表层岩溶带土壤中多环芳烃分布特征及来源解析

利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对表层岩溶泉域土壤中的16种优控的多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, PAHs)含量进行了分析,并对其组成、污染水平和来源进行了探讨。结果表明,16种优控PAHs在表层岩溶泉域土壤中的检出率为100%,其含量介于439.19~3329.72ng/g之间,平均值为1392.44ng/g,7种致癌性PAHs占总量的26%。PAHs的组成特征受地形的控制,随着海拔升高,低环PAHs所占比例升高,高环PAHs比例降低。同分异构体比值分析表明,研究区土壤中的PAHs主要来自于煤、生物质和石油的燃烧排放。研究区土壤中16种PAHs的TEQcarc值介于18.65~501.13ng/g,平均值为140.57ng/g。7种致癌性PAHs占总TEQcarc的比例达到96.8%。研究区表土中,后沟泉域的污染程度最大,次之是兰花沟泉域和柏树湾泉域,水房泉泉域的污染程度最小,但由于柏树湾泉域松针落叶中BaP、PAHs含量较高,松针落叶中PAHs含量分别高达36.36ng/g和2370.1ng/g,土壤生态风险评价中应考虑松针落叶层的潜在影响。      

湖州市不同土地利用类型土壤中多环芳烃的分布及来源

近年来我国长江河口有关沉积物中多环芳烃（PAHs）污染的研究主要集中在长江口近海及上海主城区滨岸等区域,而长江口航道则鲜有报道。本文在长江口启东—崇明岛航道区域采集表层（0~20 cm）沉积物样品,利用加速溶剂萃取技术提取,用高效液相色谱-荧光检测器对14种PAHs进行测定,研究其分布特征、环境来源和潜在的生态风险。研究结果显示,PAHs在所有沉积物样品中均有不同程度的检出,浓度范围为83.43~5206.97 ng/g,平均值736.95 ng/g。就PAHs单体而言,含量较高的是2~4环污染物,其中菲的含量最高,占各点位PAHs总量的9.04%~24.06%;其次为荧蒽和芘;具有高致癌性的苯并（a）芘在各个点位均能检出,占PAHs总量的0.94%~10.68%。与国内外类似河口和近海海域相比,本研究区PAHs处于中等污染水平。利用比值法解析PAHs的来源,菲/蒽（Phe/Ant） < 10且荧蒽/芘（Fla/Pyr）≥1的点位占所有采样点位的56.25%,表明区域内PAHs的主要来源是化石燃料的高温燃烧;位于航运码头附近采样点位的PAHs以石油源为主,部分点位呈化石燃料源和石油源混合污染特征。对照风险效应低值（ERL）和风险效应中值（ERM）进行初步风险评价,表明研究区域部分采样点位的PAHs具有潜在的生态风险。

     

山东半岛典型海岸带多环芳烃分布特征、来源解析及风险评价

山东半岛海岸带面临着各类复杂的环境问题,尤其是受到了多环芳烃(PAHs)等持久性有机物的污染,本文研究了整个山东半岛典型海岸带62个站点表层沉积物中PAHs的含量及其分布特征,并对其来源和潜在风险进行解析与评价。研究表明,该地区表层沉积物中16种PAHs总含量为0.06~3191.40 ng/g(平均值262.08 ng/g),与国内外海岸带相比,山东半岛海岸带表层沉积物中PAHs整体污染状况处于较低水平,但个别站点的PAHs含量偏高。运用特征比值法、相关性分析及主成分分析法解析研究区PAHs主要来源为木柴、煤炭、油类的燃烧以及油类泄露的联合作用。采用效应区间低值法(ERL)和中值法(ERM)对PAHs进行生态风险评价,结果表明莱州湾周边所有站点及威海、青岛周边个别站点苊、芴浓度位于ERL值与ERM值之间,但多数站点对生态环境潜在负面效应很小。山东半岛典型海岸带中PAHs对生物的毒副作用尚在安全可控范围内,极少对生态环境产生负面效应。     

黄河兰州段水环境中多环芳烃来源解析

根据黄河兰州段水环境中多环芳烃的监测数据,对研究河段污染源排放特点进行了分析,采用比值法和轮廓图法对水环境中各介质(水体、悬浮颗粒物及底泥)中的多环芳烃进行了源解析,得出污染源主要来自石油及其炼制产品燃烧,有个别采样断面是石油及其炼制产品、煤、木碳燃烧等混和源所致.综合考虑源解析结果以及黄河兰州段工矿企业特点,提出了相应的多环芳烃治理措施,以期为研究河段水环境治理提供参考方法.     

珠江三角洲城市大气中多环芳烃的污染特征、来源解析和健康风险评估

多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)是广泛存在于大气中的一类毒害有机污染物。本研究采集了2018年冬、夏两季珠江三角洲9个地级市的气态和颗粒态(PM_2.5)样品,分析了16种美国国家环境保护局优先控制PAHs的浓度水平和时空变化,并结合PM_2.5相中的有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)和左旋葡聚糖浓度,使用正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型对PAHs进行了来源解析。∑₁₆ PAHs的气相浓度范围为7.08～284.08ng/m3,PM_2.5相浓度范围为0.30～17.00 ng/m³,两相总浓度(37.48±41.53) ng/m³。季节特征上,∑₁₆ PAHs气相浓度为夏高冬低, PM_2.5相浓度则呈现冬高夏低,总∑₁₆ PAHs浓度呈夏高冬低。比值法和PMF源解析结果发现,珠江三角洲9个典型城市大气的PAHs主要来自生物质燃烧(57%)、煤炭燃...     

北运河流域（北京段）表层土壤多环芳烃空间分布特征及来源解析

土壤中的多环芳烃（PAHs）会威胁人类健康和生态环境安全。为掌握北运河流域（北京段）土壤中PAHs的分布特征及其形成机制,采用克里格插值、主成分分析-多元线性回归等多元统计方法,结合同分异构体比值法对该区域表层土壤中16种优控PAHs的质量分数、分布趋势、空间分布特征及其污染来源进行了研究。结果表明：（1）研究区216件土壤样品中16种PAHs均被检出,且主要为高环PAHs(4～6环),总PAHs的质量分数范围在10.5～19 466.5μg/kg,受污染土壤样品占29.63%;(2)表层土壤中的PAHs在东西及南北方向上均呈现出中部高、两端低的趋势,在空间分布上总体表现为北部区域及中部城区含量较高、其他地区相对较低的特征,且由于人为活动影响导致个别点位PAHs富集,存在点源污染或局部污染;（3）PAHs同分异构体比值法及主成分分析法研究表明,研究区内PAHs的来源为以煤/生物质燃烧及交通燃烧为主、石油泄漏等石油化工源为辅的混合源,多元线性回归方法分析后得到2者的贡献率分别为89%和11%。研究结果可为研究区的污染防控、土地质量评价和国土空间规划等工作提供有力支撑。     

长江口启东—崇明岛航道沉积物中多环芳烃分布来源及生态风险评价

近年来我国长江河口有关沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染的研究主要集中在长江口近海及上海主城区滨岸等区域,而长江口航道则鲜有报道。本文在长江口启东—崇明岛航道区域采集表层(0~20 cm)沉积物样品,利用加速溶剂萃取技术提取,用高效液相色谱-荧光检测器对14种PAHs进行测定,研究其分布特征、环境来源和潜在的生态风险。研究结果显示,PAHs在所有沉积物样品中均有不同程度的检出,浓度范围为83.43~5206.97 ng/g,平均值736.95 ng/g。就PAHs单体而言,含量较高的是2~4环污染物,其中菲的含量最高,占各点位PAHs总量的9.04%~24.06%;其次为荧蒽和芘;具有高致癌性的苯并(a)芘在各个点位均能检出,占PAHs总量的0.94%~10.68%。与国内外类似河口和近海海域相比,本研究区PAHs处于中等污染水平。利用比值法解析PAHs的来源,菲/蒽(Phe/Ant)10且荧蒽/芘(Fla/Pyr)≥1的点位占所有采样点位的56.25%,表明区域内PAHs的主要来源是化石燃料的高温燃烧;位于航运码头附近采样点位的PAHs以石油源为主,部分点位呈化石燃料源和石油源混合污染特征。对照风险效应低值(ERL)和风险效应中值(ERM)进行初步风险评价,表明研究区域部分采样点位的PAHs具有潜在的生态风险。     

辽河流域多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征、来源解析及风险评价

<正>辽河流域位于我国东北地区西南部,地处北纬40°30'~45°17',东经116°54~125°32'。在2010年8月对辽河流域东西辽河、辽河干流、大辽河及其支流都进行了样品的采集。采用气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)的分析方法,对辽河水系主要河流的表层水和悬浮物中的16种多环芳烃进行了定量分析,对其分布特征、污染水平以及来源进行了探讨并进行了风险评价。分析结果如表1所示:     

平朔露天煤矿复垦区不同地质层组岩土质量综合评价

露天煤矿生态地质环境系统恢复过程中,排于地表的不同年代地质层组的岩土剥离物都有可能成为复垦土壤母质。为科学合理利用矿区岩土剥离物,重构高质量复垦土壤,并指导后期分类排放,以平朔露天矿区黄土母质作为对照,评价不同类型岩土理化性状差异,从复垦土壤母质来源进行造地的源头控制,为露天煤矿土地复垦与生态修复提供依据。结合单项养分含量及有益微量元素含量分析结果,借助修正的内梅罗综合指数法,评价各岩土层肥力质量;借助单因子质量指数法,评价各岩土层环境质量。结果表明:各岩土层综合肥力系数位于0.40～1.26范围内,属贫瘠或一般水平;安家岭矿中2个煤矸石层的有机质或全氮含量、上部页岩层的全钾含量,以及东露天矿中炭质泥岩层的全磷含量丰富,显著高于黄土母质层;东露天矿底部细砂岩层及安家岭矿中泥灰岩层硫含量过高;东露天矿镉元素环境质量指数为1.05,属轻微污染等级;安家岭矿底部细砂岩层pH值低至4.25,酸度过大。平朔露天矿大多岩土层环境质量较好,但综合肥力质量较差,其中单项养分含量丰富,环境质量安全且易于风化的岩土层,适宜作为重构复垦土壤的备选材料。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Pb isotopic ratios in a sediment core from Shilianghe Reservoir,eastern China: Implying pollution sources

The history records of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), lead and its stable isotope ratios were determined in a sediment core to receive anthropogenic impacts on the Shilianghe Reservoir in eastern China. The historical changes of PAHs concentrations, PAHs fluxes, Pb/Al and Pb isotope ratios showed a synchronous trend throughout the core, suggesting changes in energy usage and correlating closely with the experience of a rapid economic and industrial development of the catchment, Linyi City in eastern China. PAHs isomer ratios results reveal PAHs in sediments are dominantly anthropogenic pyrogenic source, dominated by the combustion of coal and biomass. Furthermore, the Pb isotopic composition also clearly indicates that coal combustion dust mainly contributed to the Pb burden in the reservoir sediments. Based on mix end member model of Pb isotope ratios, coal combustion dust dominated anthropogenic Pb sources over fifty years contributing from 31% to 62% of total Pb in sediment. And the contribution of leaded gasoline was low than average 25%. In addition, a stable increase of coal combustion source was found in sediment core, while the contribution of leaded gasoline had declined in recent decades, with the phase-out of leaded gasoline in China.     

Study on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs） contents and sources in the surface so~l or l-lmznou City, South China, based on multivariate statistics analysis

Studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surface soil were conducted in Huizhou City, which is located in the Pearl River Delta, South China. Sixteen PAHs in 42 soil samples were detected. The results showed that 4 components of PAHs were detectable in all soil samples, and other 12 components were also detectable to some extent. The total PAHs contents range from 35.40 to 534.5 μg/kg with the mean value of 123.09 μg/kg. Soil in Huizhou was slightly polluted by PAHs according to Maliszewska-Kordybach’s study. It can be confirmed that the increase of PAHs contents in the surface soil of Huizhou City is closely connected to human activities. Multivariate analysis was also made in this study. Principal component analysis was used to constrain their origins, and 3 principal components (PCs) were extracted. The results showed that coal combustion and oil spilling made the major contributions to PAHs. Cluster analysis was made and 16 priority PAHs were classified as 4 sorts, and the result revealed the differences in environmental behavior, chemical properties and sources of PAHs.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in late Eocene to early Pleistocene mudstones of the Sylhet succession,NE Bengal Basin,Bangladesh: Implications for source and paleoclimate conditions during Himalayan uplift

Distribution and possible sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been investigated in 23 late Eocene to early Pleistocene mudstones from the Sylhet succession of the northeastern Bengal Basin, Bangladesh. Paleoclimatic conditions in the southern Himalaya region throughout the Himalayan uplift were reconstructed, based on combustion derived PAHs and aromatic land plant derived biomarkers. Phenanthrene, fluoranthene (Fla), pyrene (Py), benz[a]anthracene (BaAn), chrysene/triphenylene (Chry + Tpn), benzofluoranthenes (Bflas), benzo[e]pyrene (BePy), benzo[a]pyrene (BaPy), perylene (Pery), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (InPy), benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP), coronene (Cor) and retene (Ret) were the identified PAHs. Fla/(Fla + Py) ratios > 0.5 and InPy/(InPy + BghiP) > 0.2 from almost all Sylhet samples suggest occurrence of natural wildfires. Low contents of BaAn and BaPy indicate decomposition by long exposure to sunlight before sedimentation, or early diagenetic weathering. Increased Cor, InPy and BghiP contents suggest occurrence of larger, high temperature wildfires. Correlation coefficients of the PAHs and p-values for statistical hypothesis testing showed that the positive and negative correlations within the PAHs may be indicative of high or low temperatures in wildfires. Fungi derived Pery showed negative correlations with Py (r = −0.67, p = 4.6 × 10⁻⁴) and Fla (r = −0.56, p = 5.0 × 10⁻³), but not with Cor, Bflas, InPy and BghiP. Based on the correlation coefficients for all PAHs and their p-values, five statistical groups ([Py, Fla], [Cor, Bflas, InPy, BghiP], [BaAn, Chry + Tpn, BaPy], [Pery] and [Ret]) were recognized. These groups are probably correlated with origins and depositional processes. According to the results, the Sylhet succession was deposited in three differing paleoclimatic regimes: (1) First phase (late Eocene to early Miocene, early to middle stage of Himalayan uplift): High contents of combustion derived PAHs (Fla, Py and BePy), significant gymnosperm derived Ret, and low Pery abundances in the Jaintia and Barail groups indicate arid climatic conditions. Although wildfires could often occur, 5- or 6-ring combustion PAHs (Cor, InPy and BghiP) contents are low, suggesting that the wildfires were relatively low temperature. (2) Second phase (middle to late Miocene: middle to late stage of Himalayan uplift): Combustion derived PAHs and fungi derived Pery were dominant in the Surma Group. The climate was arid to humid and seasonal, with a dry season giving conditions suitable for combustion. Abundant Fla, Bflas, BePy, Cor, InPy and BghiP imply high temperatures in large wildfires. However, frequency of the wildfires decreased because of wet climate. (3) Third phase (late Miocene to Pleistocene: late stage of Himalayan uplift): Moderate to high Pery contents and low Fla, Py and BePy abundances in the Tipam and Dupitila groups indicate establishment of more humid climate. InPy, BghiP, Cor, Bflas and BaPy were predominant. Intensified humid and seasonal climate arising from the Himalayan monsoon decreased the incidence and frequency of general wildfires, but increased the ratio of large to small wildfires.     

福建泉州湾近岸海域沉积物重金属来源分析与生态风险评价

【研究目的】 受重金属含量影响,泉州湾表层沉积物环境质量面临巨大生态风险,然而重金属含量影响因素及潜在来源研究相对薄弱。【研究方法】 通过采集泉州湾近岸海域表层沉积物样品,以元素含量及粒度分析归纳出重金属分布特征、富集程度为基础,使用Hakanson生态风险指数法识别湾内沉积物潜在生态风险程度,并进一步通过正定矩阵因子分解法及主成分分析,定量分析不同重金属主要来源。【研究结果】 在晋江与洛阳江交汇处出现沉积物粒度低值区,易于重金属富集,表层沉积物重金属富集程度为Hg>As>Cd>Pb>Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni。湾内沉积物整体处于中度生态风险状态,Cd对生态风险贡献程度最高（37.90%）,其次为Hg（29.38%）。Cr与Ni主要源于母岩风化,Cu与Zn、Pb受母岩风化影响及矿山冶炼的共同影响,Cd与As分别主要源自近岸污水排放与燃料燃烧,而Hg的来源较为复杂。研究区表层重金属主要来源依次为矿山冶炼、母岩风化、污水排放以及燃料燃烧,贡献率依次为33.95%,31.16%,22.26%与12.21%。【结论】 陆域物质随地表径流的输送对泉州湾表层沉积物生态环境质量造成了巨大风险,未来需要特别加强对不同介质中Hg的归趋及环境行为研究。     

吉林省砟子煤矿伴生硬质高岭（土）岩矿床成因类型及开发前景

通过对白山市砟子煤矿竖井矿伴生硬质高岭（土）岩矿床地质特征和成因类型的研究，认为该矿经历了2次成矿作用－沉积和改造。本文叙述了沉积改造在成矿成岩过程中的地质作用，及硬质高岭（土）岩矿床综合利用的可行性和必要性。     

Brick kiln exhaust as a source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surrounding soil and plants: a case study from the city of Peshawar, Pakistan

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of brick kiln exhaust on the quantity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surrounding soils and plants. In Pakistan, a big problem is the rapid conglomeration of the brick kilns in out skirt of nearly all urban centers to cope with the rapid construction work in big cities. A huge amount of low-grade coal, rubber, tires is used in non-scientific manner. The study was conducted in the City of Peshawar the capital of Kyber Pakhtunkhwa where many brick kilns are located in the periurban areas. Soil and medicinal plants samples were collected from different locations around the bricks kiln and were analyzed for selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), i.e., benzo(a)pyrene, anthracene, chrysene, flourene, flouranthene, phenanthrene, naphthalene, and acenapthylene. Quantitative and qualitative analysis was carried out by UV spectrophotometer and high-performance liquid chromatography. Benzo[a]pyren and Chrysene were found to be the most abundant compounds. The total load of PAHs in the central location was found to be 0.4014 mg/kg. General trend of PAHs distribution was such that the concentration of individual PAHs was found to increase with depth clearly indicating their absorption in the soil. PAHs concentration increased with the distance up to 300 m and then gradual decreased which showed their movement with the water and air. The PAHs load was found high in the leaves as compared to stem and roots. This high load in the aerial parts indicated their excretion route as well as air deposition.     

花岗质岩浆岩土壤重金属地球化学特征及生态风险评价——以云南盈江旧城—姐冒地区为例

基于云南盈江旧城—姐冒地区238件岩石样品和4 931件土壤样品,与其他地质单元对比,重点研究花岗质岩浆岩岩石和土壤中重金属地球化学特征和来源,并进行土壤重金属生态风险评价。结果表明:花岗质岩浆岩和高黎贡山岩群(Pt1GL.)具有相似的物源或继承性,二者岩石中Pb含量相对上地壳偏高,而其他重金属含量较低;第四系(Qa)、芒棒组(N2m)和高黎贡山岩群(Pt1GL.)土壤重金属含量和变化特征与花岗质岩浆岩基本一致,且土壤重金属含量明显低于第四系(Qb)和关上组(D1g)地层;结合岩性组分看,成土母质可能均以花岗质岩浆岩为主;花岗质岩浆岩和关上组(D1g)土壤重金属含量主要受自然源影响,人为活动影响相对较小;地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数表明花岗质岩浆岩土壤重金属生态风险小,为清洁土壤;德宏州地区具有粮、糖、蔬菜等生产功能的农田土壤成土母质以花岗质岩浆岩为主,但相关工作程度低。通过对比研究认为,德宏州地区具有发展绿色、无公害食品产地的巨大潜力。     

藏南泽当地区大反向逆冲断层变形研究——以磁组构与EBSD组构分析为例

仁布-泽当逆冲断层是喜马拉雅大反向逆冲断层（GCT）在藏南地区的重要延伸部分,也是喜马拉雅造山带北部边界新生代最为活动的构造单元之一。新生代以来特提斯喜马拉雅的构造变形组构特征的研究对于深入理解碰撞造山带演化与高原隆升具有重要构造意义。本文综合GCT泽当-琼结段断层的宏观与微观变形特征,对断裂带石英脉、围岩中石英和云母矿物的电子背散射（EBSD）组构及断层两侧岩石磁组构（AMS）特征进行对比分析。结果表明对AMS主要贡献来自顺磁性云母、绿泥石等,磁化率各向异性椭球体以压扁状为主,磁面理与构造面理（劈理、断层面）基本重合,显示较强的构造变形磁组构特征;磁线理优选方向近南北向,且与观测北向逆冲断层方向一致,揭示剪切作用在变形过程中的持续作用。研究发现泽当地区GCT附近石英微观结构从围岩至断层区,石英至少呈现3种不同类型的微观变形机制：围岩区溶解蠕变、断裂带石英以膨凸重结晶和亚颗粒旋转重结晶作用为主。断裂带石英的c轴EBSD组构指示变形为低温（300~400℃）环境,其中黑云母的结晶学优选（CPO）与磁组构主轴优选方向存在高度的一致性,进一步证实了顺磁性矿物黑云母对AMS的主要贡献。综合研究表明泽当地区GCT的韧性变形是断层处在中上地壳韧性带的活动阶段变形的结果,也代表了特提斯喜马拉雅在碰撞、高原隆升期的变形主要特征。