Structure of the Subduction Zone and Volcanism in Kamchatka

Doklady Earth Sciences - The correlation of the parameters of a subducted plate with the volcanism is studied. The north-to-south increase in the age of a slab controls the dip angle, the slab...     

Tertiary Ultrapotassic Volcanism in Serbia: Constraints on Petrogenesis and Mantle Source Characteristics

The Serbian province of Tertiary ultrapotassic volcanism isrelated to a post-collisional tectonic regime that followedthe closure of the Tethyan Vardar Ocean by Late Cretaceous subductionbeneath the southern European continental margin. Rocks of thisprovince form two ultrapotassic groups; one with affinitiesto lamproites, which is concentrated mostly in the central partsof the Vardar ophiolitic suture zone, and the other with affinitiesto kamafugites, which crops out in volcanoes restricted to thewestern part of Serbia. The lamproitic group is characterizedby a wide range of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_i (0·70735–0·71299)and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd_i (0·51251–0·51216), whereasthe kamafugitic group is isotopically more homogeneous witha limited range of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_i (0·70599–0·70674)and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd_i (0·51263–0·51256). ThePb isotope compositions of both groups are very similar (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb18·58–18·83, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb 15·62–15·70and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb 38·74–38·99), falling withinthe pelagic sediment field and resembling Mesozoic flysch sedimentsfrom the Vardar suture zone. The Sr and Nd isotopic signaturesof the primitive lamproitic rocks correlate with rare earthelement fractionation and enrichment of most high field strengthelements (HFSE), and can be explained by melting of a heterogeneousmantle source consisting of metasomatic veins with phlogopite,clinopyroxene and F-apatite that are out of isotopic equilibriumwith the peridotite wall-rock. Decompression melting, with varyingcontributions from depleted peridotite and ultramafic veinsto the final melt, accounts for consistent HFSE enrichment andisotopic variations in the lamproitic group. Conversely, themost primitive kamafugitic rocks show relatively uniform Srand Nd isotopic compositions and trace element patterns, andsmall but regular variations of HFSE, indicating variable degreesof partial melting of a relatively homogeneously metasomatizedmantle source. Geochemical modelling supports a role for phlogopite,apatite and Ti-oxide in the source of the kamafugitic rocks.The presence of two contrasting ultrapotassic suites in a restrictedgeographical area is attributable to the complex geodynamicsituation involving recent collision of a number of microcontinentswith contrasting histories and metasomatic imprints in theirmantle lithosphere. The geochemistry of the Serbian ultrapotassicrocks suggests that the enrichment events that modified thesource of both lamproitic and kamafugitic groups were relatedto Mesozoic subduction events. The postcollisional environmentof the northern Balkan region with many extensional episodesis consistent at regional and local levels with the occurrenceof ultrapotassic rocks, providing a straightforward relationshipbetween geodynamics and volcanism. KEY WORDS: kamafugite; lamproite; Mediterranean; Serbia; mantle metasomatism; veined mantle; petrogenesis     

Volcanism of the southern part of the Sredinny Range of Kamchatka in the Neogene-Quaternary

Based on the geochemical characteristics of the Miocene-Quaternary volcanic rocks of the Sredinny Range of Kamchatka, we divide it into northern and southern provinces; the latter comprises the “eastern”, “western”, and “central” flanks. We present new data on the composition of Neogene-Quaternary volcanic rocks in the southern part of the Sredinny Range of Kamchatka: Khangar and Icha volcanic massifs and Mt. Yurtinaya on the “western” flank, Bystrinsky and Kozyrevsky Ridges on the “eastern” flank, and Anaunsky Dol and Uksichan massif located in between. We show systematic differences in the composition of rocks from the “western” and “eastern” flanks. During the Neogene, a typical island-arc volcanism took place within the “eastern” flank. Quaternary volcanic rocks of this area have both island-arc and within-plate geochemical features. We propose to call rocks of this type hybrid rocks. Within the “western” flank, hybrid volcanism has been manifested since the Neogene, while typical island-arc rocks are not found. Magma generation processes on the “western” flank of the Sredinny Ridge are influenced by an enriched mantle source; the effect of fluid is less pronounced here as compared to the rocks of the “eastern” flank, where it is clearly traced.     

Granitization and magmatic replacement in the contact aureole of the Yurchik gabbronorite massif (Ganal Ridge, Kamchatka)

It is shown that formation of high-temperature granulite-like rocks in the contact aureole of the Yurchik gabbronorite intrusion of the Ganal Ridge in East Kamchatka was caused by contact metamorphism, metasomatism, and local melting of the primary sedimentary-volcanogenic rocks of the Vakhtalkinskaya Sequence of the Ganal Group. The temperature in the inner part of the aureole reached 700–800°C and caused transformation of basic rocks into two-pyroxene-plagioclase, clinopyroxene-amphibole-plagioclase, and amphibole-plagioclase rocks, while sedimentary rocks were replaced by garnet-biotite and garnet-cordierite-biotite hornfelses. Locally, basic volcanic hornfelses were subjected to metasomatic alteration with the formation of bodies of biotite-orthopyroxene-plagioclase metasomatites. In the zones of the most intense fluid filtration, the metasomatites experienced local magmatic replacement resulting in the formation of biotite-orthopyroxene-plagioclase ± garnet migmatite veinlets and patches. Bodies of garnet enderbites were formed after sedimentary interlayers at temperatures of 700–800°C and a lithostatic pressure of 3.2–4.8 kbar. The comparison of the chemical composition of the Vakhtalkinskaya basic volcanics and the products of their transformation indicates that, in terms of chemistry, the metasomatic alterations and magmatic replacement correspond to siliceous-alkaline metasomatism (granitization) causing a subsequent and uneven influx of Si, Al, Na, K, Rb, Ba, Zr, Nb, and Cl and removal of Fe, Mg, Mn, Ca, and some trace elements (Cr, Co, Ti, Y, and S). The processes of metamorphism and metasomatism were presumably provoked by highly mineralized mantle fluids that were filtered through magmatic channels that served as pathways for gabbroid magma.     

Ultrapotassic Rocks along Late Ductile Shear Zones from the Eastern Ghats Belt,India

Ultrapotassic rock is reported for the first time from the polycyclic Eastern Ghats belt, India, near Borra, Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh. The rock, consisting of leucite, kalsilite, Khyphen;feldspar, graphite, apatite together with diopside, meionite and phlogopite, occurs as thin vein and veinlets in diopsidite, in close spatial association with a granulite facies carbonate ensemble of massive dolomitic carbonate rock and calc silicate granulite. It was emplaced in the midhyphen;crust along late ductile shear zones. Subsequent to its emplacement, the ultrapotassic melt with liquidus leucite interacted with the granulite wall rock, incorporating at least 40% of the crustal components mainly as Si, Al, Mg and Ca. After necessary correction of the crustal contaminant, the recalculated K₂O/Na₂O ratio of ∼12 (molar) and K₂O/Al₂O₃ ratio of ∼1 (molar) in the bulk rock composition indicates that the Borra ultrapotassic melt has a lamproitic affinity. However, it is significantly modified as well, particularly being impoverished in mafic liquidus phases and depleted in incompatible (excepting Rb, Th and U) and compatible trace elements, compared to an average lamproite. Leucite later underwent subsolidus decomposition to Khyphen;feldspar + kalsilite intergrowths. The emplacement of the ultrapotassic melt posthyphen;dates an early ultra high temperature metamorphism and also the 1000 Ma Grenvillian metamorphism in the Eastern Ghats Belt and is possibly of Panhyphen;African age. The extensive Khyphen;feldspathisation in the Eastern Ghats belt could also be linked with this ultrapotassic melt.     

新疆阿尔金山地区元古宙超钾质碱性岩的发现

阿尔金山巴什考供附近的超钾质碱性岩,以互层 状产出于斜长角 闪岩中。该超钾质碱性岩的SiO2含量为40.77%～40.98%,K2O + Na2O = 3.68%～6.94 %,K 2O/ Na2O为3.28～7.76,属于超钾质强碱性岩。岩石的稀土元素总量较高,介于70 5.68 ×10 -6～972.34×10-6之间,(La/Yb)n为37.27和43.53,Eu呈轻度负异常(Eu=0. 67～0.75),球粒陨 石标准化配分曲线显示轻稀土高度富集,重稀土低度富集特征,与典型的超钾质碱性岩配分 型式相似。该超钾质碱性岩的发现对研究该区壳幔相互作用及岩石圈演化具有深 远意义。     

Late Pleistocene Catastrophic Landslide from the Balaganchik Ridge: Evidence from the Mitoga 2 Reference Section (Western Kamchatka)

Lithology and Mineral Resources - A new reference section of the Okhotsk seaside of Kamchatka in the Mitoga 2 River area is studied and dated for the first time (14C and 230Th/U). Sedimentary...     

Carboniferous Post-collisional Rift Volcanism of the Tianshan Mountains, Northwestern China

The Tianshan Carboniferous post-collisional rift volcanic rocks occur in northwestern China as a large igneous province. Based on petrogeochemical data, the Tianshan Carboniferous post-collisional rift basic lavas can be classified into two major magma types: (1) the low-Ti/Y type situated in the eastern-central Tianshan area, which exhibits low Ti/Y (<500), Ce/Yb (<15) and SiO2 (43-55%), and relatively high Fe2O3T (6.4-11.5%); (2) the high-Ti/Y type situated in the western Tianshan area, which has high Ti/Y (>500), Ce/Yb (>11) and SiO2 (49-55%), and relatively low Fe2O3T (5.8-7.8%). Elemental data suggest that chemical variations of the low-Ti/Y and high-Ti/Y lavas cannot be explained by fractional crystallization from a common parental magma. The Tianshan Carboniferous basic lavas originated most likely from an OIB-like asthenospheric mantle source (87Sr/86Sr(t) ≈ 0.703-0.705, εNd(t) ≈ +4 to +7). The crustal contamination and continental lithospheric mantle have also contributed significantly to the formation of the basic lavas of the Tianshan Carboniferous post-collisional rift. The silicic lavas were probably generated by partial melting of the crust. The data of this study show that spatial petrogeochemical variations exist in the Carboniferous post-collisional rift volcanics province in the Tianshan region. Occurrence of the thickest volcanics dominated by tholeiitic lavas may imply that the center of the mantle-melting anomaly (mantle plume) was in the eastern Tianshan area at that time. The basic volcanic magmas in the eastern Tianshan area were generated by a relatively high degree of partial melting of the mantle source around the spinel-garnet transition zone, whereas the alkaline basaltic lavas are of the dominant magma type in the western Tianshan area, which were generated by a low degree of partial melting of the mantle source within the stable garnet region, thus the basic lavas of the western Tianshan area might have resulted from relatively thick lithosphere and low geothermal gradient.     

Neotectonics and recent uplift at Kamchatka and Aleutian arc junction, Kamchatka Cape area, NE Russia

The tectonic position of the Kamchatka Cape Peninsula at the junction of the active Kuril–Kamchatka and Aleutian arcs exposes the coastline of the peninsula to strong neotectonic activities. Fracture zones have variable influence on uplift of the Kamchatka Cape Peninsula. Relevant morphologic indicators of neotectonic activity are multilevel, highly uplifted marine terraces and terraces displaced along active faults. Recent uplift rates of coastal sediments are determined by remote sensing via ASTER and SRTM DEM combined with optically stimulated luminescence dating (OSL). On the Kamchatka Cape Peninsula, terraces from the same generation are mapped at different elevations by remote sensing methods. After defining different areas of uplifted terraces, four neotectonic blocks are identified. According to apatite fission track data, the mean differential exhumation rates range from 0.2 to 1.2 mm year^?1 across the blocks since Late Miocene. The OSL data presented point to significant higher uplift rates of up to 3 ± 0.5 and 4.3 ± 1 mm year^?1, which indicates an acceleration of the vertical movement along the coast of Kamchatka Cape Peninsula in Upper Pleistocene and Holocene times.     

雁荡山世界地质公园火山作用研究

雁荡山世界地质公园位于浙江省东南部,主体为一白垩纪火山岩浆活动形成的复活破火山,由4个火山岩性段和1个中央侵入体构成,经历了4期喷发、2次塌陷、1次侵入、现代地貌形成等共8个演化阶段.火山岩为以流纹质和粗面英安质为主的高钾钙碱性系列岩石组合,中央侵入体为橄榄安粗岩系列石英正长斑岩,它们的A/CNK值集中在0.9～1.2之间,为铝饱和或铝过饱和类型.岩石富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素,相对亏损高场强元素;δEu值为0.11～0.32,表明岩浆经历了以斜长石为主的强烈结晶分异作用;火山岩(87Sr/86Sr)i为0.707 9～0.716 1,εNd(t)为-6.90～-7.70,中央侵入体石英正长斑岩(87Sr/86Sr)i为0.708 6～0.709 8,εNd(t)为-7.10～-7.68,表明它们是同源岩浆不同阶段分异演化的产物,物质来源主要为陆壳,但也有地幔物质参与.它们形成的大地构造背景,不是典型的岛弧或安第斯型活动大陆边缘,而是活动大陆边缘靠板内的环境.     

天山石炭-二叠纪大火成岩省裂谷火山作用与地幔柱

中国西北部石炭纪-早二叠世喷发的天山裂谷火山岩系构成了一个大火成岩省。该火山岩系的组成以玄武质熔岩为主，其次有中性和酸性熔岩及火山碎屑岩。根据岩石学、主元素、微量元素和Sr—Nd—Pb同位素数据，天山玄武岩可分为两个主要岩浆类型：①高Ti／Y（HT）类型，以高Ti／Y（〉500）、高Ce／Y（〉3）和相对低Nb／Zr（〈0．11）、低εNd（t）为特征；②低Ti／Y（LT）类型，以低Ti／Y（〈500）为特征。LT熔岩又可以进一步分为两个亚类：LT1熔岩以低Nb／Zr（〈0．15）和高εNd（t）（＋3．1～＋9．7）为特征；LT2熔岩具有较高的Nb／Zr值（〉0．16）和较低的εNd（t）值（-0．98～-2．91）。元素和同位素数据表明，HT和LT熔岩的化学变异不是由一个共同母岩浆的结晶分异作用所产生。它们极有可能是源于一种似洋岛玄武岩源的幔源（^87St／^86Sr（t）≈0．7045，εNd（t）≈＋4，^206Pb／^204Pb（t）≈18．35．^207Pb／^204Pb（t）≈15．66，^208Pb／^204Pb（t）≈38．25．La／Nb≈0．7），且具有不同的熔融条件和经受了不同的分异和混染。以碱性熔岩为主的HT熔岩是产生于幔源石榴子石稳定区的低度部分熔融，其化学变异受控于单斜辉石（Cpx）[士橄榄石（O1）]分离作用。相反，LT类型的母岩浆则是形成于幔源的尖晶石一石榴子石过渡带：碱性LT2亚类的母岩浆是产生于部分熔融程度较低的条件下；而以拉斑玄武质为主的LT1亚类的母岩浆则是产生于部分熔融条件较高的条件下：它们经受了浅层辉长岩质分离作用，化学变异较大。天山玄武岩可能是产生于地幔柱头。HT和LT岩浆的岩石成因又进一步为地壳和岩石圈地幔的混染作用所复杂化。我们的研究揭示，天山大火成岩省的火山岩中存在空间上的岩石地球化学变化。天山东段的LT1火山岩系的厚度最大．它们记录了玄武岩侵位的主幕，该处可能是地幔柱或地幔熔融异常的中心位置。相反，厚度较小的HT和LT2玄武岩则可能是意味着地幔柱活动影响的减弱。事实上，HT和LT2玄武岩也是该大火成岩省边缘部分的主要岩浆类型。HT和LT2熔岩的地幔熔融程度较低，可能是与地幔柱边部的岩石圈相对较厚和地热较低有关。     

Vendian Volcanism,Weathering, and Phosphorus Cycle Variation in the East European Platform

Two geochemical types of volcanic ash are recognized in the Redkino Horizon of the East European Platform based on the systematics of trace elements. The first type developed in the northeastern area of the platform is characterized by Ni/Cr and Ce/Yb ratios typical of the silicic tephra of recent volcanic eruptions in the Kuril–Kamchatka and Aleutian island-arc systems. The respective ratios in ash of the second type are typical of volcanics from the lower Vendian Berestovets Formation. Depletion of the upper Vendian pelites of the East European Platform in Ca, Sr and P (relative to the PAAS) indicates the continental chemical weathering of provenance.     

腾冲火山和地热

腾冲县境面积约5700 km2,晚新生代喷出的火山岩约50 km3,占 据面积约1100 km2。以早更新世喷出的中—酸性熔岩规模最大,全新世火山活动已呈强弩之末。但是,晚新生代的地热活动无疑构成腾冲县境强烈地热活动的地质背景。县境共有58个水热活动区,温度高于45℃的热泉区占24个,其中还有3个沸泉群。热海地热田排放氯\|重碳酸\|钠型水,热储温度可望达到270℃,其岩浆热源埋藏深度约7 km,是最有开发前景的一个高温地热田     

Timing of the Mineralization and Volcanism at Cibaliung Gold Deposit, Western Java, Indonesia

Abstract. The Cibaliung deposit is a low-sulfidation type epithermal gold deposit situated about 70 km west of the Bayah dome complex. The gold-bearing quartz veins are hosted by basaltic andesite of the Honje Formation, which is comparable to the host rock of gold deposits at the Bayah dome complex.
In order to clarify the timing of the mineralization and the volcanism at the Cibaliung area, two radiometric dating methods were applied. First, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating was conducted on six adularia samples to elucidate the age of mineralization. Second, K-Ar method was applied to two samples of the host rock, andesite and the Cibaliung tuff, in order to reveal the timing of volcanism.
The ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating determined mineralization ages in the range from 11.18 to 10.65 Ma while the K-Ar dating indicated the age of the andesite and the Cibaliung tuff to be 11.4±0.8 Ma and 4.9±0.6 Ma, respectively. These results imply that the epithermal gold mineralization in the Cibaliung area is related to the volcanic activity that produced the Honje Formation, while the Cibaliung tuff played an important role in the preservation of the Cibaliung deposit. The Cibaliung deposit is the oldest epithermal gold deposit yet discovered in western Java.     

Characterization of hydrothermally generated oil from the Uzon caldera,Kamchatka

This paper reports the analyses of unusual oils that accumulate in the Uzon Caldera, situated in the central volcanic region of Kamchatka, Russia. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to determine the primary constituents, and the ¹³C and ¹⁴C compositions provided information about the potential source and age of the oils. The ¹⁴C ages determined are 1030 ± 40 a BP (measured) or 940 ± 40 a BP (conventional). The δ¹³C value is −30.6‰ versus the PDB standard, a value consistent with a biological origin. The nearly contemporary age of the C content indicates a geologically recent origin from biogenic detritus and not by synthesis from mantle C. The biogenic origin is supported by the presence of sterane and hopane biomarkers and the δ¹³C value of the bulk oil. The overall compositions of the oils indicate that they are derived from rapid hydrothermal alteration of algal/bacterial mat detritus buried by volcanic ashfall deposits of the Uzon Caldera. The oils represent the youngest hydrothermal petroleum reported to date.     

Epithermal Gold-Silver Mineralization of the Asachinskoe Deposit in South Kamchatka, Russia

The Asachinskoe epithermal Au‐Ag deposit is a representative low‐sulfidation type of deposit in Kamchatka, Russia. In the Asachinskoe deposit there are approximately 40 mineralized veins mainly hosted by dacite–andesite stock intrusions of Miocene–Pliocene age. The veins are emplaced in tensional cracks with a north orientation. Wall‐rock alteration at the bonanza level (170–200 m a.s.l.) consists of the mineral assemblage of quartz, pyrite, albite, illite and trace amounts of smectite. Mineralized veins are well banded with quartz, adularia and minor illite. Mineralization stages in the main zone are divided into stages I–IV. Stage I is relatively barren quartz–adularia association formed at 4.7 ± 0.2 Ma (K‐Ar age). Stage II consists of abundant illite, Cu‐bearing cryptomelane and other manganese oxides and hydroxides, electrum, argentite, quartz, adularia and minor rhodochrosite and calcite. Stage III, the main stage of gold mineralization (4.5–4.4 ± 0.1–3.1 ± 0.1 Ma, K‐Ar age), consists of a large amount of electrum, naumannite and Se‐bearing polybasite with quartz–adularia association. Stage IV is characterized by hydrothermal breccia, where electrum, tetrahedrite and secondary covellite occur with quartz, adularia and illite. The concentration of Au+Ag in ores has a positive correlation with the content of K₂O + Al₂O₃, which is controlled by the presence of adularia and minor illite, and both Hg and Au also have positive correlations with the light rare‐earth elements. Fluid inclusion studies indicate a salinity of 1.0–2.6 wt% NaCl equivalent for the whole deposit, and ore‐forming temperatures are estimated as approximately 160–190°C in stage III of the present 218 m a.s.l. and 170–180°C in stage IV of 200 m a.s.l. The depth of ore formation is estimated to be 90–400 m from the paleo‐water table for stage IV of 200 m a.s.l., if a hydrostatic condition is assumed. An increase of salinity (>C_NaCl≈ 0.2 wt%) and decrease of temperature (>T ≈ 30°C) within a 115‐m vertical interval for the ascending hydrothermal solution is calculated, which is interpreted as due to steam loss during fluid boiling. Ranges of selenium and sulfur fugacities are estimated to be logfSe2 = ?17 to ?14.5 and logfS2 = ?15 to ?12 for the ore‐forming solution that was responsible for Au‐Ag‐Se precipitation in stage III of 200 m a.s.l. Separation of Se from S‐Se complex in the solution and its partition into selenides could be due to a relatively oxidizing condition. The precipitation of Au‐Ag‐Se was caused by boiling in stage III, and the precipitation of Au‐Ag‐Cu was caused by sudden decompression and boiling in stage IV.     

Ludwigite and Yuanfuliite from Fumarolic Exhalations of the Tolbachik Volcano,Kamchatka, Russia

Geology of Ore Deposits - This paper in focused on the data for ludwigite and yuanfuliite of the new fumarolic genetic type. These ferric–magnesian borates (oxoborates) have been found in...