclipse Corona and Magnetic Fields over the Solar Cycle

Observations of ten solar eclipses (1973–1999) enabled us to reveal and describe mutual relations between the white-light corona structures (e.g., global coronal forms and most conspicuous coronal features, such as helmet streamers and coronal holes) and the coronal magnetic field strength and topology. The magnetic field strength and topology were extrapolated from the photospheric data under the current-free assumption. In spite of this simplification the found correspondence between the white-light corona structure and magnetic field organization strongly suggests a governing role of the field in the appearance and evolution of local and global structures. Our analysis shows that the study of white-light corona structures over a long period of time can provide valuable information on the magnetic field cyclic variations. This is particularly important for the epoch when the corresponding measurements of the photospheric magnetic field are absent.     

Probing the Fundamental Physics of the Solar Corona with Lunar Solar Occultation Observations

Imaging and spectroscopy of the solar corona, coupled with polarimetry, are the only tools available at present to capture signatures of physical processes responsible for coronal heating and solar wind acceleration within the first few solar radii above the solar limb. With the recent advent of improved detector technology and image processing techniques, broad-band white light and narrow-band multi-wavelength observations of coronal forbidden lines, made during total solar eclipses, have started to yield new views about the thermodynamic and magnetic properties of coronal structures. This paper outlines these unique capabilities, which until present, have been feasible primarily with observations during natural total solar eclipses. This work also draws attention to the exciting possibility of greatly increasing the frequency and duration of solar eclipse observations with Moon orbiting observatories utilizing lunar limb occultation of the solar disk for coronal measurements.     

Solar Radius Determination from Total Solar Eclipse Observations on 29 March 2006

Solar diameter measurements have been made nearly continuously through different techniques for more than three centuries. They were obtained mainly with ground-based instruments except for some recent estimates deduced from space observations. One of the main problems in such space data analysis is that, up to now, it has been difficult to obtain an absolute value owing to the absence of an internally calibrated system. Eclipse observations provide a unique opportunity to give an absolute angular scale to the measurements, leading to an absolute value of the solar diameter. However, the problem is complicated by the Moon limb, which presents asphericity because of the mountains. We present a determination of the solar diameter derived from the total solar eclipse observation in Turkey and Egypt on 29 March 2006. We found that the solar radius carried back to 1 AU was 959.22±0.04 arcsec at the time of the observations. The inspection of the compiled 19 modern eclipses data, with solar activity, shows that the radius changes are nonhomologous, an effect that may explain the discrepancies found in ground-based measurements and implies the role of the shallow subsurface layers (leptocline) of the Sun.     

Search for Compact x-ray Sources in sxt Observations

We show the result of a search for compact sources in observations of Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) aboard the Yohkoh satellite. We focused the search on the highest-resolution SXT images taken with the SXT thick aluminum filter. Non-standard methods have been used in order to avoid data corrupted by spikes or dark current saturation effects. Search criteria and certain questions concerning the SXT database are addressed and discussed in more detail. For the most compact structures found we show also comparison of their brightness spatial distribution with ground calibration data. The search was performed to identify regions with well-localized X-ray emission in SXT images and to gather basic information about them.     

The Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona from Pulsar Observations

We present a novel experiment with the capacity to independently measure both the electron density and the magnetic field of the solar corona. We achieve this through measurement of the excess Faraday rotation resulting from propagation of the polarised emission from a number of pulsars through the magnetic field of the solar corona. This method yields independent measures of the integrated electron density, via dispersion of the pulsed signal and the magnetic field, via the amount of Faraday rotation. In principle this allows the determination of the integrated magnetic field through the solar corona along many lines of sight without any assumptions regarding the electron density distribution. We present a detection of an increase in the rotation measure of the pulsar J1801-2304 of approximately 170 rad m² at an elongation of 0.96° from the centre of the solar disc. This corresponds to a lower limit of the magnetic field strength along this line of sight of >41.8 nT. The lack of precision in the integrated electron density measurement restricts this result to a limit, but application of coronal plasma models can further constrain this to approximately 0.5 μT, along a path passing 2.7 solar radii from the solar limb, which is consistent with predictions obtained using extensions to the source surface models published by the Wilcox Solar Observatory.     

Spectroscopic Observation of Oscillations in the Corona During the Total Solar Eclipse of 22 July 2009

We performed high resolution spectroscopy of the solar corona during the total solar eclipse of 22 July 2009 in two emission lines: the green line at 5303 ? due to Fe xiv and the red line at 6374 ? due to Fe x, simultaneously from Anji (latitude 30°28.1′ N; longitude 119°35.4′ E; elevation 890 m), China. A two-mirror coelostat with 100 cm focal length lens produced a 9.2 mm image of the Sun. The spectrograph using 140 cm focal length lens in Littrow mode and a grating with 600 lines per millimeter blazed at 2 μm provided a dispersion of 30 m? and 43 m? per pixel in the fourth order around the green line and third order around the red line, respectively. Two Peltier cooled 1k × 1k CCD cameras, with a pixel size of 13 μm square and 14-bit readout at 10 MHz operated in frame transfer mode, were used to obtain the time sequence spectra in two emission lines simultaneously. The duration of totality was 341 s, but we could get spectra for 270 s after a trial exposure at an interval of 5 s. We report here on the detection of intensity, velocity, and line width oscillations with periodicity in the range of 25 – 50 s. These oscillations can be interpreted in terms of the presence of fast magnetoacoustic waves or torsional Alfvén waves. The intensity ratios of green to red emission lines indicate the temperature of the corona to be 1.65 MK in the equatorial region and 1.40 MK in the polar region, relatively higher than the expected temperature during the low activity period. The width variation of the emission lines in different coronal structures suggests different physical conditions in different structures.     

Spectroscopic Coronal Observations During the Total Solar Eclipse of 11 July 2010

The flash spectra of the solar chromosphere and corona were measured with a slitless spectrograph before, after, and during the totality of the solar eclipse of 11 July 2010, at Easter Island, Chile. This eclipse took place at the beginning of Solar Cycle 24, after an extended minimum of solar activity. The spectra taken during the eclipse show a different intensity ratio of the red and green coronal lines compared with those taken during the total solar eclipse of 1 August 2008, which took place toward the end of Solar Cycle 23. The characteristic coronal emission line of forbidden Fe xiv (5303 Å) was observed on the east and west solar limbs in four areas relatively symmetrically located with respect to the solar rotation axis. Subtraction of the continuum flash-spectrum background led to the identification of several extremely weak emission lines, including forbidden Ca xv (5694 Å), which is normally detected only in regions of very high excitation, e.g., during flares or above large sunspots. The height of the chromosphere was measured spectrophotometrically, using spectral lines from light elements and compared with the equivalent height of the lower chromosphere measured using spectral lines from heavy elements.     

MESSENGER Observations of Magnetohydrodynamic Waves in the Solar Corona from Faraday Rotation

During the declining phase of the longest solar minimum in a century, the arrival of the MESSENGER spacecraft at superior conjunction allowed the measurement of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves in the solar corona with its 8 GHz radio frequency signal. MHD waves crossing the line of sight were measured via Faraday rotation fluctuations (FRFs) in the plane of polarization (PP) of MESSENGER’s signal. FRFs in previous observations of the solar corona (at greater offset distances) consisted of a turbulent spectrum that decreased in power with increasing frequency and distance from the Sun. Occasionally a spectral line, a distinct peak in the power spectral density spectrum around 4 to 8 mHz, was also observed in these early data sets at offset distances of about 5 to 10 solar radii. The MESSENGER FRF data set shows a spectral line at an offset distance between 1.55 to 1.85 solar radii with a frequency of 0.6±0.2 mHz. Other possible spectral lines may be at 1.2, 1.7, and 4.5 mHz; MHD waves with these same frequencies have been observed in X-ray data traveling along closed coronal loops at lower offset distances. An initial analysis of the MESSENGER spectral line(s) shows behavior similar to turbulent spectra: decreasing power with increasing frequency and distance from the Sun. Here we detail the steps taken to process the MESSENGER change in PP data set for the MHD wave investigation.     

2006年3月29日日全食白光日冕偏振测量

报告了在埃及赛路姆观测到的2006年3月29日日全食白光偏振测量的基本结果.我们使用的是一架便携式反射望远镜,焦距为640mm(F/D=8).在物镜前方安置可旋转线偏振片,每次旋转角度45°,终端为尼康数码相机.观测过程中,改变曝光时间并旋转偏振片,总共获取20张数码照片.文中讨论并呈现了介于 1.3 R⊙＜r ＜3.0 R⊙范围内的白光偏振方向和偏振度的大小分布.     

Evaluating the Uncertainties in the Electron Temperature and Radial Speed Measurements Using White Light Corona Eclipse Observations

We examine the uncertainties in two plasma parameters from their true values in a simulated asymmetric corona. We use the Corona Heliosphere (CORHEL) and Magnetohydrodynamics Around the Sphere (MAS) models in the Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC) to investigate the differences between an assumed symmetric corona and a more realistic, asymmetric one. We were able to predict the electron temperatures and electron bulk flow speeds to within ±?0.5 MK and ±?100 km?s^?1, respectively, over coronal heights up to 5.0 R_⊙ from Sun center. We believe that this technique could be incorporated in next-generation white-light coronagraphs to determine these electron plasma parameters in the low solar corona. We have conducted experiments in the past during total solar eclipses to measure the thermal electron temperature and the electron bulk flow speed in the radial direction in the low solar corona. These measurements were made at different altitudes and latitudes in the low solar corona by measuring the shape of the K-coronal spectra between 350 nm and 450 nm and two brightness ratios through filters centered at 385.0 nm/410.0 nm and 398.7 nm/423.3 nm with a bandwidth of ≈?4 nm. Based on symmetric coronal models used for these measurements, the two measured plasma parameters were expected to represent those values at the points where the lines of sight intersected the plane of the solar limb.     

The Measurement of Solar Diameter and Limb Darkening Function with the Eclipse Observations

The total solar irradiance varies over a solar cycle of 11 years and maybe over cycles of longer periods. Is the solar diameter variable over time too? A discussion of the solar diameter and its variations must be linked to the limb darkening function (LDF). We introduce a new method to perform high-resolution astrometry of the solar diameter from the ground, through the observations of eclipses, using the luminosity evolution of Baily’s bead and the profile of the lunar edge available from satellite data. This approach unifies the definition of the solar limb with the inflection point of LDF for eclipses and drift-scan or heliometric methods. The method proposed is applied for the videos of the eclipse on 15 January 2010 recorded in Uganda and in India. The result suggests reconsidering the evaluations of the historical eclipses observed with the naked eye.     

1997年3月9日漠河日全食外冕观测方案

目前太阳活动处于极小期，太阳表面的活动区磁场处于相对不活动状态。但暗条和冕洞等活动形式仍有存在。特别是极区冕洞，其性质仍有许多疑团不被人所知。例如磁场对冕洞的影响。在中低太阳纬度，冕洞出现在大块的磁场单极区。然而在高纬区情况如何呢？冕洞在极区经常存在（极区冕洞），但并不总是存在。我们曾看到美国高山天文台（ＨＡＯ）于１９７３观测的一幅日全食照片，其南极有明显的极区冕洞，而北极区存在有纤细而美丽的冕羽。我国１９６８年和１９８０年两次日全食所观测的资料只有中内冕（Ｒ⊙—１．５Ｒ⊙以内），Ｒ⊙大于１．５Ｒ⊙的外日冕平时还只有在空间才能得到。１９９７年３月９日日全食是本世纪我国国土上观测日冕的良好机会，但条件限制我们不能携带专门用于日全食观测的大型设备，本文提出了一种用普通摄像机拍摄日冕像而再进行图像采集处理的方法，以获得Ｒ⊙大于等于２范围的日冕观测方案。另外在日全食观测前后，需要用同一台摄像机在同盘磁带上对黑暗进行拍摄以备暗场处理之用。再用同台摄像机和ＧＧ１１滤光片在同盘磁带上对均匀天空进行拍摄以作黄光，白光平场背景之用。根据不同研究的需要，在资料处理时，应作相应的绝对定标，大气消光及位移的改正。