重力固体潮IMF循环平稳分析的初步结果

周挚(2004)对重力固体潮的研究表明,EMD分解后的重力固体潮IMF(本征模态函数)在信号特征方面与循环平稳信号非常接近.基于上述研究结果,本文采用循环平稳分析方法,进一步对重力固体潮IMF进行计算和分析.循环平稳分析指标主要包括一阶循环均值和二阶循环自相关函数.首先建立调频调幅信号模型:     

重力固体潮(M_2波)的海潮效应

本文在计算海潮对重力固体潮观测的影响时,把全球海域分成近区和远区两部分。其中近区采用格林函数数值积分法,在远区对g~N(日)采用卷积积分法,而对g~E(日)利用函数级数拟合全球海潮潮高的球函数展开法。最后计算了北京、兰州和拉萨的重力固体潮观测值的海潮改正。     

重力固体潮信号独立成分的谱相关解调与地震前兆信息提取

重力固体潮信号是一种多谐波的混合信号,为了提取其中所包含的地震前兆异常信息.本文结合重力固体潮的产生机制,建立了一种重力固体潮正交分解模型.在此基础上,利用独立分量分析算法实现重力固体潮信号的加性分解,然后针对独立分量中的调制关系,利用谱相关方法对其进行乘性解调.从而,完整地提取出了重力固体潮信号中丰富的潮汐谐波信息.进一步,引入理论计算值作为实际测量值的参考背景,在独立分量中凸显出原重力固体潮信号中的异常变化特征.通过对云南地区的实际震例研究表明,重力固体潮独立分量的异常特征与地震事件的时序存在密切的相关性.在地震发生前的1~5个月内,对应于重力固体潮信号长周期谐波系的独立分量在时域波形和循环相关谱方面均有明显的异常变化,而且普遍存在,充分反映了这一异常变化与地震前地壳内部能量的变化有关,很有可能就是重力固体潮信号中隐含的地震前兆信息.     

固体潮时频分析新方法

对传统时频分析方法的特点和局限性作了介绍。采用Huang．Hilbert Transformation方法分析了固体潮数据，即利用经验模态分解，将复杂信号分解成有限个本征模态函数之和，求取三维时频空间的Hilbert谱。仿真实验和重力固体潮实例分析表明，该方法适用于调频调幅信号特征的提取。     

旋转弹性椭球地球模型的固体潮理论值计算

根据Wahr 1981年提出的理论,导出了计算旋转弹性地球模型的重力固体潮、地倾斜固体潮和地面应变固体潮的公式,并在此基础上编写出相应的计算程序.为了显示旋转和扁度对地球模型的重力固体潮、地倾斜固体潮和地面应变固体潮的影响,计算了东经120°不同纬度处的旋转弹性椭球地球模型(1066A模型)和G-B地球模型的重力固体潮、地倾斜固体潮和地面应变固体潮.计算结果表明,旋转和扁度对重力固体潮、地倾斜固体潮和地面应变固体潮的最大幅度分别为1.4×10-8 m/s2、0.2ms和0.5×10-9.      

基于折线包络的经验模态分解方法

1998年,Huang提出了处理非平稳信号的HHT方法(Hilbert-Huang Transform,简称HILT).该方法包括两个步骤:①任意信号首先经过经验模态分解方法(Empirical Mode Decomposition,简称EMD)被分解为一系列固有模态函数(IntrinsicModeFunction,简称IMF).     

基于分布估计算法对重力固体潮信号独立主成分分析及谐波提取

固体潮信号是地球自转在月球和太阳作用下产生的混合复杂信号.本文提出一个重力固体潮信号的正交分解模型,通过将重力固体潮信号谐波分量,分解在两个正交的方向上,以提取独立的谐波分量.为了实现这一分解,本文采用独立成分分析算法进行验证分析.独立成分分析主要用于提取信号中的独立成分,但一般的独立成分分析算法具有对初始值敏感,收敛较早熟等问题.本文利用分布估计算法的学习概率模型全局寻优,克服独立成分分析算法缺点.通过实验仿真分析,改进算法可将重力固体潮信号成功分离出以下独立的谐波状态:半日波信号、日波信号、长周期波信号.并且,这些分离出的独立成分与本文提出的重力固体潮信号正交分解模型一致,分别对应于模型中的正交谐波分量.     

潮汐测量中异常“震颤”信号的综合观测试验与挖掘

潮汐测量包含倾斜、应变和重力固体潮等,与地震观测具有共同的物理本质,观测量都与地壳运动有直接力学关系.两者的观测信号在频率域相互重叠、自然衔接,覆盖了从地震波至固体潮频段的所有地动信息.     

用小波分析提取重力固体潮

地球固体潮观测对验证各种地球模型、研究地球内部构造具有重要意义,可为地震预报提供重要的参考依据.BBVS-120甚宽带地震计具有较低的自噪声水平,在低频端输出信号的频率很低,涵盖固体潮信息频带范围.本文提出:BBVS-120地震计输出信号中存在周日波、半日波和1/3日波的固体潮信号,利用小波分析,提取垂直分量中的重力固体潮信号,并作调和分析.     

基于EMD的信号瞬时特征的小波分析方法

提出了一种基于EMD(Empirical Mode Decomposition)的信号瞬时特征的小波分析方法。用这种方法提取非平稳信号的瞬时频率和瞬时幅值分三个基本步骤：首先,用EMD把信号分解成IMF(Intrinsic Mode Function)分量;接着,对IMF分量进行小波分析,从小波系数的幅角函数中提取小波脊线;最后,从小波脊线中提取瞬时频率和瞬时幅值。通过对仿真信号的分析,验证了该方法能有效地分析非平稳信号。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Structure of the poleward wall of the trough and the inclination of the geomagnetic field above the EISCAT radar

A special high-resolution routine of the EISCAT radar has been used to investigate the structure and development of the poleward wall of a deep trough in electron density. The feature was tracked by the radar during a 7-hour period under very quiet geomagnetic conditions. The field-aligned nature of the structure enabled an estimate to be made of the inclination of the geomagnetic field above EISCAT that was in good agreement with the current model. Observations of narrow field-aligned enhancements in electron temperature demonstrated that the wall of this trough is a dynamic feature, reforming regularly as the electron density responds on a time scale of tens of minutes to energy input from soft-particle precipitation.