由大地测量数据得到的犹他州沃萨奇断层带的全新世滑动速率：地震周期效应

在美国西部盆地山脉省的东部地区，GPS数据确定了一个宽大的现代变形带。使用覆盖在粘弹性下地壳／上地幔之上的弹性上地壳的有限元模型并结合地震周期效应，我们指出这些数据与现今的断层滑动集中在沃萨奇断层带上的模型是一致的。模拟的水平扩展速度是3．0～4．5mm／a，这也与全新世的地质数据相一致。这些模型是非一的，部分原因是大部分沃萨奇断层都处于地震周期的后期阶段，而这一时期跨断层的地表速度梯度均较低。     

美国南加州地壳、上地幔三维P波速度成像-莫霍面起伏的影响

应用南加州地震台网记录的6 347次区域地震的146 422个P波到时数据，并结合其它地震学方法所得到的莫霍面深度资料，在考虑莫霍面起伏变化下，确定了该区0～35 km深度内的精细三维P波速度模型．检测板分辨率实验结果说明了反演结果的可靠性．该模型提供了有关区域结构的重要信息，浅层P波速度结构与地表的地质特征相关，非常准确地反映了山脉盆地、地形地貌的差异；各深度层上的速度结构表现为分块特征，反映了以大型活动断裂为界勾画出的分区，如洛杉矶盆地、文图拉盆地、莫哈韦沙漠、半岛山脉、圣华金山谷、内华达山区及思尔顿凹槽区域整体变化的特征．圣安德列斯断层成为研究区内明显的边界，几个深度层上可以看到两侧的速度存在明显的差异，而横跨该断裂的几个剖面图上则显示了位于断层西南侧的太平洋板块区域速度较高、不均匀性较大，地震活动较深；位于断层东北部的北美板块速度偏低，非均匀性稍弱，地震活动性则较弱．比较平缓莫霍界面和起伏莫霍界面下反演得到的结果可以说明:莫霍界面的起伏对中下地壳层位速度结构的影响是明显的，尤其是在莫霍面深度变化较大的部位，这种影响更为强烈．带莫霍面形状的模型能更精确地计算射线路径和理论到时，从而使反演后的残差更小、结果更精确．      

基于GPS应变、地震应变率与震源应力场对帕米尔高原现今构造变形特征的分析

研究帕米尔高原的构造变形特征对于理解印度板块向北推挤过程中的应变分配方式以及应力转换模式具有重要的意义.本文利用区域GPS应变场、地震应变场与震源应力场分析帕米尔高原的构造形变特征.主要结论为:(1)该区域变形主要以NNW-SSE或近N-S向的挤压为主,在高原内部伴有明显的近ENE-WSW或E-W向拉张,应力方向在帕米尔高原与塔吉克盆地区域呈现逆时针旋转的趋势,而在塔里木盆地则显示几乎与帕米尔高原的一致的应力状态,这可能与两侧盆地块体的强度差异有关.(2)安德森断层参数A∅显示帕米尔高原北缘与西侧区域为逆断层应力状态,在高原内部为正断层应力状态,这与GPS应变的结果显示的应变主要集中在主帕米尔断裂与阿莱谷地附近而在高原内部应变较低是一致的,另外应力在喀喇昆仑断裂北段的方向基本平行于断层走向,以及断层北端较低的滑动速率,这说明了地壳挤压缩短可能是帕米尔高原主要的的构造变形特征,并不支持由于边界走滑断裂导致的应变分异或者块体挤出的模式.(3)综合考虑地震应变方向与SHmax从帕米尔北部NNW-SSE方向到天山北部的近N-S方向的转换,GPS应变方向在帕米尔高原两侧盆地都存在不同程度的旋转,应力场安德森参数A∅显示的应力状态以及SKS的结果显示的近ENE-WSW方向,我们认为印度板块向北推挤与天山造山带碰撞导致帕米尔高原不对称的径向逆冲是帕米尔高原现今构造变形的主要成因与构造模式.     

台湾地区地壳形变的弹性块体位错模型

在经典的非震形变位错模型中,地壳形变被认为是活动块体刚性运动和上部断层锁定影响的叠加,本文对此模型进行了改进: (1) 用活动块体整体运动和内部线性应变、旋转的贡献代替活动块体刚性运动的贡献;(2) 用分层介质地壳模型代替半无限介质模型计算断层锁定的影响. 利用改进后的非震形变位错模型,拟合了台湾地区1990～1995年间GPS观测资料. 结果显示,在东部海岸山脉区,约有30 mm·a^-1的汇聚率被奇美断层消耗掉,运动速度从奇美断层向北迅速衰减. 在西部平原地区,南部断层是岛内锁定最为强烈的断层,该地区相应的也是史上灾害性地震多发的地区. 根据反演结果计算出的应变率与旋转率分布与前人结果在大部分地区一致,主应变率场显示台湾大部分地区存在近NW-SE方向的主压应变,主压应变方向呈扇形分布. 旋转率场显示台湾东部和南部地区存在着逆时针旋转率,而西部和北部地区则为顺时针旋转率.     

利用地衣测年法测定圣安德烈斯断层的地震年龄

加利福尼亚内华达山脉地区的区域性岩崩是由当地地震和远处的圣安德烈斯层带北部与南部的地震引起的。五个历史地震所遗贸的岩崩用地衣测年法测定表明，测定地震的准确度达２．２－３．５年。     

用形变资料分析腾冲火山区岩浆的活动特征

联合1998~2004年的五期水准测量资料以及2002~2004年的GPS观测成果,分析了腾冲火山区岩浆的活动特征。垂直形变资料显示,火山区南部发生较明显下降,这可能是由岩浆和水的流失及放气等原因引起;水平形变资料显示,以固东—腾冲断裂(F2)的西支为界,断层两盘分别向东、西两个方向运动,断层活动表现出明显的拉张特征;综合分析表明,岩浆可能沿断层从南部向北部运移,并在断层内重新聚集形成岩墙;垂直形变的多个极值区以及水平位移的不规则性表明,火山区岩浆体不很规则或有多个岩浆囊体存在;从形变量大小分析,岩浆的活动量远小于中等程度火山喷发的质量,表明火山近期喷发的危险性较小。     

1999年台湾集集地震震源破裂过程

使用GPS同震位移资料和远场P波记录,研究了1999年台湾集集地震震源破裂过程．根据地质构造和余震分布引入了一个由弯曲断层面构造的三段“铲状”断层模型．在使用静态GPS位移资料反演集集地震的断层破裂滑动分布时,由于集集地震断层北部近地表破裂的复杂性,在位错模型中考虑拉张分量对地表同震位移的贡献,可更好地同时拟合GPS观测资料的水平和垂向分量．而纯剪切位错弹性半空间模型和分层地壳模型都无法同时拟合水平和垂向GPS观测资料．在此基础上,同时使用静力学同震位移资料和远场地震波形记录,反演集集地震的震源破裂过程．结果表明,一种垂直于断层面的“挤压性”(负)拉张分量几乎集中分布于地震断层的浅部和北部转折处,而这一带地表破裂远较没有(负)拉张分量出现的南部断层复杂．“冒起构造”的数字模拟表明,这种在集集地震破裂转折处及北部断裂带广为出现的典型破裂造成的地表位移可以用具有负拉张分量(挤压)的逆冲断层更好地模拟．而这种负拉张分量(挤压)的分布正是地震破裂性质和几何复杂性的综合反映,震源破裂过程也显示北部转折处破裂在空间和时间上的复杂性.高滑区域与余震分布表现为负相关.     

花岗岩:见证历史的奇石

<正>2010年3月,美国洛杉矶官员在长青公墓为中国华工纪念墙揭幕,纪念19世纪60年代参与修建美国太平洋铁路的华工。纪念墙整体用红色的花岗岩砌成,这些花岗岩全部来自美国的内华达山脉。也正是内华达山脉的花岗岩,见证着当年华工们用血泪书写的一部伟大的铁路建设史。     

昌马盆地内发现活动正断层

昌马盆地为祁连山西端的山间盆地,前人一直关注其周边断裂(如昌马断裂)的构造变形,盆地内部变形则鲜有研究。基于遥感解译和野外考察、探槽开挖、差分GPS和放射性碳(¹⁴C)测年等方法,发现昌马盆地西北部的一条活动断层。断层长约4 km,总体走向NEE,倾向SE,倾角陡立,断层地貌表现为陡坎、复陡坎、断层沟槽等,陡坎高度0～5.6 m,由WS向NE逐渐增大。断层运动性质以正断为主,最新活动时代为全新世,并识别出2期古地震事件：6 670～6 885 a B.P.和26 330～26 915 a B.P.。研究结果表明,在青藏高原东北缘向NE方向挤压扩展的背景下,祁连山造山带发生NW-SE向伸展,导致其西端受到SE向拉张作用而形成正断层。     

2016年熊本M_W 7.1地震前GPS形变特征分析

利用日本九州岛地区连续GPS观测数据,分析了2016年熊本M_W7.1地震前的区域地壳变形演化特征。GPS速度场和应变率场显示,熊本地震前右旋剪切应变积累区主要集中在断层上盘的九州中部块体(CKY)内,断层下盘的南海弧前块体(NFY)和九州南部块体(SKY)表现为显著的绕块体中心的逆时针刚性旋转运动;熊本地震发生在右旋剪切应变率高值区的边缘,且发震断层附近区域GPS应变时序结果显示自2014年后右旋剪切应变呈逐渐增强趋势;平行断层方向的GPS速度剖面结果显示发震断层上盘右旋剪切应变积累特征显著,表现为越靠近断层处的滑动速率越小,且断层西北侧站点速率随离开断层距离的增加呈非线性趋势变化。另外,GPS剖面结果显示,日奈久断层近场存在1~2 mm/a的相对滑动,可能存在浅层蠕滑运动。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Structure of the poleward wall of the trough and the inclination of the geomagnetic field above the EISCAT radar

A special high-resolution routine of the EISCAT radar has been used to investigate the structure and development of the poleward wall of a deep trough in electron density. The feature was tracked by the radar during a 7-hour period under very quiet geomagnetic conditions. The field-aligned nature of the structure enabled an estimate to be made of the inclination of the geomagnetic field above EISCAT that was in good agreement with the current model. Observations of narrow field-aligned enhancements in electron temperature demonstrated that the wall of this trough is a dynamic feature, reforming regularly as the electron density responds on a time scale of tens of minutes to energy input from soft-particle precipitation.