利用扫描仪测量作物叶面积的模式选择与实现技术

根据低成本、高精度、方便快捷测量作物叶面积的实际需要,利用常见的计算机和扫描仪设备,通过选择不同的扫描模式,采用有底板与无底板、有压膜与无压膜以及不同叶状样本的测量方法比较得出,各种处理测量误差都很小,但以无底板、无压膜的300dpi灰阶法最佳,测量误差仅为0.4‰,并基于计算机图像处理技术研制了相应的扫描仪测量作物叶面积软件,实现了作物叶面积测量、参数选择、图像和数据显示存储调用、数据统计、叶面积指数计算等功能。     

华南区域短期气候模式产品时间过滤方案及实例分析

用尺度分离方法分析了短期气候预测序列中所包含的各种尺度的过程,建立了不同尺度变化的过滤、提取方法;分析讨论了各种过滤序列所具有的气候意义和重要程度;用模拟实例分析了所提出和使用的尺度分离方法的有效性及模式的性能     

不同光质对温室甜椒光合特性的影响

以甜椒＂苏椒13号＂品种为试材,于2009年在江苏南京设计不同彩色塑料薄膜（红、绿、黄、紫、蓝、无色（CK））覆盖处理试验,系统研究了不同光质对温室甜椒叶片光合作用特性的影响。结果表明：不同光质处理的甜椒叶片光补偿点和光饱和点分别在4560μmol.m-2.s-1和1 0001 200μmol.m-2.s-1范围内;红膜处理的单叶最大光合速率最高达8.4μmol.m-2.s-1,紫膜处理最低仅为2.89μmol.m-2.s-1;红膜和CK处理的甜椒叶片CO2饱和点明显高于紫膜和黄膜处理,所有处理的CO2补偿点均在100μmol.mol-1左右。CK的叶绿素含量最高,绿膜处理最低。不同色膜处理的晴天叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率日变化均呈单峰型。除蓝膜外,其他色膜处理胞间CO2浓度日变化曲线均呈＂W＂型。水分利用效率日平均值以红膜处理最高、紫膜最低。气孔限制值以紫膜处理最高、红膜处理最低。红膜、黄膜处理可促进甜椒光合作用,而紫膜则具有明显的抑制作用。     

不同光质对温室甜椒气孔导度的影响

以甜椒品种‘苏椒13号’和‘川雄9号’为试材,于2009年3～8月在江苏南京设计不同彩色塑料薄膜(红、绿、黄、紫、蓝,无色膜为对照(CK))覆盖处理试验,系统研究不同光质对温室甜椒气孔导度的影响。结果表明:(1)在幼苗期2品种气孔导度日变化曲线的峰值均以对照(CK)最高,‘苏椒13号’和‘川雄9号’分别以紫膜和红膜处理最低,所有光质处理的气孔导度的日变化曲线均为单峰型;在结果期‘苏椒13号’的气孔导度峰值以红膜处理最高,黄膜处理最低;研究发现红膜、蓝膜和黄膜处理有效诱导温室甜椒叶片气孔开放,而紫膜和绿膜处理抑制气孔开放;(2)2甜椒品种的蒸腾速率在幼苗期和结果期分别均以对照和红膜处理最高,绿膜处理最低;(3)试验期间温度对甜椒叶片气孔导度影响不显著,而叶片气孔导度随光合有效辐射增强而增加。     

突发性暴雨中尺度分离对比分析

应用3种不同的中尺度分离方法对陕西中南部一次突发性暴雨资料进行中尺度分离，结果表明：3种方法都能从高空常规测站资料中分离出200km以上的中尺度系统，选择滤波方法对低层中尺度系统分离效果较好，站点滤波方法简单易行，中层分离效果较佳，9点滤波方法中低层均适用，所滤得的中尺度辐合系统处于暴雨区上游。     

疏水性中空纤维膜组件操作过程模拟

采用疏水性中空纤维膜组件和去离子水分离混合气中CO2,研究了气液流速、混合气CO2浓度和操作温度以及膜形态等因素对总传质系数的影响。通过传质阻力层方程和质量微分方程的关联,建立了新型数学模型,模拟了各种条件下的传质过程。结果表明,流体力学状态的改变能够加强传质,但加强程度有限;提高气相CO2浓度能够提高总传质系数;具有高孔隙率的膜组件拥有高传质系数;提高操作温度能够促进扩散,提高传质系数,在较高温度下,存在膜孔湿润的现象。模型能够较好地模拟膜接触器—物理吸收过程,模型值能够较准确地反映疏水性中空纤维模组件传质过程。     

数据处理与气象资料自动规格化处理程序

本文由气象资料自动规格化处理系统工程实际,抽象地给出系统的一般性描述,总结出了一般性的数据处理方法,介绍了气象资料自动规格化处理程序曲处理情况和方法以及文件、表格、数据结构及匹配、并置、分离、删缩、置伸等运算及一般大型程序设计过程。     

新一代天气雷达CINRAD/SA波导压力(UD6)单元的故障分析与周期维护

从波导压力单元UD6的原理、故障的诊断、不同的报警处理、以及日常维护进行了总结,让气象装备保障人员在SA雷达运行中以及在日常的维护中,能做到认真避免其出现故障和出现故障时能迅速诊断排除,提高雷达数据的可用性,为短时临近预报提供稳定的雷达产品。     

基于C#的气象原始观测数据的分析与处理

根据工作实际需要,使用C#技术对以文本格式存放的各类原始气象观测数据加以解析与整理,通过定义C#的抽象类,将数据解析和数据存储有效分离,进而将整理后的数据输入到Excel文件或MSSQL数据库中保存,从而达到"一次解析,按需存储"的目的,满足了将观测数据高效、方便、快捷、灵活地存储为不同文件格式的需求。同时,介绍了C#的多线程与委托技术在气象数据处理中的应用,以及利用MSChart组件对气象数据进行统计分析并绘制图形的方法,所涉及的程序设计思路对于气象数据的分析与处理具有一定的参考与借鉴意义。     

地球同步卫星资料的一种云地分离综合处理技术

利用多通道地球同步卫星资料,采用多通道阈值、基于晴空合成底图和云图时间序列的阈值和相似检测、有限区域动态阈值检测等方法,运用分步决策思路,对(60°S～60°N、45～165°E)区域内卫星云图分中高云和低云进行云地分离综合处理。经人工判断与自动云地分离结果对比分析表明,准确率达到90%以上。分析表明,考虑云和地(海)表在不同通道的亮温差异和随时间演变特点,建立并运用多种云地分离方法,有利于云地分离信息量的增加;提出的考虑云系分布时变特性的相似检测法,以及从有云和无云两个角度优先选择高可信度方法逐步检测,有利于云地分离准确率的提高。     

GNSS反演资料在GRAPES_Meso三维变分中的应用

为了进一步提高GRAPES_Meso的分析和预报效果,该文在GRAPES_Meso三维变分同化系统中建立了同化GNSS/RO反演的大气资料的观测算子,实现了对GNSS/RO反演的大气资料的同化应用,并通过2013年7月1个月的同化和预报试验分析了GNSS/RO反演大气资料对GRAPES_Meso模式系统分析和预报的影响。结果表明:增加了GNSS/RO反演大气资料的同化后,GRAPES_Meso位势高度场的分析误差明显减小,平均分析误差减小约8%,预报误差略有减小,平均预报误差减小约1%;湿度场的分析误差和预报误差变化不明显,常规观测资料稀少的青藏高原地区的降水预报技巧有所提高,小雨到大雨的ETS (equitable threat score) 评分提高约0.01,对全国及其他分区的降水预报技巧总体上有正效果。     

一次降水天气过程的GPS掩星资料在GSI同化系统中的应用

为了探索全球定位卫星观测系统无线电掩星技术(Global Positioning System/Radio Occulta-tion,简称GPSRO)在业务数值预报模式中的应用效果,以美国NCEP(National Centers for Environ-mental Prediction)业务同化系统为平台,对有/无COSMIC(Constellation Observing System for Meteor-ology,Ionosphere and Climate)GPS无线电掩星观测资料进行了一次降水过程的详细的同化对比试验。试验中GPSRO观测算子主要采用了相对简单但计算省时的局地(Local)同化技术。该个例试验表明:COSMICGPS掩星观测对分析影响较大的地区是常规观测资料较稀缺地区(如洋面),因此在这些地区GPSRO资料可以被看作是对常规观测很好的补充。同时还注意到COSMIC GPS RO资料在对流层下层对湿度场分析和预报的影响显著,在对流层中上层对风场分析也产生正面影响。这证实GPS RO资料在业务数值天气预报中应用的有效性,为我国数值预报未来开展业务GPS掩星观测资料同化提供了有益的科学参考依据。     

2003—2009年中国污水处理部门温室气体排放研究

基于《中国环境统计年报》等的统计数据,采用IPCC提供的方法估算了2003—2009年我国源自污水处理部门的温室气体排放量,并对污水处理部门人均温室气体排放量进行分析。结果表明,2003—2009年污水处理部门温室气体排放呈增加趋势,源自生活污水的N2O排放是主要排放源,生活污水CH4排放增速最快;工业行业中造纸业废水的CH4排放是主要排放源;人均温室气体排放量呈现递增趋势。     

Climate change impacts on wildfires in a Mediterranean environment

We analyse the observed climate-driven changes in summer wildfires and their future evolution in a typical Mediterranean environment (NE Spain). By analysing observed climate and fire data from 1970 to 2007, we estimate the response of fire number (NF) and burned area (BA) to climate trends, disentangling the drivers responsible for long-term and interannual changes by means of a parsimonious Multi Linear Regression model (MLR). In the last forty years, the observed NF trend was negative. Here we show that, if improvements in fire management were not taken into account, the warming climate forcing alone would have led to a positive trend in NF. On the other hand, for BA, higher fuel flammability is counterbalanced by the indirect climate effects on fuel structure (i.e. less favourable conditions for fine-fuel availability and fuel connectivity), leading to a slightly negative trend. Driving the fire model with A1B climate change scenarios based on a set of Regional Climate Models from the ENSEMBLES project indicates that increasing temperatures promote a positive trend in NF if no further improvements in fire management are introduced.     

纤维滤池在石化废水深度处理中的应用

针对华锦集团废水处理及回用工程采用纤维滤池深度处理化工混合废水技术,使其出水达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)一级A排放标准,研究主要对纤维滤池的原理、设计参数、运行效果等进行实践探讨。运行结果表明:在稳定运行阶段,可实现进水量2 100 m3/h。进水化学需氧量(CODCr)平均浓度为50 mg/L,悬浮物(SS)浓度为15 mg/L,浊度平均浓度为15 mg/L,处理出水CODCr≤30 mg/L、SS≤10 mg/L、浊度≤10 mg/L。该工艺处理效果稳定,对SS和浊度处理效果显著。     

Response of the water balance in Greece to temperature and precipitation trends

This paper deals with the most recent trends in meteorological and hydrological variables, which include air temperature and precipitation (P), potential and actual (ET) evapotranspiration, surface runoff (RO), water recharge into the soil (R) and water loss from the soil (L). Most hydrological variables were calculated via Palmer's algorithm. For this purpose, two rank-based statistical tests (the Mann?CKendall (MK) and a change-point analysis (CPA) approach) and the basic linear regression-based model were applied on the weekly precipitation and temperature from 17 stations all over Greece, during 1961?C2006. Only in winter, all variables except for R, which showed no clear signal, presented downward trends. The declining trends of P and L in spring and summer were counterbalanced by reductions in RO (and R in the case of summer) as opposed to increases in ET. In autumn, the declining tendencies of P and L were offset by RO reductions and R increases. Annually, the trends in water cycle components were analogous to that of spring, summer and autumn. The number of stations with statistically significant (at 95%) trends greatly varied with season and meteorological/hydrological variable.     

全球探空站附近掩星观测资料误差估计

利用2016年1月1日至2020年10月1日GPS无线电掩星观测、探空观测、美国微波综合反演系统(MiRS)卫星微波资料反演产品、美国国家环境预报中心全球预报系统(Global Forecast System, GFS)分析资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA5再分析资料这5种资料,采用“三角帽”方法,估计GPS掩星资料的观测误差,分析了资料集之间偏差和误差相关性对观测误差估计值的影响。结果表明,用MiRS资料替代ERA5再分析资料后所得到的掩星观测误差大于用掩星、探空观测、GFS分析和ERA5再分析资料的掩星观测误差。掩星观测误差随纬度增加而减小。本文对即将到来的掩星资料的合理应用具有重要意义。     

中国废水处理甲烷排放特征和减排潜力分析

废弃物处理温室气体排放的主要排放源之一为废水（生活污水和工业废水）处理CH₄排放。根据统计资料和IPCC提供的方法,选择适合中国的排放因子,分析了中国废水处理2005-2010年的CH₄排放特征和2000-2010年CH₄产生的各驱动因子。并且根据中国的实际情况预测和分析了中国废水处理CH₄排放趋势和排放潜力。结果显示：2010年中国生活污水处理CH₄排放量为61.10万t,工业废水处理的CH₄排放量为162.37万t,造纸等八大行业CH₄排放量达到总CH₄排放量的92%以上,2005-2010年的CH₄排放量逐年增加;到2020年在减排情景下,生活污水处理CH₄排放量为101.36万t,减排潜力为7.63万t,比2010年排放量增加了66%;工业废水处理CH₄排放量233.93万t,减排潜力为25.99万t,比2010年排放量增加了44%。     

The Impact of Assimilating FY-3C GNOS GPS Radio Occultation Observations on GRAPES Forecasts

In the present study, a gross quality control (QC) procedure is proposed for the Global Navigation Satellite System Occultation Sounder (GNOS) Global Positioning System radio occultation (GPS RO) refractivity data to remove abnormal data before they are assimilated. It consists of a climate extreme check removing data outside the range of the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) climate maxima and minima over approximately five years, and a vertical gradient check that rejects profiles containing super-refractions. These two QC steps were applied sequentially to identify outliers in GNOS GPS RO refractivity data during boreal winter 2013/2014. All of the abnormal refractivity profiles and the outliers at each level of the GNOS GPS RO observations were effectively removed by the proposed QC procedure. The post-QC GNOS GPS RO refractivity observations were then assimilated in the Global/ Regional Analysis and PrEdiction System (GRAPES) using the three-dimensional variational (3D-Var) system. The impacts of the GNOS refractivity observation on GRAPES analysis and forecasting were evaluated and analyzed using an observation system experiment run over one whole winter season of 2013 / 2014. The experiment results demonstrated a positive impact of GNOS GPS RO data on analysis and forecast quality. The root mean squared error of GRAPES analysis temperature was reduced by 1% in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) extratropics and in the tropics, and the anomaly correlation scores of the forecasted 500-hPa geopotential height over the SH increased significantly during days 1 to 5. Overall, the benefits of using GNOS GPS RO data are significant in the SH and tropics.     

Observing upper troposphere–lower stratosphere climate with radio occultation data from the CHAMP satellite

High quality observations of the atmosphere are particularly required for monitoring global climate change. Radio occultation (RO) data, using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals, are well suited for this challenge. The special climate utility of RO data arises from their long-term stability due to their self-calibrated nature. The German research satellite CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload for geoscientific research (CHAMP) continuously records RO profiles since August 2001 providing the first opportunity to create RO based climatologies for a multi-year period of more than 5 years. A period of missing CHAMP data from July 3, 2006 to August 8, 2006 can be bridged with RO data from the GRACE satellite (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment). We have built seasonal and zonal mean climatologies of atmospheric (dry) temperature, microwave refractivity, geopotential height and pressure with 10° latitudinal resolution. We show representative results with focus on dry temperatures and compare them with analysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Although we have available only about 150 CHAMP profiles per day (compared to millions of data entering the ECMWF analyses) the overall agreement between 8 and 30 km altitude is in general very good with systematic differences <0.5 K in most parts of the domain. Pronounced systematic differences (exceeding 2 K) in the tropical tropopause region and above Antarctica in southern winter can almost entirely be attributed to errors in the ECMWF analyses. Errors resulting from uneven sampling in space and time are a potential error source for single-satellite climatologies. The average CHAMP sampling error for seasonal zonal means is <0.2 K, higher values occur in restricted regions and time intervals which can be clearly identified by the sampling error estimation approach we introduced (which is based on ECMWF analysis fields). The total error of this new type of temperature climatologies is estimated to be <0.5 K below 30 km. The recently launched Taiwan/U.S. FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC constellation of 6 RO satellites started to provide thousands of RO profiles per day, but already now the single-satellite CHAMP RO climatologies improve upon modern operational climatologies in the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere and can act as absolute reference climatologies for validation of more bias-sensitive climate datasets and models.