Present-Day Estimates of the Hydrological Conditions for the Formation of Biological Production in the Sea of Azov

The main feature of the present-day hydrological conditions governing the formation of biological production in the Sea of Azov is shown to be the appreciable freshening of seawater, which is due, first of all, to climate changes. It is established that the freshening of seawater can benefit most for the reproduction of fish resources in the Sea of Azov only if the river runoff withdrawals are reduced step by step down to 5 km³/year (14% of the norm), the annual runoff is maintained at 35–36 km³, and the spring runoff is restored to 18.5 km³.     

The Effect of the Long-Term Variations in Climate Conditions on the Hydrological Structure and Ecology of the Black Sea

A scale of the atmospheric thermal conditions is elaborated, and the statistical distribution of the air temperature deviations from the norm is assessed. The cause of formation of the extreme atmospheric thermal conditions is found. Parameters of the winter hydrological structure are calculated, and their correlation with climatic conditions is shown. For the first time, the dynamic factor affecting the Black Sea hydrological structure is established, and its effect is shown.     

Present-Day Conditions of Limnic Ecosystems in the Lower Reaches of the Amu Darya

Present-day state and the functioning conditions of different-type limnic ecosystems in the Amu Darya delta are examined. The ecosystems are subjected to anthropogenic impact at an abrupt decrease in freshwater inflow and a change to another source of water feed.     

Hydrophysical Factors Controlling the Formation of Hypoxic Zones in the Pregolya River

A quasi-constant hydrological front is found to form in the Pregolya River, flowing through Kaliningrad and Kaliningrad oblast, in the convergence zones of the slightly salt waters of the Vistula Lagoon and fresh river waters under the conditions circulation caused by positive and negative setups. Its formation and position are found to coincide with zones of hypoxia, especially in the places (hollows) within the city boundaries where the river depth is relatively large. A thick layer of liquid and semiliquid silts rich in organic carbon, especially in hollows; the dynamics of mobile exchange layer in bottom sediments at high temperature in summer; and the formation of the hydrological front with characteristic hydrophysical features along with an increase in the input of pollutants with municipal wastewater is a cause and a source of secondary pollution and deterioration of the environmental situation in the Pregolya River.     

Dynamics of medium-intensity dense water plumes in the Arkona Basin, Western Baltic Sea

In this study, the dynamics of medium-intensity inflow events over Drogden Sill into the Arkona Sea are investigated. Idealised model simulations carried out with the General Estuarine Transport Model suggest that most of the salt transport during such inflow events occur north of Kriegers Flak, a shoal with less than 20 m water depth surrounded by water depths of more than 40 m. This assumption about the pathway is supported by recent ship-based observations in the Arkona Sea during a medium-intensity inflow event. The propagation of a saline bottom plume could be observed during several days after having passed Drogden Sill. In the area north of Kriegers Flak the plume was about 10 m thick, and propagated with more than 0.5 m s⁻¹ and a salinity of up to 20 psu (with ambient water salinity being 8 psu) eastwards. Although the model simulations were idealised, the structural agreement between the observation and model result was good. The structure and pathways of these medium-intensity inflow events are of specific interest due to the plans for erecting extensive offshore wind farms in the Arkona Sea which may under certain circumstances lead to increased entrainment of ambient water into the bottom plumes.     

Environmental challenges in Polish agriculture covering a main area of the Baltic Sea Basin

Poland largely encompases the estuary of the Vistula and Odra rivers, which drain into the Baltic Sea. Only a very small area of the south-east part of the country is within the Black Sea Basin. Poland contributes significantly to the pollution of the Baltic Sea, with biogenic nutrients and organic substances. Poland includes more than half the coastal inhabitants of the Baltic Sea, and they use 40% of the arable land situated there. The contribution to the pollution of this sea with nitrogen, phosphorus and organic substances is approximately 30, 40 and 22%, respectively. The main sources of nutrients are untreated sewage and the runoff and leakage of fertilizers from agricultural land. The natural conditions in Poland are poorer than in Western Europe due to the prevalence of light soils and a short growing period with frequent droughts. After correcting the synthetic index for soil and climate, it was estimated that for each inhabitant of Poland there are 0.3 ha of farmland, which is comparable to that of Western Europe. For the maintenance of the population, intensive agricultural production must be accompanied by environmental protection regulations. Polish agriculture is not only a polluter but also a recipient of pollution, especially the deposits of sulphur and heavy metals emitted by industry and municipal areas. The estimated annual emission of sulphur dioxide is about 4 million t, which equals an average deposit of about 90 kg of sulphur per hectare of farmland. The pedological processes and acid deposits cause more than 60% of agricultural land in Poland to be acidic. The contamination of soils with heavy metals in general is lower than in Western Europe, but in some areas (e.g. Upper Silesia) it exceeds the safe limits.     

太湖流域省市边界圩区建设问题初探

太湖流域的苏、浙、沪边界地区地处太湖流域下游,地势低洼,水网纵横,是太湖流域洪涝威胁最严重和水环境恶化地区,同时因为地处省市行政区边界,水利矛盾极为突出.解决好边界圩区问题,有利于减轻流域洪涝灾害,促进水资源保护,水环境恢复.本文分析了太湖流域二省一市边界圩区的发展历史和现状,归纳了边界圩区的格局和特点.考虑到防洪、水资源、水环境的影响,从圩区面积、圩内水面率和圩堤线长度几个方面对边界圩区做了研究,给出了边界圩区合适的圩区规模和圩内排涝动力,在此基础上,就边界圩区的建设提出了建议.研究表明,边界圩区的理想规模是400-533hm2,排涝模数为0.83m3/(s·km2).圩区建设应该局部服从整体利益,采用有效的协商机制解决边界圩区的矛盾.     

The Baltic Sea Area: Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area (Helsinki Convention) of 1974 and the Revised Convention of 1992

The Helsinki Convention 1974 marked an important milestone in international ecopolitics. All sources of pollution were, for the first time for a sea area, made subject to regulations in one convention. By establishing the Helsinki Commission the Convention created the basis for far-reaching co-operation between the Baltic Sea states in the field of marine environmental protection. One of the most important steps was taken in 1992 by adopting a new Joint Comprehensive Action Programme as well as a revised version of the Convention. The latter takes account of the findings and experiences of the Helsinki Commission as well as of new ecopolitical developments, by introducing additional fundamental principles and making regulations more concrete and binding under international law.     

长江下游—南黄海地震带地震活动性研究

长江下游—南黄海地震带位于华北地震区东南部,带内地震主要受长江下游和南黄海海域内一系列断裂的控制,以中强地震活动为主,是地震活动较强的地区.本文充分利用该带最新的区域地震台网资料,历史地震复核资料以及地震构造等资料,统计和计算了b值、V4和中小地震能量密度值,探讨了带内b值空间分布与历史强震、中小地震能量密度值空间分布的关系,进一步研究了长江下游南黄海地震带的地震活动性特征.通过本文的研究,获得了长江下游—南黄海地震带的地震活动性参数,为概率危险性分析提供计算参数;探讨了该带未来百年地震发展趋势,初步判定了该带潜在地震危险区,为地震活动中长期预测提供参考依据和方法;研究结果对地震区划、工程场地地震安全性评价、地震活动中长期预测均有重要意义.     

Physical and chemical variability of the Baltic Sea: a joint experiment in the Gotland Basin

An area of 25 × 30 nmi with a subarea of 20 × 20 nmi in the Baltic Sea Gotland Basin was surveyed for about one month by vertical CTD and fluorometric chlorophyll a casts, and by towed profiles with a chemical profiler (nutrients, CTD, O₂, pH) and an undulating CTD. Autonomous current meter data were available for the same period.Five CTD surveys with a 5-mile spacing showed the existence of synoptic eddies and several other perturbations. A first mode eddy (with all the isopycnals lifted within the halocline) had reduced salinities in the upper layer and chlorophyll concentrations were reduced by 2 to 3-fold. A second mode eddy (with the isopycnals lifted in the top of the halocline and lowered in the bottom layers) with a diameter of 20 km was under prolonged observation. Anticyclonic currents at 96-m depth were up to 25 cm s^?1. Along the section across the eddy at 80-m depth, the mean nitrate concentration dropped from about 7 to 8 to 5 μmol dm^?3 while other chemical parameters lacked intense variations. An increased activity of the intrusive fine-structure was detected in the eddy center. The Baltic eddies are essentially non-linear, and transport water in their ‘nuclei’. An internal front, separating waters with different T,S composition, was discovered in the upper layers.The observations are discussed with respect to discovering long-term trends while monitoring the Baltic environment.     

Evidence of chromosomal damage in common eiders (Somateria mollissima) from the Baltic Sea

Common eiders nesting in the Baltic Sea are exposed to generally high levels of contaminants including potentially genotoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorines. Blood samples were collected from eiders at eight sites in the Baltic Sea and two sites in the Beaufort Sea. DNA content variation was estimated using the flow cytometric method, and subsequently utilized as a biomarker of genetic damage. We observed no significant differences in genetic damage among populations within either the Baltic or Beaufort Seas. However, eider populations from the Baltic Sea had significantly elevated estimates of genetic damage compared to populations from the Beaufort Sea.     

基于地图计算的流域水文过程模拟——以太湖流域上游西苕溪流域为例

本实验的目的是提取和纯化铜绿微囊藻(Microcystic aeruginosa var．major)胞外带酸性基团的多糖,为综合利用爆 发的水华提供一定的理论依据．采用 pH 8．0、80℃的热水抽提铜绿微囊藻的胞外多糖．经充分脱蛋白、脱色后用 DEAE- 纤维素(DE-52)作离子交换柱层析,分离出其中不被 DE-52吸附和被吸附的两种组分．取后者上 sephadexG-150柱进 一步分离得到两种分子量不同的酸性多糖(EAPS Ⅰ和 EAPSⅡ),质量比为1．92∶1,经 HPLC 测定 EAPS Ⅰ均分子量为7．01 ×10~4D,EAPSⅡ均分子量为4．21×10~4D．经测定,它们各带有不同含量的酸性基团：EAPS Ⅰ糖醛酸含量为10．74%, SO_4~(2-)含量为44．44μg/mg,EAPSⅡ糖醛酸含量为7．08%,SO_4~(2-)含量为9．08μg/mg．EAPSⅠ单糖组成为：9．6549%D( ) 木糖,19．2522% D-果糖,71．0930%葡萄糖;EAPSⅡ单糖组成为：6．4065%D( )木糖,18．0016%D-果糖,75．5919%葡萄糖．     

基于地图计算的流域水文过程模拟--以太湖流域上游西苕溪流域为例

利用 PcRaster 的环境动态模拟语言，基于地图运算和网格之间水流运动的模拟，开发了水文过程模拟模型，选择 太湖流域上游的西苕溪流域进行试验，用实测资料对模拟结果进行了验证，结果表明模型模拟结果与实际是符合的．本 模型可以用于流域的物质迁移、污染物迁移、人类活动的环境影响变化等的模拟．在此水文过程模拟的基础上，只要叠加 网格上的物质产出率，就可以很容易得到子流域出口的物质通量的变化和其在流域上的空间分布，集成各个子流域过程， 就可以得到流域出口断面的物质通量的变化．     

Multi-stage volcanism in the Ulleung Back-arc Basin, East Sea (Sea of Japan)

Abstract Multichannel seismic reflection profiling in the Ulleung back-arc Basin reveals that the acoustic basement largely comprises volcanic materials. The volcanics are interlayered with sediment sequences, forming an anomalously thick layer. The volcanic activities resulted in a zonation of the acoustic basement, trending northeast-southwest. In the southeastern part, the acoustic basement is deep and obscure, whereas in the northwestern part it is shallow and forms mounds and seamounts. The volcanic activities were probably initiated in the Early Miocene ( ca 20Ma). The volcanism was time-transgressive northward, associated with the possible southward drift of the Japanese islands.     

太湖流域水文遥测系统可靠性分析

水文遥测系统工作制式不同,系统的验收标准也不同,水文遥测系统的组网结构不同,系统可靠性的分析也不同。本文用概率方法对太湖流域水文遥测系统的可靠性进行探讨,对带存储功能的应答系统采用系统可靠度衡量,而不采用月平均数据畅通率衡量;同时讨论不同的系统结构对可靠性的影响,这种以概率统计的方法分析水文遥测系统的可靠性,对水文遥测系统建设的验收标准制定和水文遥测系统结构设计具有重要意义。     

Strontium in rivers of the Baltic Basin

The rivers in the Baltic Basin drain a mixture of bedrocks ranging from Mesozoic-Paleozoic sediments in the south to Proterozoic-Archean intrusives in the north. The rivers in the sedimentary basin in the south have high concentrations of Sr, in the interval 100–500 µg l^–1 while the⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio is close to that of seawater, i.e. 0.71. The northern rivers in the Precambrian shield area on the other hand have low Sr concentrations of 15–50 µg l^–1 with high⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of about to 0.73 (0.721–0.745). The riverine input of dissolved Sr to the brackish Baltic Sea approaches 60 tons year^–1, with a weighted mean concentration approaching 130 µg l^–1 and a weighted mean⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio close to 0.712. Although the sedimentary area in the south supplies only about 43% of the total river discharge, it gives about 88% of the total Sr input. Because of this and the strong regional riverine variation in⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio, Sr and its isotopes seem to be a convenient tool to unveil mixing relations of water masses in the northern Baltic Sea, provided high resolution analyses are applied. For an overall characterization of water mixing in the Baltic Sea, the Nd system will be superior to that of Sr.