北半球对流层上层遥相关型的涡度源,能源源与能量传播

基于ＥＣＭＷＦ１９８０～１９８８年的全球资料，研究了北半球对流层上层两个主要遥相关型（大西洋／欧亚型与太平洋／北美型）的涡度源，能量源及能量传播路径，结果表明，这两个遥相关型的涡度源和能量源分别主要位于北大西洋和北太平洋地区，遥相关型在北大西洋和北太平洋通过正压能量转换从气候平均流中吸收能量，然后从这两个地区将能量向外传播，以维持其水平遥相关结构。     

春季欧亚大陆积雪主模态及其与北大西洋海温的关系

本文利用日本第二次全球大气再分析项目（JRA-55）提供的逐日积雪深度数据、欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）提供的全球再分析数据及Hadley海温数据分析了春季欧亚大陆积雪异常模态及其与北大西洋海温的遥相关关系,并通过模式模拟分析验证。结果表明:春季欧亚大陆雪深前两种模态差异显著,分别表现为东、西区域同向变化及反向变化两种非对称形态。其中,同期北大西洋“三极子型”海温模态与“马鞍型”海温模态分别与雪深第一、第二模态具有显著相关关系,这两种海温模态下对应的北半球中高纬波动作用通量分别呈丝绸之路（SRP）型和欧亚波列（EU）型两种传播特征,对中高纬西风气流的位置、强度产生了不同影响,进而对欧亚雪深分布产生遥相关作用。通过局地多尺度能量涡度分析法（Localized Multiscale Energy and Vorticity Analysis,简称MSE-VA）表明,北大西洋源区有自下向上的动能传输,另外,西风急流出口的平均动能转化增加,使得高层动能累积并向外辐散,从而对下游产生遥相关作用。通过CAM5.1模式模拟研究了北大西洋“三极子型”和“马鞍型”两种海温模态下的波作用通量传播特征,结果较好地验证了来自北大西洋的波动作用通量传播呈“SRP”型和“EU”型两种特征,对应的降雪分布表明两种模态下气候场要素的变化与对应雪深模态的分布特征一致。     

500hPa高度场遥相关型与广东降水的关系

应用1956－2000年资料，从500hPa高度场上的相关性出发，找出了北半球（4－6月）的高度场上遥相关型，计算了它们的强度指数并分析了各遥相关型与广东降水的相关尤其是与中山市降水的关系，发现4月北太平洋型和6月北大西洋型及西大西洋型遥相关型与广东尤其是中山的降水有密切关系，而6月的西大西洋遥相关型对广东降水有很好的预测作用。     

辐散风和瞬变的涡度通量的异常对定常波年际异常的强迫作用

研究了１９８２／１９８３年１２—２月对流层上层由辐散风和瞬变的涡度通量所产生的涡度源异常对定常波异常的强迫作用。结果表明，瞬变的涡度通量辐合的异常有抵消或耗散辐散风产生的涡度源异常的趋势；定常波的异常是在这两种强迫力的共同作用下维持的。同时还表明，对１９８２／１９８３年的情况，热带和赤道中东太平洋上的涡度源异常以及中纬度北太平洋上的涡度源异常都对太平洋／北美地区的大气环流异常起了重要的作用。     

定常辐散场产生的涡源和定常波能量传播

根据ECMWF1980～1988年的全球资料，确定了南北两半球对流层上层定常的辐散风所形成的定常涡源的位置、定常波能量传播路径及它们的位置关系，讨论了涡源的形成机制。由此揭示了热带西太平洋积云对流加热、风暴路径上的潜热释放、欧亚大陆冷源及青藏高原热力和动力作用等主要外源在冬夏南北半球定常波形成中的作用。     

北太平洋风暴轴“深冬抑制”现象的能量分析

采用欧洲中期天气预报中心逐日再分析资料（ERA-40）,从局地能量变化方程出发,通过分析北太平洋风暴轴区域对流层不同层次局地能量的季节演变过程,对风暴轴区域各能量项在“深冬抑制”现象中的作用进行了深入探讨。结果表明,天气尺度扰动动能的季节变化可以很好地反映北太平洋风暴轴的“深冬抑制”现象,并且该现象在对流层上层最为显著,其发生概率约为80％,其中20世纪70年代中后期到80年代前期抑制最强。从同期各能量项的变化来看,扰动动能的变化主要受斜压能量转换项、涡动非地转位势通量的散度项和正压能量转换项的影响。在深冬季节,由于消耗扰动动能的正压能量转换项虽有些微弱减少从而使得扰动动能有所增加,但为风暴轴提供扰动动能的斜压能量转换项和涡动非地转位势通量的散度项减少的幅度却更大,因而总的效果是扰动动能大为减小,这可能是造成北太平洋风暴轴“深冬抑制”现象的直接原因。     

大洋间海表温度遥联与中国冬季气温的关系

利用SVD方法,在年代际和年际尺度上研究了各季北大西洋和北太平洋海表温度的遥相关关系,给出了冬季两个时间尺度上的遥联指数I,并分析了它们与同期中国冬季气温及亚太冬季风的相关关系.结果表明:北大西洋和北太平洋在两个时间尺度上的海表温度遥联均与同期中国冬季气温相关;特别在年代际尺度上两大洋海表温度遥联与我国河套以南及长江中游地区冬季气温有显著正相关.其影响途径可能是两大洋海温异常引起亚太冬季风异常、继而引起我国冬季气温异常.     

北大西洋-东亚和北亚型遥相关的机制及其对新疆夏季旱涝的影响

北大西洋-东亚和北亚（简称NAENA）型遥相关是夏季欧亚大陆对流层上层经向风异常的第二主导模态,对欧亚大陆多尺度气候变率有显著影响。本文在分析NAENA型维持的动力学机制的基础上,研究了该遥相关型对新疆夏季旱涝异常的影响及其可能机制。大气波列的涡度收支分析表明,气候态的旋转纬向风引起的扰动涡度平流可以被扰动旋转经向风引起的平均涡度平流所补偿。能量转换过程分析表明,该大气波列有效地从平均流中提取有效位能,通过斜压能量转换过程得以维持。大西洋海温异常三极子模态则是NAENA型维持的重要外强迫因子。回归分析表明NAENA型遥相关能通过促进南疆夏季降水,显著影响新疆的旱涝异常。NAENA型位于中亚的气旋性低压一方面增强了南疆地区的垂直上升运动,同时气旋性环流将更多的水汽输送到该地区,有利于水汽在对流层中低层的异常辐合,进而对南疆的降水有促进作用。     

北大西洋年际变率的海气耦合模式模拟II：热带太平洋强迫

利用一个全球海气耦合模式(BCM),结合观测资料,讨论了热带太平洋强迫对北大西洋年际气候变率的影响。研究表明,BCM能够相对合理地模拟赤道太平洋的年际变率模态及相应的海温距平型和大气遥相关型,尽管其准3年的振荡周期过于规则。来自数值模式和观测上的证据都表明,北大西洋冬季海温的主导性变率模态,即自北而南出现的“- -”的海温距平型,受到来自热带太平洋强迫的显著影响,其正位相与赤道中东太平洋冷事件相对应。换言之,赤道太平洋暖事件的发生,在太平洋-北美沿岸激发出PNA遥相关型,进而通过在北大西洋产生类似NAO负位相的气压距平型,削弱本来与NAO正位相直接联系的三核型海温距平。北大西洋三核型海温距平对热带太平洋强迫的响应,要滞后2—3个月的时间。     

厄尼诺现象与北半球500百帕大气环流

本文计算了赤道东太平洋海面温度与北半球500百帕大气环流的遥相关，发现它们之间的遥相关现象是十分显著的。从相关场的空间分布看，赤道东太平洋海面温度与热带低纬度地区500百帕高度全年为较强的正相关，而与中高纬度地区500百帕高度有较强的负相关。相关最好的地区，低纬度主要在太平洋西部，向西至南海、印度洋、阿拉伯海，其次在大西洋上。中高纬度的太平洋中部和北部，以及北美中部至大西洋上为较强的负相关。在欧亚大陆西部，通过北极区至北美大陆西北部则有稍弱的正相关。通过这一正相关区中心，似乎存在着一个对称轴，使得太平洋及欧亚地区的相关场与北美和大西洋地区的相关场呈轴对称，此对称轴随季节的差异在极地附近有东西半球之间的摆动。同时发现，从热带太平洋—欧亚大陆东部，北太平洋中部和北部—北极—北美大陆东部，北大西洋北部—热带大西洋西部，存在着一种相关区正、负间隔的“大圆环路”。从时间上看，赤道东太平洋海面温度的变化对北半球500百帕大气环流的影响是持续的，一般海温超前的影响很明显，往往超前达一年之久，较强的影响超前约5、6个月左右。海温滞后的相关与超前的相关符号相反。厄尼诺现象对北半球冬季极涡、西风带槽脊、副热带急流以及副热带高压都有影响，尤其是对西太平洋副热带高压，以及我国长江流域梅雨的影响更为明显。     

中高纬度大气遥相关动力学及其对东亚冬季气候影响的研究进展

北半球热带外大气存在多种形态的大气遥相关。按其空间结构,可以分为两类：（1）异常中心为南北分布的偶极子型（例如北大西洋涛动、北太平洋涛动）;（2）异常中心呈波列型（例如北太平洋/北美型遥相关、欧亚型遥相关）。这些遥相关活动及其变异,不仅对遥相关控制的地区,而且对与遥相关相距很远的地区的天气和气候也产生影响。研究大气遥相关的形成机理及其天气气候影响,是进行短期气候预测的基础。近十多年来北半球中高纬度的大气遥相关动力学研究取得很大进展,在此对一些主要进展进行总结,特别关注影响中国天气、气候的大气遥相关及其影响机理方面的研究进展。     

Role of tropical atlantic SST variability as a modulator of El Niño teleconnections

The present study suggests that the off-equatorial North Atlantic (NATL) SST warming plays a significant role in modulating El Niño teleconnection and its impact on the North Atlantic and European regions. The El Niño events accompanied by NATL SST warming exhibit south-north dipole pattern over the Western Europe to Atlantic, while the ENSO teleconnection pattern without NATL warming exhibits a Rossby wave-like pattern confined over the North Pacific and western Atlantic. Especially, the El Niño events with NATL warming show positive (negative) geopotential-height anomalies over the North Atlantic (Western Europe) which resemble the negative phase of the NAO. Consistently, it is shown using a simple statistical model that NATL SSTA in addition to the tropical Pacific SSTA leads to better prediction on regional climate variation over the North Atlantic and European regions. This role of NATL SST on ENSO teleconnection is also validated and discussed in a long term simulation of coupled global circulation model (CGCM).     

冬夏季节热带副热带OLR场的遥相关分析

本文利用NOAA13年月平均格点资料分析了冬夏热带副热带射出长波辐射(OLR)的气候特征及其遥相关结构。结果表明,OLR场的高低值带有明显的季节变动,低值带中心从冬至夏由赤道西太平洋地区向西北移至孟加拉湾,高值带从冬至夏北移约10—15个纬度,但东南太平洋高值区的位置无明显季节变动。 遥相关结构分析表明,冬夏季节OLR场分别有8个遥相关关键区,它们之间存在着较强的同时性遥相关联系。冬季遥相关型主要由位于赤道低纬度“印度洋—西太平洋—东太平洋—大西洋”的纬向2波式遥相关和在太平洋中部、东亚地区,南北半球副热带与赤道地区的经向负遥相关型组成。夏季OLR遥相关关键区主要分布在孟加拉湾至赤道西太平洋、东太平洋与低纬度大西洋和中纬度东亚沿海与北美大陆,构成低纬度和中纬度两类纬向正遥相关型。进一步分析发现,冬夏OLR遥相关型的年际变化较好地揭示了OLR场异常与ENSO、低纬度Walker、Hadley环流等海—气系统异常的整体联系。      

The impact of global warming on Kuroshio Extension and its southern recirculation using CMIP5 experiments with a high-resolution climate model MIROC4h

The impacts of four teleconnection patterns on atmospheric circulation components over Eurasia and the Pacific region, from low to high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), were investigated comprehensively in this study. The patterns, as identified by the Climate Prediction Center (USA), were the East Atlantic (EA), East Atlantic/Western Russia (EAWR), Polar/Eurasia (POLEUR), and Scandinavian (SCAND) teleconnections. Results indicate that the EA pattern is closely related to the intensity of the subtropical high over different sectors of the NH in all seasons, especially boreal winter. The wave train associated with this pattern serves as an atmospheric bridge that transfers Atlantic influence into the low-latitude region of the Pacific. In addition, the amplitudes of the EAWR, SCAND, and POLEUR patterns were found to have considerable control on the “Vangengeim–Girs” circulation that forms over the Atlantic–Eurasian region in winter or spring. The EA and EAWR mainly affect the westerlies in winter and spring and the POLEUR and SCAND, respectively, in summer and winter. Strong westerlies confine the extension of the North Polar vortex, which generally results in a small weak vortex and a shallow East Asian trough located in a position further east than normal. Furthermore, the North Polar vortex presents significant connections with the patterns during winter and summer. Analyses in this work suggest that the teleconnection patterns in summer could be driven, at least partly, by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, which to some degree might transmit the influence of the Atlantic Ocean to Eurasia and the Pacific region.     

The Circum-Pacific Teleconnection Pattern in meridional wind in the high troposphere

The Circum-Pacific Teleconnection Pattern (CPTP) is revealed in the meridional wind in the high troposphere via an emprirical orthogonal function (EOF) and correlation analysis on NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. The CPTP is found to be composed of the North Pacific-North American teleconnection pattern (PNA), the South Pacific-South American teleconnection pattern (PSA), and the teleconnection patterns over the tropical western Pacific and the tropical eastern Pacific (or, Central America, or, tropical Atlantic). There is substantial interannual variability of the CPTP and a typical CPTP can be detected in some years. It is speculated that the zonal wind anomalies over the equatorial region in the western and eastern sides of the Pacific may play a role in linking the two hemispheres. The anomalous convection activities in the Tropics are plausible triggering factors for the zonal wind anomalies that are responsible for the composition of the CPTP.     

Variability patterns of Rossby wave source

Rossby waves (RW) propagation due to a local forcing is one of the mechanisms responsible for wave trains configurations known as teleconnections. The term teleconnection refers to anomalies patterns that are correlated in several regions of the world, causing large-scale changes in atmospheric waves patterns and temperature and precipitation regimes. The aim of teleconnections studies is to provide a better understanding of atmospheric variability and their mechanisms of action in order to identify patterns that can be tracked and predicted. The purpose of this study was to characterize seasonal and spatial variability of atmospheric RW sources. The RW source at 200?hPa was calculated for the four seasons with reanalysis data of zonal and meridional wind. In the Northern Hemisphere (NH), the RW sources were located on East Asia, North America, North Atlantic and Pacific. The main RW sources in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) were located over Intertropical, South Pacific, South Atlantic and South Indian Convergence Zones. Extratropical regions were also identified, mainly to the south of Australia. The vortex stretching term (S1) and the advection of absolute vorticity by the divergent wind (S2) were analyzed to discuss the physical mechanisms for RW generation. In the NH, the source at East Asia in DJF changed to a sink in JJA, related to the dominance of S1 term in DJF and S2 term in JJA. In the SH, the vortex stretching term had the dominant contribution for RW source located to the south of Australia. The main forcing for RW sources at east of Australia was the advection of absolute vorticity by divergent flow. Over South America, both terms contributed to the source in DJF. The main modes of RW source variability were discussed by using empirical orthogonal functions analysis. RW variability was characterized by wave trains configurations in both hemispheres over regions of jet streams and storm tracks, associated with favorable and unfavorable areas for RW generation.     

Teleconnections associated with Northern Hemisphere summer monsoon intraseasonal oscillation

The boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) has strong convective activity centers in Indian (I), Western North Pacific (WNP), and North American (NA) summer monsoon (SM) regions. The present study attempts to reveal BSISO teleconnection patterns associated with these dominant intraseasonal variability centers. During the active phase of ISM, a zonally elongated band of enhanced convection extends from India via the Bay of Bengal and Philippine Sea to tropical central Pacific with suppressed convection over the eastern Pacific near Mexico. The corresponding extratropical circulation anomalies occur along the waveguides generated by the North African-Asian jet and North Atlantic-North European jet. When the tropical convection strengthens over the WNPSM sector, a distinct great circle-like Rossby wave train emanates from the WNP to the western coast of United States (US) with an eastward shift of enhanced meridional circulation. In the active phase of NASM, large anticyclonic anomalies anchor over the western coast of US and eastern Canada and the global teleconnection pattern is similar to that during a break phase of the ISM. Examination of the evolution of the BSISO teleconnection reveals quasi-stationary patterns with preferred centers of teleconnection located at Europe, Russia, central Asia, East Asia, western US, and eastern US and Canada, respectively. Most centers are embedded in the waveguide along the westerly jet stream, but the centers at Europe and Russia occur to the north of the jet-induced waveguide. Eastward propagation of the ISO teleconnection is evident over the Pacific-North America sector. The rainfall anomalies over the elongated band near the monsoon domain over the Indo-western Pacific sector have an opposite tendency with that over the central and southern China, Mexico and southern US, providing a source of intraseasonal predictability to extratropical regions. The BSISO teleconnection along and to the north of the subtropical jet provides a good indication of the surface sir temperature anomalies in the NH extratropics.     

Teleconnected influence of North Atlantic sea surface temperature on the El Ni?o onset

Influence of North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies on tropical Pacific SST anomalies is examined. Both summer and winter North Atlantic SST anomalies are negatively related to central-eastern tropical Pacific SST anomalies in the subsequent months varying from 5 to 13?months. In particular, when the North Atlantic is colder than normal in the summer, an El Ni?o event is likely to be initiated in the subsequent spring in the tropical Pacific. Associated with summer cold North Atlantic SST anomalies is an anomalous cyclonic circulation at low-level over the North Atlantic from subsequent October to April. Corresponded to this local response, an SST-induced heating over the North Atlantic produces a teleconnected pattern, similar to the East Atlantic/West Russia teleconnection. The pattern features two anticyclonic circulations near England and Lake Baikal, and two cyclonic circulations over the North Atlantic and near the Caspian Sea. The anticyclonic circulation near Lake Baikal enhances the continent northerlies, and strengthens the East-Asian winter monsoon. These are also associated with an off-equatorial cyclonic circulation in the western Pacific during the subsequent winter and spring, which produces equatorial westerly wind anomalies in the western Pacific. The equatorial westerly wind anomalies in the winter and spring can help initiate a Pacific El Ni?o event following a cold North Atlantic in the summer.     

An intimate coupling of ocean–atmospheric interaction over the extratropical North Atlantic and Pacific

The inter-basin teleconnection between the North Atlantic and the North Pacific ocean–atmosphere interaction is studied using a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model. In the model, an idealized oceanic temperature anomaly is initiated over the Kuroshio and the Gulf Stream extension region to track the coupled evolution of ocean and atmosphere interaction, respectively. The experiments explicitly demonstrate that both the North Pacific and the North Atlantic ocean–atmosphere interactions are intimately coupled through an inter-basin atmospheric teleconnection. This fast inter-basin communication can transmit oceanic variability between the North Atlantic and the North Pacific through local ocean-to-atmosphere feedbacks. The leading mode of the extratropical atmospheric internal variability plays a dominant role in shaping the hemispheric-scale response forced by oceanic variability over the North Atlantic and Pacific. Modeling results also suggest that a century (two centuries) long observations are necessary for the detection of Pacific response to Atlantic forcings (Atlantic response to Pacific forcing).