伊朗Kashan地区古近系库姆组层序地层及盆地演化特征

库姆组沉积时期伊朗Kashan地区为中伊朗盆地库姆盆地东南方向的弧后边缘海盆地,以浅海相的碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩沉积为主.受构造运动与全球海平面旋回变化控制,大部分地区的库姆组形成了5个三级层序S1～S5,上覆上红组底部蒸发岩层,在这5个三级层序之下,盆地沉降中心位置还可见S0a和S0b层序.对格架中层序地层特征的动态演化分析后认为,Kashan地区在库姆组及其上、下地层沉积时期经历了7次重要的地层演化阶段:低水位充填期、初次海侵期、沉降充填期、孤立泻湖期、再次海侵期、构造抬升期、完全孤立期.     

辽河西部凹陷古近系层序地层与地层岩性油气藏预测

基于构造层序分析方法,应用三维地震、测井、岩心资料对辽河西部凹陷古近系做了层序地层研究和地层岩性油气藏预测。古近系作为一个超层序组可以划分出4个超层序8个三级层序。根据同沉积构造坡折类型,可以把层序划分为同沉积断裂坡折层序、同沉积挠曲坡折层序和无坡折的缓坡层序三种层序类型。其中同沉积断裂坡折层序主要发育在超层序1、超层序2和超层序3,同沉积挠曲坡折层序和缓坡层序主要发育在超层序4。超层序2和超层序3由同沉积构造坡折控制的层序低位域和高位域砂体与湖扩展体系域优质烃源岩配置,成藏条件优越。同时这些岩性圈闭一般处于中深层次生孔隙发育带内,储层性能良好,最有利于岩性油气藏发育。据此在辽河西部凹陷提出了西斜坡锦1断层的下降盘,双台子断裂下降盘;东部陡坡台安—小洼—海外河断裂下降盘是岩性油气藏发育的有利部位。〖JP〗     

V.V. Menner and activity of Interdepartmental Stratigraphic Committee and International Commission on Stratigraphy

Extraordinary significance of V.V. Menner activity for effective work of the Interdepartmental Stratigraphic Committee aimed at organization of stratigraphic survey and enhancement of stratigraphic research in the country is demonstrated. As chairperson of the International Commission on Stratigraphy, he made an outstanding contribution to its structuring and transformation into fruitful international institution supervising works on all subdivisions of the International Stratigraphic Scale.     

Geohistorical development of the Tochiyama landslide in north-central Japan

The Tochiyama landslide is one of several complex, deep-seated and large-scale landslides occurring in the Hokuriku Province in central Japan. The landslide is about 2 km long and about 500–1100 m wide; it occupies an area of approximately 150 ha and has a maximum depth of 60 m. The slide developed on a dip-slope structure, and is divisible into three layers in ascending order: older landslide debris and avalanche deposits, younger debris-avalanche deposits, and talus. The landslide complex is still active. A triangulation point on the upper part of the landslide shifted downhill by 3.3 m from 1907 to 1983, indicating an average rate of 4.3 cm/y. In 1991, the average rate of movement on the sliding surface was also 4.3 cm/y as measured by an automatic system with inclinometers installed in borehole No. 1–2. The rate measured for borehole No. 1–3, located 380 m upslope from No. 1–2, was over twice that of No. 1–2 for the same period; it has since accelerated to about 19 cm/y. Thus current movements on the basal sliding surface are inhomogeneous; the head of the slide complex is increasing the horizontal granular pressures on the lower part of the slide block.

On the basis of dating of two tephra layers and¹⁴C dating of carbonized wood intercalated within the landslide body, two stages of slide movement have been distinguished. The earlier occurred between about 46,000 to 25,000 years ago, and the latter occurred since 1361 A.D. The following sequence of events is inferred. During the middle Pleistocene, intense tectonic movements occurred in the Hokuriku Province, and as a consequence dip-slopes were developed in the Tochiyama landslide area. Low-angle fault planes (possibly representing slump features) and fracture zones then developed within flysch deposits underlying the landslide area, causing a reduction in shear strength. The erosion base level was lowered during the Würm glacial age, and due to severe erosion and incision of stream valleys, the surface slope angle rapidly increased, and toe resistance decreased. This combination of causes led to the development of a deep-seated primary landslide. As a result of an accumulation of younger deposits, regional uplift and further local erosion, stability of parts of the region decreased and led to landslide activity of a second stage. Reactivated and locally accelerating creep movements occur today and may forewarn of a stage of reactivated, hazardous rapid sliding, such as occurred with the adjacent and analogous Maseguchi landslide in 1947.     

黔南独山上泥盆统层序-海平面变化和成岩层序地层研究

贵州独山的上泥盆统由碳酸盐缓坡和碳酸盐台地两种沉积类型组成,包括13种沉积相和25种微相类型.它们构筑了6个层序,其中3个Ⅰ型层序和3个Ⅱ型层序.与6个层序对应的6个三级海平面升降旋回的速度、幅度和频率显示了不同的特征,第1和第2个旋回呈高幅、低频速进和高频缓退特征.第3个旋回为高幅、高频速进和高频缓退.第4个旋回为低幅、高频的中速进-退特征.第5、6个旋回具中、高幅高频缓进和低频速退特征.本文最后对不同沉积体系域和两种层序界面的成岩特征进行了探讨.     

对国外层序地层学研究进展的几点思考及L-H-T层序地层学

针对国际上层序地层学研究进展认为,层序地层学概念及其基础理论体系需要完善。表现为:（1）地震地层学的地震层序不同于层序地层学之沉积层序;（2）基于海陆相应用差异,1992年开始层序地层学由经典三分模式向现行四分模式转变,使得层序地层学发展更趋复杂化;（3）现行四分模式对应的基准面旋回实际上是非周期性的,与岸线迹线不相符;（4）简单介绍了基于经典三分和现行四分模式所修改的L-H-T层序地层学模式。重新定义层序为“一套成因相关的以残留最大水泛面及其相对应的不整合界面为界的相对整合的地层序列”。     

Event Stratigraphy, Biostratigraphy and Sequence Stratigraphy of Neoproterozoic in North China

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湖南省地层结构与盆地格架

本文以湖南省岩石地层展布特点为前提,以北西-南东向横切地层剖面为基础。探讨了我省地层结构与盆地格架。笔者通过地层结构分析。对地层分区界线、物源区、主导构造作用特点等进行了讨论,从而建立了沉积盆地格架。指出我省盆地是在陆壳基底上,受扬子陆块与华夏陆块的双重控制。沉积范围不断缩小的沉积盆地。这种认识的确立,对各盆地期沉积层的变形、岩浆岩的分带与侵位方式、隐伏矿床的探索等都将产生新的联系。     

二连盆地层序地层单元统一划分及格架层序地层学

在剖析二连盆地层序地层学研究现存问题的基础上,将构造地层学、成因地层学和层序地层学的理论、方法结合起来,把具有区域对比意义的盆地世代界面和盆地原型界面分别作为一级层序和二级层序的界面,把盆地(或凹陷)原型的每一个裂陷-反转旋回(亚原型)作为三级层序,把沉降-充填单元作为四级层序,尝试在构造-地层格架约束下进行层序地层格架分析,而在层序地层格架约束下进行成因地层格架分析.其优点是既吸取了经典海相层序地层学的等时地层界面、层序旋回和可容空间分析等精髓,又摒弃了不适合陆相裂陷盆地的海平面升降变化及体系域等部分内容,便于建立全盆地统一的层序地层格架,也便于揭示各层序地层单元的沉积特征、沉积演化史和不同构造岩相带的油气成藏条件,有助于提高对有利储集相带和有利储集体分布规律及其区域性差异的认识,进而有助于建立有指导意义的成藏预测模式.通过二连盆地各凹陷的实际分析,建立了可对比的、有规律可循的、统一的分级层序界面系统及层序地层格架.      

层序地层学回顾与展望

充分肯定了层序地层学的兴起、发展和成熟是对地层学、沉积学乃至地质学领域的一次革命,层序地层学对油气勘探具有重要的预测意义。回顾了层序地层学的发展历史,认为大致可以分为三个阶段,即萌芽阶段、孕育阶段和理论系统化阶段。分析了层序地层学的诞生和发展受到很高评价的原因在干它的科学性、先进性、预测性和定量性。层序地层学目前建立了三大学派概念体系。三大体系域概念的建立、全球海平面和相对海平面变化有助于对沉积层序发育的控制、各类叠置模式的指导和可容空间概念的确立。层序地层学在其发展过程中建立了三大理论体系(海相层序地层学、陆相层序地层学和高分辨率层序地层学)和四大方法体系(地震层序地层学分析、露头层序地层学分析、测井层序地层学分析和层序地层学模拟分析)。对陆相层序地层学的难点进行了分析,初步提出了陆相层序地层学边界确定、体系域命名、层序级别划分、层序等时性研究等陆相层序地层学发展中必需解决的问题。     

层序地层学:问题与讨论

论文回顾地震地层学对层序地层学的贡献与影响、层序地层学理论积淀,指出沉积层序存在的诸如层序边界（不整合面及其可比的整合面）跨界系统阶等年代地层单位、沉积层序"T-R"水侵-水退建模理论基础与层序边界不断调整、基准面曲线滞后水侵-水退（R-T）曲线和纯几何学的相对应整合面（可比的整合面）禁锢等4个问题.针对4个问题论文建议:（1）静止正常水退（SNR）取代高位正常水退（HNR）,解决层序地层学由高位正常水退不合理设定造成的非周期性问题;（2）鉴于残留最大水泛面（RMFS）潜在地接近或一致于年代地层单位界线或全球界线层型剖面和点（GSSP）阶的下界的特征,层序地层学有可能建立残留最大水泛面与其相对应不整合面组成的复合层序边界,其中的残留最大水泛面部分用于解决现行层序边界跨年代地层单位界线的问题;（3）复合层序边界由盆朝陆的"一对一"追踪方式解决层序边界由陆朝盆"一对多"不断调整的问题;（4）降级"相对应整合面"为体系域边界,解决双定义"相对应整合面"问题,其中,Hunt and Tucker（1992）的"相对应整合面"被复合层序边界相对应不整合面部分向盆内延伸（ESU）取代而作为低位体系域底界（ESU亦兼有水侵体系域在不整合处的底界作用）,Posamentier and Allen（1999）的"相对应整合面"被复合层序边界之上的恢复的强迫水退底界取代而作为下降期体系域底界.此外,强迫水退底界同义术语现在采用的海相侵蚀海退面（RSME）术语不能全部代表海相与非海相背景.      

冀北侏罗纪地层划分与《中国地层表》的对应关系

中国地层委员会2014年发布的《中国地层表》,在年代地层和岩石地层划分等方面和原地层表相比都有很大变化,作者在对该表进行初步解读的基础上,将冀北侏罗系与其做了对比,以期引起广大同行的关注和重视。作者认为:河北省北部的下花园组时代应由早—中侏罗世改为中侏罗世,层位与西山窑组一致;南大岭组与八道湾组层位相当;九龙山组和髫髻山组的层位相当于头屯河组;后城组时代为晚侏罗世,同层位地层是土城子组;张家口组划归下白垩统。     

Review: Stratigraphy, meta-stratigraphy and chaos

An alternative approach to stratigraphic analysis is proposed. It takes as its starting point the simple general characteristics of the stratigraphic record and the complex, chaotic behaviours of the systems that combine to generate this record. In this context, Smith’s Stratigraphy Machine (SM) concept is developed. The SM is a chaotic global system, combining the operations of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and asthenosphere, which everywhere tends to self-organize towards a critical state in which continuous loading of the system with rock waste, over time, is balanced by the unloading that creates the record. The outputs of the SM are simple and nonscale dependent in character, with residence times in the record ranging from a second, or less, to 1 billion years. However, only those long-lived in the human time-frame are judged to be of stratigraphic significance; and the range of residence times entails that the stratigraphic record embraces a similar range of hiatuses, or gaps. The value of the SM, as developed here, is that it can be regarded as a meta-stratigraphic concept that transcends the usual frameworks of stratigraphic classification and interpretation and thus allows a reappraisal of significant features of the record such as its perceived cycles and sequences. There are three outcomes of this meta-stratigraphic analysis. First, the geometric units employed in sequence stratigraphy are components of a self-similar series of essentially lenticular bodies, with no fundamental characteristics to distinguish them from larger and smaller bodies in the generally self-similar series. Secondly, the interactions and feedbacks within the SM are so complex, and its outputs so repetitive in general character, that it is dangerous to assume that any perceived cyclicity provides an unambiguous chronicle of process cyclicity, whether eustatic, climatic or tectonic. The classic coarsening upward cyclicity of shallow marine facies can, for example, be viewed solely as the outcome of the lack of phasing between the chaotic behaviours tending to unload the SM and those creating accommodation space. Finally, the meta-stratigraphic approach reinforces the view that, in the absence of demonstrable stratal continuity, chronostratigraphic correlation must continue to rely on sample-based, mainly biostratigraphical, methods, rather than sequence stratigraphy.     

河流层序地层学研究现状与存在的问题

河流层序地层学为河流沉积学研究注入了活力,但已有的河流层序地层模式还存在不少问题.在回顾已有河流层序地层模式的基础上,从河流层序的主控因素、层序内部的等时对比和体系域特征的描述3个方面分析了已有模式中存在的问题,并提出从河流阶地的成因入手分析河流层序的主控因素,基于河流形成过程划分体系域和进行等时对比,并从砂泥比、砂地...     

塔康运动与广西运动的地层学依据

塔康运动和广西运动是分别发生在北美洲和华南志留纪之前发生的两次紧密衔接的重要构造运动。本文对塔康运动推覆构造模式作了论述，对广西运动的前缘增生楔推进模式作了新的解释，并将它和广西运动同步的华北抬升与柯坪抬升作了对比，从而把塔康运动和广西运动从地层时代对比上联系为一次全球性的构造事件。     

Logging Data High-Resolution Sequence Stratigraphy

INTRODUCTIONOutcrop,core ,and logging data sequence stra-tigraphy began in the early 1980s . The developmentis founded on the use of petrogeological informationto verify seismic sequence stratigraphy (Van Wagon-er et al .,1990 ,1988 ; Posamentier and Vail ,1988 ;Vail , 1987) . Research has continued to progress ,and outcrop, core , and logging data have advancedresearch methods in sequence stratigraphy . Thisstudy presents“logging data high-resolution sequencestratigraphy”, whichis ba…     

Stratigraphy and geological history of Eastern Venezuela

Eastern Venezuela is divided into three geologic-geographic provinces: The Guayana shield in the south; the Eastern Venezuelan basin in the central part; and the mountains of the Serranía del Interior and Cordillera de la Costa (Caribbean Cordillera) in the northern part. The stratigraphy and geological history are discussed, as reflected by rocks of presumably pre-Cambrian, ? Triassic-Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary and Quaternary ages. From the Cretaceous onward, Eastern Venezuela north of the Guayana shield and east of the El BaÚl swell, forms part of a geosyncline, the axis of which shifted southward during its history. The position of this axis governed deposition and character of the sediments, which become more marine from south to north and from west to east. Orogenic and epeirogenic movements, particularly during Miocene and Pliocene time, transformed the Eastern Venezuelan sedimentary basin into two structural basins, namely the Maturín basin on the east and the Guárico basin on the west.