浙黔桂地区寒武纪硅质岩的地球化学特征及其形成背景

本文采用常量和稀土元素地球化学方法对浙黔桂地区寒武纪硅质岩的形成背景进行了研究。研究表明,硅质岩的A12O3/（A12O3＋Fe2O3）为0.56~0.87;Ce/Ce＊为0.74±0.19;Lan/Cen为0.90~1.58;Lan/Ybn平均为6.38,轻稀土明显富集,这些特征表明研究区硅质岩形成于大陆边缘环境或大陆边缘与深海过渡带。形成于裂陷盆地初期的硅质岩,比古华南残留洋盆和扬子陆块边缘的硅质岩轻稀土元素更加富集。构造拉张期形成的硅质岩为热液成因硅质岩,其稀土配分模式显示出轻稀土相对亏损、Eu正异常特征;构造稳定期形成的硅质岩为沉积成因硅质岩,稀土配分模式显示出轻稀土相对富集、Eu弱负异常特征。由硅质岩稀土配分模式的差异性反映出寒武纪时期的拉张为幕式拉张。位于扬子地台边缘的硅质岩所具有的Ce负异常,暗示着江南造山带寒武纪后曾发生过由东向西的大规模逆冲推覆。     

内蒙古阿拉善北部杭乌拉地区早古生代硅质岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

内蒙古阿拉善北部杭乌拉地区位于中亚造山带的中段南缘,处于西伯利亚板块、塔里木板块和华北板块之间,是研究中亚造山带和古亚洲洋演化的重要区域。文中以杭乌拉地区硅质岩地球化学特征为主要研究内容,结合前人研究结果,对阿拉善北部地区早古生代构造背景进行分析。杭乌拉地区下古生界西双鹰山组和班定陶勒盖组硅质岩镜下可见黏土、陆源粉砂和放射虫等,表现为明显的沉积成因特征。硅质岩地球化学特征一致性较差,其中Fe、Mn、Al等主量元素、Sc/Th值、(La/Ce)_n值和δCe值反映出硅质岩为大陆边缘沉积,(La/Yb)_n值反映硅质岩接近于远洋沉积背景,δEu 值表现为无热液作用影响,V、V/Y、Ti/V值多接近于洋中脊和大洋盆地硅质岩特征,U/Th、Ba/Sr值也属于热水成因硅质岩特征。硅质岩稀土元素配分曲线呈平坦状,无明显的右倾(大陆边缘轻稀土元素富集配分模式)和左倾(开放洋盆重稀土元素富集配分模式)特征。研究区早古生代地质记录相对较少,但是鉴于该地区晚古生代复杂的构造演化特征及其对早古生代古地理格局的继承,并结合上述硅质岩地球化学特征,认为研究区在早古生代为一个多岛洋环境。     

内蒙古阿拉善北部杭乌拉地区早古生代硅质岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

内蒙古阿拉善北部杭乌拉地区位于中亚造山带的中段南缘,处于西伯利亚板块、塔里木板块和华北板块之间,是研究中亚造山带和古亚洲洋演化的重要区域。文中以杭乌拉地区硅质岩地球化学特征为主要研究内容,结合前人研究结果,对阿拉善北部地区早古生代构造背景进行分析。杭乌拉地区下古生界西双鹰山组和班定陶勒盖组硅质岩镜下可见黏土、陆源粉砂和放射虫等,表现为明显的沉积成因特征。硅质岩地球化学特征一致性较差,其中Fe、Mn、Al等主量元素、Sc/Th值、(La/Ce)_n值和δCe值反映出硅质岩为大陆边缘沉积,(La/Yb)_n值反映硅质岩接近于远洋沉积背景,δEu值表现为无热液作用影响,V、V/Y、Ti/V值多接近于洋中脊和大洋盆地硅质岩特征,U/Th、Ba/Sr值也属于热水成因硅质岩特征。硅质岩稀土元素配分曲线呈平坦状,无明显的右倾(大陆边缘轻稀土元素富集配分模式)和左倾(开放洋盆重稀土元素富集配分模式)特征。研究区早古生代地质记录相对较少,但是鉴于该地区晚古生代复杂的构造演化特征及其对早古生代古地理格局的继承,并结合上述硅质岩地球化学特征,认为研究区在早古生代为一个多岛洋环境。     

藏南沙拉岗锑矿稀土和微量元素地球化学示踪及成矿物质来源

藏南沙拉岗锑矿赋存于下白垩统甲不拉组碳质板岩、泥质粉砂岩、硅质岩及燕山期辉绿岩和喜山期辉长岩中,受近东西向层间破碎带和近南北向构造破碎带控制。围岩蚀变较弱,围绕矿体呈对称性的面状、带状分布。稀土和微量元素测试结果表明碳质板岩和硅质岩具有与上地壳和太古宙后页岩非常相似的稀土配分模式。喜山期辉长岩以轻稀土相对亏损、重稀土相对富集和Eu轻度亏损的平坦型稀土配分模式有别于以轻稀土轻度富集、Eu无异常的稀土配分模式为特征的藏南燕山期辉绿岩。锑矿石具有轻稀土强烈富集、分馏程度高、Eu中度亏损、Ce强烈亏损的配分模式,与洋中脊黑烟囱-白烟囱中热液流体和喷流沉积物的Eu强正异常、海水的Ce中等负异常和重稀土富集的稀土配分模式及沃西Sedex型W-Sb-Au矿的稀土配分模式明显不同,但与喜山期辉长岩的稀土配分模式具有明显的互补关系。此外,锑矿石以其强Nb负异常及Ce和Ba正异常的微量元素特征,展示出与喜山期辉长岩的弱Nb负异常和强Rb正异常及碳质板岩-硅质岩的Nb、Ba负异常和轻度Ce、Rb、Th正异常的异同点,矿石δ³⁴S除个别样品为10.3‰和-41.6‰外,均分布在-2.6‰~-4.1‰区间,反映成矿物质主要来源于岩浆的特点。前人测定的流体包裹体氢、氧同位素值分别为δD=-151‰~-166‰,δ¹⁸O=9.4‰~12.3‰,显示岩浆水和地下水的混合性质。因此沙拉岗锑矿是形成于中新世、与藏南拆离系有关的浅成低温热液型矿床,成矿物质主要来源于喜山期辉长岩岩浆,少量来源于围岩,成矿流体部分来源于岩浆期后热液,部分来源于地下水。     

湘中震旦纪—寒武纪之交硅质岩地球化学特征及成因环境研究

震旦纪(埃迪卡拉纪)—寒武纪之交华南地块处在伸展扩张的构造背景下,在扬子板块东南缘发育了广泛的硅质岩沉积。湘中地区发育了自震旦系陡山沱组、留茶坡组及寒武系牛蹄塘组连续的深水相沉积,岩性以层状硅质岩为主,夹炭质、硅质页岩。通过对硅质岩的主量、稀土元素的地球化学特征分析表明,本区硅质岩Si O2含量极高(普遍92%),Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)比值普遍大于0.6,稀土元素澳大利亚后太古代平均页岩(PAAS)标准化配分曲线显示中—弱Ce负异常且有明显的重稀土富集特征。震旦纪陡山沱期硅质岩样品中Ce/Ce*值、LaN/YbN值、Y/Ho值分别为0.34~0.54、0.05~0.10、38.00~51.44;灯影期硅质岩样品中Ce/Ce*值、LaN/YbN值、Y/Ho值分别为0.70~0.85、0.06~0.37、35.91~46.79;寒武纪初期硅质岩样品中的稀土元素地球化学特征与灯影期相似,Ce/Ce*值、LaN/YbN值、Y/Ho值分别为0.58~0.78、0.26~0.40、34.75~45.58。湘中地区震旦纪—寒武纪之交的硅质岩地球化学特征显示本期硅质岩为正常的海水沉积成因,整体受热液和陆源影响较小,但从震旦纪陡山沱期至寒武纪初期陆源输入有增加趋势,硅质来源可能与硅质浮游生物有关,硅质岩沉积环境始终保持在深水盆地中,湘中地区沉积盆地符合被动大陆边缘伸展型盆地特征。     

湘赣中、上奥陶统烟溪组、对耳石组硅质岩成因

华南地区中-上奥陶统浅海半深海环境中广泛发育了一套高硅岩石,主要分布于湖南烟溪组和江西对耳石组。该套硅质岩呈东西条带状发育于扬子板块与华夏板块之间,地层厚度从东南到西北逐渐减薄,岩层多呈薄层状,含放射虫Protoentactinia sp.,部分岩样放射虫含量超过50%。分析结果表明,生物Si和陆源Si为本区硅质岩Si的重要来源,生物化学成因特征明显。硅质岩Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)比值＞0.45,K2O/Na2O比值范围为1.55~42.11,由微量元素Ni、V、B、Cr与Al2O3关系图来看,二者关系表现为部分线性、部分离散,U/Th比值为0.72。湘赣中部地区硅质岩中稀土元素含量偏高,东南部Ce元素略呈负异常,研究区∑LREE≈∑HREE,表明衡阳到赣州一带受一定火山、热水活动的影响。     

云南富宁地区早石炭世硅质岩稀土元素特征及沉积环境分析

硅质岩的稀土特征如 Σ REE、Ce/ Ce* 、La N/ Yb N 可以反映成岩时的沉积环境。笔者所研究的富宁剖面属于早石炭世大塘组 ,其下部沉积了一套灰白色硅质岩 ,稀土总量较高 ,最高达 10 0 .4× 10 -6,轻稀土明显富集 ,La N/ Yb N 最高为 2 .5 1,Ce的负异常不明显 ,Ce/ Ce* 平均为 0 .81;中上部为一套深水相的硅质岩组合 ,岩石中富含放射虫、硅质骨针 ,发育有水平纹层 ,部分层位含分散状黄铁矿颗粒 ,稀土总量较低 ,平均值为2 8.5× 10 -6,重稀土相对富集 ,L a N/ Yb N 平均为 0 .75 ,多数样品在 0 .6以下。由这些特征可以推断 ,云南富宁地区早石炭世早期可能处于盆地裂陷阶段的初期 ,在早石炭世的中晚期 ,盆地进一步拉张 ,处于中 -深水盆地沉积环境     

勉略构造带硅质岩元素地球化学特征及其形成环境

勉略构造带古生代硅质岩发育,其对西秦岭造山带古生代沉积环境与构造背景具有重要指示意义。本文研究了勉略构造带西段文县地区泥盆纪硅质岩的野外露头产状、岩石学与矿物学及全岩主微量元素地球化学特征,对比分析了该带东段硅质岩性质,综合剖析了勉略构造带古生代硅质岩的沉积环境,探讨了西秦岭造山带古生代岩相古地理环境及大地构造背景。文县硅质岩有灰白色块状硅质岩和灰黑色角砾状硅质岩两种类型,两者均具层状、条带状等沉积构造,并与上覆、下伏地层整合接触,为典型热水沉积硅质岩。岩石主要组成矿物为细晶-微晶石英,含有少量的方解石、绢云母及泥质等。岩石地球化学分析显示,硅质岩SiO2含量较高,为84.85%~99.07%,平均为91.99%,且灰白色硅质岩质地更纯,SiO2含量明显高于灰黑色硅质岩。硅质岩主微量、稀土元素Fe2O3/TiO2-Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3)、V/Y-Ti/V及LaN/CeN-Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3)图解表明该区硅质岩主要形成于大陆边缘及近大陆边缘环境。稀土元素显示灰黑色角砾状硅质岩稀土总量较高,为171.3×10-6~236.1×10-6,而灰白色块状硅质岩仅为11.96×10-6~51.06×10-6,表明前者所含陆源物质组分更多;稀土元素北美页岩标准化后两者整体显示了相似的轻重稀土分异不明显的平坦型稀土配分模式,其中灰黑色硅质岩δCe为0.95~1.05、δEu为0.66~0.87、(La/Yb)SN值为0.95~1.10,反映基本无Ce异常、弱Eu负异常及轻重稀土分异不明显;灰白色硅质岩的δCe为1.07~1.12、δEu为0.70~0.90、(La/Yb)SN值为1.64~4.07显示了弱Ce正异常、弱Eu负异常及弱轻重稀土分异,两者稀土元素特征与世界典型大陆边缘(裂陷)盆地硅质岩相近。文县硅质岩地质、元素地球化学特征表明其整体形成于大陆边缘及近大陆边缘沉积环境,但相比于灰白色块状硅质岩,灰黑色角砾状硅质岩有更多陆源物质加入。结合勉略构造带东段古生代硅质岩野外产出及地球化学特征分析,该区在早古生代-晚古生代早期主要处于扬子板块北部大陆边缘海盆沉积环境,有较多的陆源物质加入到富硅的热水沉积中,在勉略构造带内自西向东形成了一系列不同时代的热水沉积硅质岩。与此同时,西秦岭主要处于大陆裂陷构造背景之中,多期次的裂陷活动形成了一系列裂陷盆地及深大断裂,这对西秦岭古生代热水沉积硅质岩的形成具有重要意义。     

南天山库米什蛇绿混杂岩带中硅质岩的元素地球化学特征及其形成环境

南天山库米什铜花山地区蛇绿混杂岩带不同岩块中的硅质岩高Al_2O_3和Al_2O_3/TiO_2,Zr、Nb、Hf、Ta和Th与Al_2O_3等陆源元素具较好正相关性,北关页岩标准化稀土模式呈现无Ce负异常(Ce/Ce~*=1．05～1．33)的典型大陆边缘硅质岩平坦稀土谱型,它们的(La/Ce)_SN=0．74～0．98,Ti/V=5．10～122．18,V/Y=0．39～6．03,均与大陆边缘硅质岩值相当,表明这些硅质岩形成在明显受陆源物质影响与大陆边缘密切相关的环境。但不同岩块硅质岩的物源区仍存在一定差异。其中,与泥岩成互层产出的红色硅质岩的Th/Sc=0．56—4．35,具Eu负异常(Eu/Eu~*=0．56～0．71)明显的较陡右倾球粒陨石标准化稀土谱型(La_N/Yb_N=3．92～7．43),与分异岩浆弧源区特征类似,可能形成在相对近陆缘的弧前盆地,其源区物质主要来自分异岩浆弧。而成夹层产出于基性熔岩中的绿色硅质岩呈现为Eu负异常较弱(Eu/Eu~*=0．72～0．93)右倾较缓的稀土谱型(La_n/Yb_n=4．15～6．69),其Th/Sc=0．57～0．87,反映有洋内弧物质加入的影响,因此它们可能形成于相对远离大陆、除有未分异基性程度较高的洋内弧物质输入外,仍受到陆缘物质影响的有限洋盆环境。根据硅质岩晚古生代初的放射虫化石推断,该地区硅质岩在晚古生代初期形成,南天山构造带已进入板块汇聚俯冲消减洋盆萎缩的发展演化阶段。     

泰国北部难河构造带二叠纪放射虫、硅质岩和玄武岩

在泰国北部难河构造带Pha Som变质杂岩中发现保存很好的放射虫硅质岩、玄武岩地层层序.层状硅质岩含放射虫化石Follicucullus porrectus, 地质时代为中二叠世晚期至晚二叠世早期.其硅质岩SiO₂含量均在92.5%以上, Al/ (Al+Fe+Mn) 平均比值为0.51, Ce/Ce*比值为1.14, 为大陆边缘型硅质岩.玄武岩具有富集大离子亲石元素与高场强元素以及轻稀土富集等洋岛玄武岩的特点.说明难河构造带中-晚二叠世之交存在洋岛型火山岩和靠近大陆边缘的深海盆地硅质岩, 代表了小洋盆的沉积组合.该构造带闭合时间应在晚二叠世与晚三叠世之间.      

广西那坡裂陷盆地晚古生代硅质岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

广西那坡裂陷盆地位于右江盆地南缘,晚古生代该盆地广泛分布包括硅质岩、泥岩和海相玄武岩在内的深水相沉积.对盆地内上泥盆统榴江组和中下二叠统四大寨组硅质岩地球化学特征研究表明,硅质岩SiO₂含量为88.55%~99.03%,PAAS组成含量小于20%,指示其含有较低的陆源碎屑组成.硅质岩的Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值为0.45~0.94,Eu/Eu*值为0.51~0.95,为非热液成因硅质岩.除去SiO₂稀释作用的影响后,硅质岩具有较高的稀土元素含量(∑REE+Y含量相当于PAAS组成的2~5倍),指示其形成于相对远离陆源供应的环境.岩信和鱼塘上泥盆统榴江组硅质岩具有中等的Ce负异常(Ce/Ce*值分别为0.37~0.72和0.58~0.89)以及较明显的Y正异常(Y/Ho值分别为39.05~83.74和34.33~36.70),形成于远离陆源的开阔裂谷盆地环境.鱼塘中下二叠统四大寨组硅质岩具有明显的Ce负异常(Ce/Ce*值为0.12~0.33),显示成熟洋盆的地球化学特征.结合右江其他地区硅质岩的地球化学特征认为,晚古生代硅质岩的地球化学特征记录了右江盆地从晚泥盆世裂谷盆地到早中二叠世扩张为开阔洋盆的过程.      

准噶尔盆地石炭纪火山岩岩石地球化学特征及其构造环境意义

准噶尔盆地石炭纪发育区域性的火山岩建造,火山岩岩性以中基性为主,主要为玄武岩、玄武安山岩,同时发育少量酸性的流纹岩,基本属于钙碱性系列。样品全碱(Na_2O+K_2O=2.99%～8.07%)和TiO_2(0.30%～2.57%)含量较高,K_2O含量(0.13%～3.29%)较低,稀土元素含量(∑REE)中等。球粒标准化的REE配分表现轻稀土元素(LREE)相对于重稀土元素(HREE)富集((La/Yb)_N=2.47～7.45)、轻重稀土分异的特征,部分样品的Eu和大部分样品的Ce显示轻微的负异常(δEu=0.543～1.088,δCe=0.787～0.987)。微量元素具有大离子亲石元素(LILE)富集及高场强元素Nb、Ta亏损的特征,大部分样品(Rb/Yb)_N均远大于1。这些特征结合元素相关环境判别图解表明,准噶尔盆地石炭纪火山岩是原始岩浆经历了一定程度分异作用后的产物,以板内大陆环境为主,兼具有部分岛弧特征,形成于俯冲碰撞造山期后伸展背景下,火山岩所具有的岛弧特征是碰撞前混染弧组分的继承。     

西藏鸡公村钼矿区中酸性岩体的时代、岩石地球化学特征及构造背景

鸡公村钼矿位于冈底斯下察隅晚燕山—喜山期岩浆弧带南缘。文中以矿区广泛分布的中酸性岩体为研究对象,从野外地质调查、岩石学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、岩石地球化学成分特征等方面对其进行了系统的探讨。研究结果显示：鸡公村中酸性岩体的岩石类型主要为石英闪长岩和少量的花岗闪长岩;中酸性岩体的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(51.8±0.5) Ma,表明其形成于始新世(E2)时期;中酸性岩具低K(w(K2O)为1.66%~2.44%)、高Na(w(Na2O)为3.58%~4.06%)的特点,属钙碱性高钾钙碱性系列,具准铝质弱过铝质的特征;稀土总量(ΣREE)变化范围较大((53.6~117)×10-6),稀土元素配分模式表现为轻稀土富集的右倾斜型,其(La/Yb)N值为3.90~7.31,铈、铕异常不明显(Ce/Ce*=0.92~1.17,Eu/Eu*=0.96~1.15);微量元素比值蛛网图上显示出Rb、Th、U、K等元素的正异常和Ba、Nb、Ta、P、Ti等元素的负异常;鸡公村中酸性岩属I型花岗岩,是变玄武岩质下地壳部分熔融的产物;鸡公村中酸性岩体形成于印度欧亚板块俯冲碰撞环境,起源于地壳加厚导致的源区物质的部分熔融。     

Characteristics of Rare Earth and Trace Element Patterns in Bedded Cherts from the Bottom of the Lower Cambrian in the Northern Tarim Basin, Northwest China and Their Genetic Significance

The sedimentary sequence of the Lower Cambrian is a key interval to reveal the early evolution history of the Earth and there occur widespread cherts worldwide. These cherts possibly carry important information to decipher the breakup process of the Rodinia Continent. Black rock series at the bottom of the Lower Cambrian in the Northern Tarim Basin, China, is composed of black shales interbedded with thin-bedded cherts. Ten chert samples were systematically collected from two outcrops at Xiaoerbulak and Sogatbulak, 8.8 and 7.5 m thick respectively. The cherts were crushed, and were analyzed for trace element and rare earth concentrations. Trace elements such as V, Cu, Zn, U, Pb, Ba, Cd, Ag, Mo,As and Sb are highly enriched, and others such as Rb, Zr, Cs, Hf, Ta, W, T1, Bi and Th are highly depleted in the cherts.These trace element patterns suggest that the cherts may be of deep crustal origin. The low ratios of Th/U and Rb/Sr further suggest that the cherts are of earth interior sources or received hydrothermal input during their deposition. Chondritenormalized Eu/Eu* value markedly decreases upward in the section from 5.54 at the lowermost to 0.73 at the top, and NASC-normalized Eu/Eu* value decreases from 8.05 to 1.03. The relatively high Eu/Eu* ratio for the cherts from the northern Tarim Basin is most likely due to a hydrothermal input (e.g., Eu/Eu*-10). The systematic decrease of Eu/Eu* ratio from the bottom to the top of the section reflects that the hydrothermal input is the largest in the lowermost portion of the section and gradually decreases upward. The chondrite-normalized Ce/Ce* ratio ranges from 0.42 to 0.83, with an average of 0.60. North American Shale Composite (NASC)-normalized Ce/Ce* ratio ranges from 0.42 to 0.79, with an average of 0.57. Negative Ce anomalies are distinct. EREEs in the cherts generally increase from 10.50 ppm at the bottom to 35.97 ppm at the top of the sampled section. NASC-normalized (La/Lu)N ratio decreases from 2.72 at the bottom to 0.67 at the top. NASC-normalized (La/Ce)N ratio increases from 1.36 at the bottom to 3.13 at the top. These REE patterns are very similar to those for the cherts deposited in the pelagic ocean-basin floor in the Franciscan Complex exposed at Marin Headlands, California (F-MH chert) (Murray et al., 1991). These geochemical signatures are inconsistent with our previous sedimentological data, which suggests a continental shelf setting. Based on multiple lines of evidence including high TOC content in the concomitant black shales, phosphorite at the bottom of black rock series, regional rise of sea level,and beginning of the southern Tianshan Ocean geotectonic cycle, the authors infer that the hydrothermal fluid was carried to the continental shelf by upwelling from a divergent pelagic ocean floor setting.     

武当地块耀岭河群中两类不同性质的酸性火山岩研究

耀岭河群火山岩中可划分出两类不同性质的酸性火山岩:酸性岩A主要属碱流岩-白碱流岩类,酸性岩B主要属流纹英安岩/英安岩类。总体上看二者主量元素组成差异不大:SiO2含量为65.00%～79.85%,(Na2O+K2O)为5.26%～9.68%。强烈富集Th、Nb、Ta、La、Ce、Nd、Zr、Sm和Hf等微量元素,强烈亏损Ba、K、Sr、P、Ti等元素,稀土元素特征表现为∑REE很高(339.94～1152.85μg/g),具有强烈的铕负异常(δEu=0.18～0.32),与典型的大陆裂谷流纹岩的稀土曲线一致。酸性火山岩B显示K、Rb、Ba、Th和LREE的正异常和Sr、P、Ti和Nb的负异常,Eu具弱负异常(δEu=0.64～0.88),表现出与酸性火山岩A迥然不同的微量元素及稀土元素特征,而与耀岭河群基性火山岩相似,显示其成因可能与之有相同源区。     

羌塘盆地那底岗日地区布曲组碳酸盐岩烃源岩稀土元素分布特征及意义

对采自羌塘盆地那底岗日地区布曲组碳酸盐岩烃源岩进行了稀土元素地球化学研究,分析结果表明:海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩稀土总量(∑REE)最大值75.21μg/g,最小值20.58μg/g,平均值为36.67μg/g.稀土元素北美页岩标准化后具有相对富集轻稀土,亏损重稀土的特点.布曲组碳酸盐岩烃源岩Ce/Ce*值为0.83～0.9...     

Distribution of Rare Earth Elements in Early Permian Reef-Island Ocean Sediments in Eastern Kunlun

Based on the study of stratigraphy and fossils, the Early Permian ocean in eastern Kunlun is recognized as a kind of reef-island ocean, in which there exist many different kinds of sediment, including patch carbonate platform, reef fades, transitional facies and deep basin sediments. It has been found that the total contents of REEs increase gradually from carbonate platform facies to deep basin facies. Meanwhile, sediments of different facies have different REE distribution patterns and different Ce anomalies. Most of the sediments of patch carbonate platform facies or reef facies are characterized by extremely negative Ce anomalies or moderately negative Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*=0.33 to 0.55), and medium or thin-bedded limestones of transitional facies by moderately negative Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*=0.49 to 0.60). However, sediments of deep basin facies show weak or no negative Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce*=0.69 to 1.47), among which the value of Ce/Ce* in the radiolarian chert is 1.47.     

Petrogenetic significance of rare-earth element behavior in the basement rocks of southern Obudu Plateau, Bamenda Massif, southeastern Nigeria

Rock samples representing various igneous and metamorphic rocks of southern Obudu Plateau were analyzed for rare-earth element ( REE ) behavior by ICP-MS. Results of the analyses indicate a range of REE abundances and distinctive patterns from highly fraetionated patterns with negative Eu anomalies in granitic rocks to relatively low abundances and less REE fractionated flat patterns with little Eu anomaly in some paragneisses, schists, enderbites and dolerites to unfractionated patterns with positive Eu anomalies in some paragneisses and charnockites. Over all, there are low to high ∑ REE contents with negative to positive Eu anomalies. The ratios of different parameters, especially La/Yb and Ce/Yb, show behaviors consistent with crustal to mantle derivation. The heterogeneity of REE abundances and REE patterns reflects mantle to crustal petrogenetic variations of different rock suites on the Plateau. The LREE content is higher than the HREE content in the highly differentiated rocks, as evidenced by their La/Yb,Ce/Yb and La/Sm ratios, which are normally higher in residual products than in primary melts. The dominantly intermediate nature of the source rock of the orthogneisses is suggested by the generally low ∑ REE. The granites enriched in LREE and depleted in HREE and some of the charnockites with negative Eu anomalies were probably formed by partial melting and crystallization.     

Geochemistry of rare-earth elements in shallow groundwater,northeastern Guangdong Province,China

Shallow groundwater and hot springs were collected from northeastern Guangdong Province, Southeast China, to determine the concentrations and fractionation patterns of rare-earth elements(REE). The results show that the La, Ce and Nd of REEs are abundant in groundwater and rock samples, and the ∑REE contents in groundwater and rock samples range from 126.5 to 2875.3 ng/L, and 79.44 to 385.85 mg/L, respectively. The shallow groundwater has slightly HREE-enriched PAAS-normalized patterns. However, the granitic rocks PAAS-normalized patterns, with remarkable negative Eu anomalies, are different from that of shallow groundwater. The enrichment of HREE is considered to be controlled by REE complexation and readsorption for most groundwater has Ce and Eu positive anomalies. The Ce and Eu anomalies in groundwater are controlled by redox conditions. Moreover, the Fe-contain sediments dissolution and/or the reduction of Fe oxyhydroxides are another factor contributing to Ce anomalies. The Eu anomalies in groundwater are controlled by the preferential mobilization of Eu2+ during water-rock interaction compared to Eu3+.     

西南天山马达尔地区硅质岩地球化学特征及其沉积环境

西南天山马达尔地区乌帕塔尔坎群硅质岩与玄武岩以逆冲断层接触产出,但其时代缺乏依据。本次研究的硅质岩中含有放射虫,经鉴定时代为D3—C1。11件硅质岩样品的SiO2含量为88.80%～93.28%,Al2O3含量为2.02%～3.72%,其中只有4件样品为纯硅质岩(SiO2的含量为91.0%～99.8%),所有样品的SiO2/Al2O3值(23.84～46.11)远低于纯硅质岩(SiO2/Al2O3=80～1400),表明其含有较高比例的陆源泥质沉积物。Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)=0.57～0.72,Ce/Ce*=0.90～1.21,显示出生物沉积硅质岩的特点。此外,其Al2O3/(Al2O3+Fe2O3)=0.64～0.77,V含量为10.92×10-6～26.70×10-6,Cu含量为2.15×10-6～34.10×10-6,Ti/V=25.53～44.93,∑REE为30.78×10-6～59.26×10-6,平均值为45.46×10-6,(La/Yb)N=0.88～1.33,平均值为1.09,(La/Ce)N=0.81～1.12,介于洋盆沉积物和大陆边缘沉积物之间,反映其沉积环境为接近陆源的深水-半深水的沉积环境。Ceanom值均大于-0.1,为-0.06～0.08,并且出现Eu的负异常,推测岩石沉积时水体贫氧。结合区域地质特征推测,乌帕塔尔坎群硅质岩形成于南天山洋盆闭合期的小洋盆。