The crystal structure of (Fe<Subscript>4</Subscript>Cr<Subscript>4</Subscript>Ni)<Subscript>9</Subscript>C<Subscript>4</Subscript>

(Fe4Cr4Ni)9C4 is a metal carbide mineral formed by combination of Fe, Cr and Ni with C. It occurs in a chromite deposit in the Luobusha ophiolite, Tibet. Based on the determination of its crystal structure, the empirical formula is (Fe4.12Cr3.84Ni0.96)8.92C3.70 and the simplified formula is (Fe4Cr4Ni)4C9. The mineral is hexagonal with a = 1.38392(2) nm, c = 0.44690(9) nm, pace group P63 m c, Z=6 and the calculated specific gravity Dx = 7.089 g/cm3. Fe, Cr and Ni occupy different crystallographic sites and their coordination numbers are approximately 12, forming an alternate stacking sequence of flat and puckered layers along the c axis. Some metallic atoms have a defect structure. The interatomic distances of Fe, Cr and Ni are 0.2525-0.2666 nm, and the distances between Fe, Cr, Ni and C are 0.1893-0.2169 nm. The coordination number of carbon is 6. It occurs in interstices of the metallic atoms Fe, Cr and Ni to form trigonalprismatically coordinated polyhedra. These coordination polyhedra are linked with each other via shared corners or shared edges into a new type of metal carbide structure.     

Mineralogy and crystal structure determination of Mg-fillowite

Accurate crystal structure determination of complex phosphate Mg-fillowite.—Na₂Ca(Mn₄Mg₂Fe)₇[PO₄]₆ has been finished. Mg-fillowite occurs in muscovite-pegmatite in the Altay area, Xinjiang, China. It is of the trigonal lattice, with space group R-3, unit cell a=1.5143(3)nm, c=4.3191(2) nm, V=8.5736 nm³, Z = 18. The R-factor of the determination accuracy is R (I<2 σ(I)) = 0.0776. The cationic polyhedra consist of two kinds of structural units: compound column and screw column. In three-dimensional space, they are linked with each other through corner sharing or edge sharing to build the entire structure. There are 45 atoms in an asymmetric unit and 720 atoms in a unit cell. In terms of types and connection manners of the coordination polyhedra, the degree of complicity is rarely seen in all mineral crystal structures. Study of such a structure is significant for the classification of phosphate and the building rule of coordination polyhedra in a complex crystal structure.     

1952年西藏当雄7.5级地震烈度的再评定

本文在综合1952年西藏当雄7.5级地震烈度调查资料的基础上,对各烈度调查点的烈度值进行了重新评定.结果表明:等震线的形状为走向北东的不对称椭圆形,极震区从当雄县果青乡卓嘎若村向北东延至那曲县桑雄区,烈度达X度;等震线的几何中心在那曲县谷露区玛日布格附近.     

Wavelet-based correlation (WBC) of zoned crystal populations and magma mixing

Magma mixing is a common process and yet the rates, kinematics and numbers of events are difficult to establish. One expression of mixing is the major, trace element, and isotopic zoning in crystals, which provides a sequential but non-monotonic record of the creation and dissipation of volumes of distinct chemical potential. We demonstrate a wavelet-based correlation (WBC) technique that uses this zoning for the recognition of the minimum number of mixing, or open-system events, and the criteria for identifying populations of crystals that have previously shared a mixing event. When combined with field observations of the spatial distribution of crystal populations, WBC provides a statistical link between the time-varying thermodynamic and fluid dynamic history of the magmatic system. WBC can also be used as a data mining utility to reveal open-system events where outcrop is sparse. An analysis of zoned plagioclase from the Tuolumne Intrusive Suite provides a proof of principle for WBC.     

既有地下结构用于地铁工程的可行性研究(I)

7381工程是70年代初哈尔滨市按照当时地铁限界标准修建的一条地下人防工程。隧道穿越粉质粘土、细砂土层,埋深10～20米。为了评价7381工程现在用于地铁运营的安全性,本文从结构承载能力、构造、变形和裂缝等方面进行了详细检测,主要内容包括混凝土强度、混凝土碳化、混凝土表面裂缝、钢筋强度及锈蚀、隧道衬砌拱顶厚度等,检测结果为旧隧道的安全性与使用性评价奠定了基础。     

Textural evidence for dilatant (shear thickening) rheology of magma at high crystal concentrations

Investigation of the rheology of magmas at high crystal concentrations by experimental means has proved problematic. An alternative approach is to study textures of igneous rocks that not only preserve evidence of the kinematics of magma flow, such as flow direction, but can also preserve evidence of rheology. Flow textures in multiply intruded trachyte dykes on Fraser Island, eastern Australia record evidence of dilatant flow during solidification. This conclusion is reached by interpretation of microscopic ductile shear zones that disrupt the groundmass of aligned feldspar laths. Detailed three-dimensional investigation demonstrates that the dihedral angle between conjugate micro-shear zones is approximately 65°. This conjugate angle is equivalent to that observed in dilatant granular materials such as sand. Dilatant behaviour is synonymous with shear thickening rheology indicating that the magma flow is time-dependent and resists high flow rates. Some of the dykes contain autobrecciation fragments that may represent localities where the ductile flow rate threshold was exceeded. Newtonian or pseudoplastic (shear thinning) rheology of crystal-poor magmas must progressively give way to shear thickening rheology during cooling and increasing crystal concentration.     

The baroclinic circulation structure of Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass

The Yellow Sea is a semi-enclosed shallow sea with a deep trough of about 80 m. On the hy-drographic condition in the Yellow Sea, Lie[1] pointed out that it is strongly associated with winter cooling and summer heating, fresh input from rivers into the co…     

The structure and sharpness of (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 phase transformations in the transition zone

To calculate accurately the pressure interval and mineral proportions (i.e. yields) across the olivine to wadsleyite and wadsleyite to ringwoodite transformations requires a detailed knowledge of the non-ideality of Fe-Mg mixing in these (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ solid solutions. In order to constrain the activity-composition relations that describe non-ideal mixing, Fe-Mg partitioning experiments have been conducted between magnesiowüstite and (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ olivine, wadsleyite and ringwoodite as a function of pressure at 1400°C. Using known activity-composition relations for magnesiowüstite the corresponding relations for the three polymorphs were determined from the partitioning data. In all experiments the presence of metallic iron ensured redox conditions compatible with the Earth’s transition zone. The non-ideality of the (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ solid solutions was found to decrease in the order W^wadsleyite_FeMg>W^ringwoodite_FeMg>W^olivine_FeMg. These partitioning data were used, along with published phase equilibria measurements for the Mg₂SiO₄ and Fe₂SiO₄ end-member transformations, to produce an internally consistent thermodynamic model for the Mg₂SiO₄-Fe₂SiO₄ system at 1400°C. Using this model the pressure interval of the olivine to wadsleyite transformation is calculated to be significantly smaller than previous determinations. By combining these results with Fe-Mg partitioning data for garnet, the widths of transition zone phase transformations in a peridotite composition were calculated. The olivine to wadsleyite transformation at 1400°C in dry peridotite was found to occur over a pressure interval equivalent to approximately 6 km depth and the mineral yields were found to vary almost linearly with depth across the transformation. This transformation is likely to be even sharper at higher temperatures or could be significantly broader in wet mantle or in regions with a significant vertical component of mantle flow. The entire range of estimated widths for the 410 km discontinuity (4-35 km) could, therefore, be explained by the olivine to wadsleyite transformation in a peridotite composition over a range of quite plausible mantle temperatures and H₂O contents. The wadsleyite to ringwoodite transformation in peridotite mantle was calculated to take place over an interval of 20 km at 1400°C. This transformation yield was also found to be near linear.     

The subterranean electric structure at the Chinese Great Wall Station on Antarctic（CGWSA）

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The fine velocity structure of sediment－base－ment layer in the Three－GorgesRegionoftheChangjiangRiver（YangtzeRiver）

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Evolution of Chinese mammalian faunal regions and elevation of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau

Mammals multiplied rapidly with the coming of Cenozoic era. They took the dominant position occu-pied by reptiles during the Mesozoic and became a superior group of vertebrates during the Cenozoic. Fossil mammals are useful for subdivision and dat-ing of Cenozoic terrestrial deposits, by virtue of their high evolutionary rates and high probability for being fossilized. The widespread Chinese Cenozoic sedi-ments, mainly pertaining to continental facies, contain abundant remains of mammals. T…     

月球内部构造研究综述

回顾了月震观测的历史,归纳出月震的特点,并将月震分成热震、浅震和深震三种类型加以.分析总结出一个比较完整的月球内部构造模型.在此基础上,详细介绍了如何根据月震观测资料确定月壳和月幔.本文还对月核存在的可能性加以阐述,指出由于月球1100 km以下数据的缺乏,到目前为止没有确切的证明月核存在的证据.最后,紧密关注月球构造研究的最新进展,给出了月核可能存在的形式：半径为352 km（成分为纯Fe）或者374 km（成分为Fe-FeS晶体）.     

Biosorption of Cd(II), Ni(II) and Pb(II) from Aqueous Solution by Dried Biomass of Aspergillus niger: Application of Response Surface Methodology to the Optimization of Process Parameters

In this study, the biosorption of Cd(II), Ni(II) and Pb(II) on Aspergillus niger in a batch system was investigated, and optimal condition determined by means of central composite design (CCD) under response surface methodology (RSM). Biomass inactivated by heat and pretreated by alkali solution was used in the determination of optimal conditions. The effect of initial solution pH, biomass dose and initial ion concentration on the removal efficiency of metal ions by A. niger was optimized using a design of experiment (DOE) method. Experimental results indicated that the optimal conditions for biosorption were 5.22 g/L, 89.93 mg/L and 6.01 for biomass dose, initial ion concentration and solution pH, respectively. Enhancement of metal biosorption capacity of the dried biomass by pretreatment with sodium hydroxide was observed. Maximal removal efficiencies for Cd(II), Ni(III) and Pb(II) ions of 98, 80 and 99% were achieved, respectively. The biosorption capacity of A. niger biomass obtained for Cd(II), Ni(II) and Pb(II) ions was 2.2, 1.6 and 4.7 mg/g, respectively. According to these observations the fungal biomass of A. niger is a suitable biosorbent for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Multiple response optimization was applied to the experimental data to discover the optimal conditions for a set of responses, simultaneously, by using a desirability function.     

Relocation of the October 9, 1505 Earthquake with M63/4

There have been 12 possible locations of the earthquakes occurring in the South Yellow Sea since 1505.In this paper,the location of the earthquake that occurred in 1505 has been determined by the collection of more historical data of the influenced field,referring the isoseismal data of earthquakes with the epicentral intensityⅨ and combining geophysical field data with tectonic condition,due to its great influence on seismic safety assessment of some significant engineering.     

Organochlorine pesticides in fresh-fallen snow on East Rongbuk Glacier of Mt.Qomolangma (Everest)

During a field campaign in April 2005,fresh-fallen snow samples were collected on the East Rongbuk Glacier of the Mt. Qomolangma at four altitudes (6500 m,6300 m,6100 m and 5900 m),to study the role of Mt. Qomolangma as "cold-traps" for Persistent Organic Pollutants. From these snow samples col-lected at the highest-altitude,organochlorine pesticides (OCPs):HCB,p,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDD were detected,with the concentrations in the ranges of 44―72 pg/L,401―1560 pg/L,and 20―80 pg/L,re-spectively. The concentration of o,p′-DDT was around the method detection limit. Analysis of backward trajectories showed that the detected compounds came from the north of India,suggesting that DDTs detected in the snow were possibly originated from new emissions in this area. Relationships between the concentrations of OCPs in snow samples and the sampling altitudes were discussed. The altitudes had no obvious effect on HCB concentrations in the fresh-fallen snow,while increases in the concen-trations of p,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDD with increasing altitude were found,which was reversed compared to the trends observed in North America. Three factors likely resulted in this trend: (1) the properties of the target compounds; (2) the low temperatures at high altitudes; and (3) the location of the mountain sampling sites relative to their sources.     

Coprecipitation with Cu(II)‐4‐(2‐Pyridylazo)‐resorcinol for Separation and Preconcentration of Fe(III) and Ni(II) in Water and Food Samples

The coprecipitation method is widely used for the preconcentration of trace metal ions prior to their determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). A simple and sensitive method based on coprecipitation of Fe(III) and Ni(II) ions with Cu(II)‐4‐(2‐pyridylazo)‐resorcinol was developed. The analytical parameters including pH, amount of copper (II), amount of reagent, sample volume, etc., were examined. It was found that the metal ions studied were quantitatively coprecipitated in the pH range of 5.0–6.5. The detection limits (DL) (n = 10, 3s/b) were found to be 0.68 µg L^?1 for Fe(III) and 0.43 µg L^?1 for Ni(II) and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were ≤4.0%. The proposed method was validated by the analysis of three certified reference materials (TMDA 54.4 fortified lake water, SRM 1568a rice flour, and GBW07605 tea) and recovery tests. The method was successfully applied to sea water, lake water, and various food samples.     

Textual research of Wudu earthquake in 186 B.C. in Gansu Province, China and discussion on its causative structure

On the basis of the textual research on the historical earthquake data and the field investigation of Wudu earth- quake occurred in 186 B.C., we suggest that the earthquake parameters drawn from the present earthquake catalogs are not definite and amendments should be made. The heavily-damaged area of this earthquake should be located between Jugan township of Wudu County and Pingding township of Zhouqu County. Its epicenter should be in the vicinity of Lianghekou in Wudu County with a magnitude of about 7~7 41 and an intensity of about IX~X. The major axis direction of the heavily-damaged area should be in the WNW direction that is approximately consistent with the strike of the middle-east segment of Diebu-Bailongjiang active fault zone, and the origin time should match up to that of the latest paleoearthquake event [before (83±46) B.C.] obtained by the trench investigation. Certain seismic rupture evidences are still preserved on this fault segment. Therefore, we propose on the basis of comprehensive analysis that the causative structure of the M 7~7 4/1 Wudu earthquake in 186 B.C. should be in the middle-east segment of Diebu-Bailongjiang active fault zone.     

青藏高原东北缘祁连山造山带至阿拉善地块壳幔电性结构研究

在青藏高原东北缘祁连山造山带至阿拉善地块之间完成了一条372 km的大地电磁剖面,通过二维反演计算,获得了沿剖面180 km深的壳幔电性结构模型,结合研究区地质和地球物理资料开展综合分析,研究结果表明：（1）剖面自南向北所经过的祁连山造山带、走廊过渡带和阿拉善地块对应3种壳幔电性结构模型：东祁连壳幔高-低-高阻似层状电性结构、河西走廊壳幔低阻带状电性结构和阿拉善南缘壳幔高-低-高阻层状电性结构.（2）剖面所经过的主要断裂带在电性结构上表现为低阻异常带或电性梯度带,并且止于中上地壳或消失于下地壳低阻层中.除这些分布于中上地壳的断裂系统以外,在下地壳至上地幔顶部还存在两条切割莫霍面的壳幔韧性剪切带：西华山北缘壳幔韧性剪切带和阿拉善南缘壳幔韧性剪切带.其中,西华山北缘壳幔韧性剪切带可能是1920年海原8.6级地震发生的深部背景之一;而阿拉善南缘壳幔剪切带可能是卫宁北山燕山晚期和喜山期幔源岩浆上升到地壳浅部或喷出到地表的通道,为在该区域寻找晚中生代至新生代含矿隐伏岩体提供了深部电性结构依据.（3）由若干形状不规则、彼此不相连的"碎块状"极高阻块体组成的中上地壳与"似层状"的中下地壳低阻层共同构成的地壳电性结构,是引起青藏高原东北缘强烈破坏性地震最佳的地壳电性结构组合之一.印度板块向欧亚板块俯冲碰撞楔入引起青藏高原块体向北东方向运移与阿拉善地块向南的俯冲碰撞楔入,是青藏高原东北缘强震活动带产生的动力学背景.     

The geological structure background and the crustal structure in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau

IntroductionThestudyingareaislocatedwithin32(~40(N,100(~108(E,consistingofseveralgeotectonicsubdivisions.Thisarea,locatedonthenortheasternmarginoftheuprisingregionoftheQinghai-Tibetanplateau,isaveryactiveregionofnewtectonicmovement.Moreover,afewoflargedeepfaultsdistributethere,mostofwhicharenotonlyboundaryfaultsofimportantgeotectonicdivisions,butalsoactivefaultscontrollingcontemporarystrongseismicactivities.AsshowninFigure1,manystrongearthquakeshaveoccurredinthisresearchareasuchassouthernTi…