新一代地震预报专家系统NGESEP预报效能的初步研究

利用４０个地震震例对新一代地震预报专家系统ＮＧＥＳＥＰ的预报效果进行了检验。比较了使用信度分布图和信度等值线图两种方法未来发震地点的效能，分析了系统对地震三要素的预报结果，表明该系统具有较高的预报效能。     

地震综合效应场函数及其在地震预报中的应用──（一）地震综合效应场函数及其计算方法

在系统地分析了目前各种测震学地震预报方法科学思路的基础上,认为测震学地震预报方法基本上可以分为两大类。一类是以已经发生的一些地震作为未来可能发生的地震的“因”,即由于已经发生的地震对区域应力场的影响,导致未来发生较强地震。这一类包括的预报方法较多,如空区、条带、ｂ值、地震迁移、相关地震等等及其由此衍生出来的各种方法。另一类是把已经发生的一些地震作为区域应力场增强的“果”,即已经发生的地震是区域应力场增强过程中的一种反映,而未来地震不一定是已经发生的地震所导致的结果。这一类包括“地震窗口”、小震群活动等方法。针对第一类方法,各种预报方法都是力图从地震三要素中提取未来地震的信息,而具体作法又都是利用地震三要素这个多维空间的某个剖面。为了从地震活动诸要素的多维空间提取综合信息,我们对每个地震加入了破裂面方位,构成了地震第四要素,并依据地震４要素建立了地震综合效应场函数。地震综合效应场函数概括了多种测震学地震预报方法的科学思路和预报经验,从而可以形成测震学的综合预报方法。     

Discussion on Earthquake Forecasting and Early Warning

Through analysis of natural and social attributes of earthquake forecasting, the relationship between the natural and social attributes of earthquake forecasting （early warning） has been discussed. Regarding the natural attributes of earthquake forecasting, it only attempts to forecast the magnitude, location and occurrence time of future earthquake based on the analysis of observational data and relevant theories and taking into consideration the present understanding of seismogeny and earthquake generation. It need not consider the consequences an earthquake forecast involves, and its purpose is to check out the level of scientific understanding of earthquakes. In respect of the social aspect of earthquake forecasting, people also focus on the consequence that the forecasting involves, in addition to its natural aspect, such as the uncertainty of earthquake prediction itself, the impact of earthquake prediction, and the earthquake resistant capability of structures （buildings）, lifeline works, etc. In a word, it highlights the risk of earthquake forecasting and tries to mitigate the earthquake hazard as much as possible. In this paper, the authors also discuss the scientific and social challenges faced in earthquake prediction and analyze preliminarily the meanings and content of earthquake early warning.     

地震短期预测的概率方法浅议

和天气预报相比,地震预测,特别是地震的短临预测更为困难。概率方法真实地反映了地震发生的随机性,真实地反映了人类对于地震认识的局限性,加快短期预测的概率方法研究与应用是十分必要的。概率预测是经验预测、统计预测和物理预测的综合,各类地震预测方法特别是物理预测方法的发展还很不充分,目前仍处于探索阶段。从目前我国地震预测的现状来看,应大力发展统计预测方法。地震目录可为我们提供对背景地震发生率的估计,而前兆的出现使我们可以得到地震发生率大大高于背景发生率的时段,其增益越强,时段越短,越接近于理想预测。前兆和地震之间的关系的统计检验对于概率预测起着十分重要的作用。该文提出,应按实用化的要求逐步规范各种地震预测方法。这对地震预测研究的健康发展是至关重要的。     

Progress in Earthquake Science and Technology in China: Review and Prospects (I)

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＩｔｉｓｋｎｏｗｎｔｈａｔＣｈｉｎａｉｓａｎｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅ ｐｒｏｎｅｃｏｕｎｔｒｙｉｎｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄａｎｄｉｓａｌｓｏａｃｏｕｎｔｒｙｓｕｆｆｅｒｉｎｇｍｏｓｔｓｅｖｅｒｅｓｅｉｓｍｉｃｃａｌａｍｉｔｉｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ .Ｃｈｉｎａ’ｓｔｅｒｒｉｔｏｒｙｏｃｃｕｐｉｅｓａｂｏｕｔ 1 1 4ｏｆｔｈｅｇｌｏｂａｌｃｏｎｔｉ ｎｅｎｔａｌａｒｅａ ,ｗｈｉｌｅａｂｏｕｔ 1 3ｏｆｇｌｏｂａｌＭ≥ 7.0ｃｏｎｔｉｎｅｎｔａｌｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｓｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄｉｎＣｈ…     

基于MaPInfo的中长期地震预测动态系统

“中长期地震预测动态系统”（MapDEP2000 for Windows)是以强震时－空概率增益综合预测模型与单项地震预测模型的预测效能评价方法为理论基础，以强大的数据为支持，集成桌面地图信息系统（MapInfo0的主要功能而研制完成的运行于Windows9x或以上环境下的地震综合预测系统。系统具有中长期单项预测方法的计算，异常提取，效能评价，概率增益统计，外推预测和概率增益综合预测等计算与各种输入／输出，图形显示等强大而实用的功能，为运用数据库和GIS实现多手段，多尺度，动态和交互的信息综合，进行地震预测提供了一套实用的系统和完整的解决方案，本文对该系统的科学依据，设计思想和主要功能进行了介绍。     

8级特大地震前地震活动平静特征——以中国大陆西部近期2次8级地震为例

中强地震平静图像已被许多研究者认为是强震前的一个典型异常指标。近期中国大陆西部2次8级地震前地震活动图像的研究认为,8级特大地震前不仅中强震出现大面积平静,而且中小地震也会出现大规模平静现象,形成地震空区。震前依据震级由大而小逐级形成配套出现的地震空区,可作为中国大陆西部8级特大地震的中短期预测与8级地震发生地区的判定的一项有实际意义的指标。     

Intensifying Earthquake Prediction in the Light of Action of International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction

This paper is a review on earthquake prediction and forecast research,progress in earthquake prediction work and pre-estimation of earthquake hazard degree in China in recent years.It indicates that China is the first country,the government of which has promoted and organized the state administration department on reduction of seismic hazards and ensured the socialization of earthquake prediction and forecast in the world.A program of earthquake prevention and protection and hazard reduction based on the results of research on earthquake occurrence regularities and prediction of earthquake preparation trend has been completed,and hence the socialization of results of earthquake prediction and forecast research can be expected to be in practice.The practical seismological works in last 20 years indicate that the earthquakes are not considered to be unpredictable,but it is a challenge remaining to be accepted.We are willing to cooperate with all friends who are engaged in earthquake prediction and forecas     

自治系统和地震孕育的组合模式

１９９２年我们首先把物理学中自治系统和非自治系统的概念应用于地震成因和地震预报研究中。本文在此基础上结合地震育的组合模式进行了讨论。并讨论了非自治系统中的整步现象及其中一些有关系统振荡周期的定量关系，并进而讨论了自治系统概念和这些定量关系在研究大震发生的时间规律和大震预报方面的应用价值。     

四川地区地震前跨断层数据异常分析

概述四川7.0级以上大震前观测场地的异常情况。在核实2个大震震前异常的基础上,将传统异常判别方法进行汇总。总结近年来针对跨断层监测数据进行分析进而识别异常的方法:原始数据反映的断层活动速率异常以及转折异常。在此基础上,引入小波分析的方法对大震前的异常进行判别。对小波分解得到的两个趋势项进行分析,发现了大震与小波分解项异常的对应性。最后,基于对原始数据和小波分解项的分析,提出利用跨断层数据分析大震前兆的参考意见,为以后的震前异常研究工作提供了基础。     

地震短临预报困境的思考

我国地震工作者长期的探索与努力,证明了地震短临预报是有可能做到的.但地震的复杂性决定了前兆信息的复杂性,使得我们的地震短临预报面临着一些困境,我们对此进行了一些思考.     

Information characteristics of ground fluid precursors of strong continental earthquakes

IntroductionGroundfluid,includingwatef,gasandoilandsoforthexistsintheinterspaceinrock.Itisdirectlyrelatedtotheearthquakepreparationandoccurrenceprocessandgeologicallystructuralactivity.Thestudyinwhichtheanomalousvariationofgroundfluidistakenaseventpr...     

强地震前重现的地下水异常及其预报意义

通过多个震例研究认为, 不同的井在几次强地震前记录了形态相同的水位下降过程, 数量虽然不多, 却表明地下水地震前兆异常的变化形态在短期到临震阶段具有重复出现的特征。 这类异常出现转折后距地震发生时间一般较稳定, 通常在20天左右或更短, 是预报地震发生时间的重要指标。 因此, 研究此类异常的基本特征及其在分析预报中的应用就显得极为重要。     

中长期地震预测中的PI算法改进研究及应用

图像信息学PI(Pattern Informatics)算法是一种基于统计物理学的地震预测新方法, 近年来得到了较大发展。 本文探索把此方法与地震活动性网格点密集值方法相结合, 并尝试用于华北地区中长期地震预测。 在预测中, 使用1970—2011年M_L≥3.0区域地震目录, 针对M_S≥5.0预测“目标震级”, 采用15年尺度的地震目录滑动时间窗, 均为3年尺度的地震活动“异常学习”时段和“预测时间窗”, 结合一定时空及震级范围内地震的数量和震中分布因素, 进行地震危险性概率计算。 对该方法的预测效果使用Molchan图表法进行统计检验。 结果表明, 此方法在某些方面优于PI算法, 且在地震趋势分析和中长期预测方面有较好的应用潜力。     

A long-term earthquake forecast for the Kuril-Kamchatka arc for the period from September 2011 to August 2016. The likely location,time, and evolution of the next great earthquake with M ≥ 7.7 in Kamchatka

We consider the results from the ongoing 2010–2011 work on long-term earthquake prediction for the Kuril-Kamchatka arc based on the pattern of seismic gaps and the seismic cycle. We develop a forecast for the next 5 years, from September 2011 to August 2016, for all segments of the Kuril-Kamchatka arc earthquake-generating zone. For 20 segments we predict the appropriate phases of the seismic cycle, the normalized rate of small earthquakes (A₁₀), the magnitudes of moderate earthquakes to be expected with probability 0.8, 0.5, and 0.15, and the maximum possible magnitudes and probability of occurrence for great (M ≥ 7.7) earthquakes. This study serves as another confirmation that it is entirely necessary to continue the work in seismic retrofitting in the area of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskii.     

SEISMO-GEOLOGICAL SIGNATURES FOR IDENTIFYING M≥7.0 EARTHQUAKE RISK AREAS AND THEIR PREMILIMARY APPLICATION IN MAINLAND CHINA

High-magnitude earthquake refers to an earthquake that can produce obvious surface ruptures along its seismogenic fault and its magnitude M is at least equal to 7.0. Prediction and identification of locations, where the high-magnitude earthquakes will occur in potential, is one of the scientific goals of the studies on long-term faulting behavior of active faults and paleo-earthquakes, and is also the key problem of earthquake prediction and forecast. The study of the geological and seismological signatures for identifying M≥7.0 earthquake risk areas and their application is an important part of seismic prediction researches. It can not only promote the development of earthquake science, especially the progress of earthquake monitoring and forecasting, but also be positive for earthquake disaster prevention and effective mitigation of possible earthquake disaster losses. It is also one of the earthquake science problems which the governments, societies and the scientific communities are very concerned about and need to be addressed. Large or great earthquakes, such as the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake(M8.0), the 2010 Yushu earthquake(M7.1), the 2013 Lushan earthquake(M7.0)and the 2015 Gorkha earthquake(M_W7.8), have unceasingly struck the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its surrounding areas, which have been attracting attention of a large number of geoscientists both at home and abroad. Owing to good coverage of the seismic networks and GPS sations, a lot of high-quality publications in seismicity, crustal velocity structure, faulting beihavior have been pressed, which gives us a good chance to summarize some common features of these earthquakes. In this paper, seismogenic structural model of these earthquakes, faulting behavior of seismogenic faults, crustal mechanical property, recent straining environment and pre-earthquake seismicity are first analyzed, and then, five kinds of common features for the sismogenic faults where those earthquakes occurred. Those five kinds of commom features are, in fact, the geological and seismological signatures for identifying M≥7.0 earthquake risk areas. The reliability of the obtained sigatures is also discussed in brief. At last, based on the results of 1:50000 active fault mapping, and published seismic tomography and fault-locking studies, an experimental identification of the risk areas for the future large/great earthquakes in the North China and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is conducted to test the scientificity and applicability of these obtained sigantures.     

基于活动地块边界带的测震学参数Mf值对丽江地震的预测应用

地震构造是强震发生的必要基础,强震的孕育和发生与构造密切相关。强震的孕育和发生不仅与震中周围构造有关,而且与孕震区所在的整个构造带有关。这就表明整个构造带的地震活动性与未来强震都有关联。因此,在做测震学参数异常预测地震时,必须考虑整个构造带的地震活动。过去人们常以震中周围地区的地震活动资料来做测震学参数的异常分析,可能会丢失部分信息。文中以金沙江—红河边界带和地震学参量Mf值的结合为例,对基于活动地块边界带的测震学参数强震预测进行了探索,其结果对丽江地震预测效果很好,这对边界带的地震危险性判定有某种参考价值。     

大地微电流异常用于地震预报的可能性

地震预报中最难的是临震预报,而且最需要的也是临震预报。因此,寻找一种临震指标是非常重要的。大地微电流异常可能是一种能在地震前出现异常的观测方法,它具有地震前突变异常,而且是异常幅度明显的指标。通过大地微电流在云南,新疆,黑龙江和中国地震局地质研究所7个台站的实际观测结果可见,一般在地震前几天到20天左右出现异常,异常持续时间约2天。我们根据其异常规律,预测过5个地震的发生,特别是2007年6月3日云南省普洱6．4级和2008年7月7日黑龙江龙江县4．6级地震。     

地震预报可行性的科学与实践问题讨论

唐山地震40周年之际, 回顾我国地震预测预报探索的科学实践历程, 总结其进展, 讨论遇到的科学与实践问题, 展望未来, 这是最好的纪念． 实现地震预报的关键是短临预报, 震前是否有前兆, 是否可以观测到, 是否可应用于预测地震并取得减灾实效, 这都是地震预报探索需要阐明的问题, 即地震预报的可行性研究． 本文主要对地震前兆及其物理基础、 地震能否预测的争论以及观测的重要性等一些重要科学与实践问题进行讨论, 并在此基础上认识到, 地震是有前兆的, 且前兆很复杂, 在充分研究前兆的基础上地震预报是可能的; 此外, 地震预测预报探索需从可行性研究进入更高的探索阶段．      

Progress in Earthquake Science and Technology in China: Review and Prospects (Ⅰ)

In the article the author looks back the hard development course and great progress in earth quake science and technology in China during the last near a half of century and expounds the following 3 aspects: (1) The strong desire of the whole society to mitigate seismic disasters and reduce the effect of earthquakes on social-economic live is a great driving force to push forward the development of earthquake science and technology in China; (2) To better ensure people‘ s life and property, sustainable economic development, and social stability is an essential purpose to drive the development of earthquake science and technology in China; and (3) To insist on the dialectical connection of setup of technical system for seismic monitoring with the scientific research of earthquakes and to better handle the relation between crucial task, current scientif ic level, and the feasibility are the important principles to advance the earthquake science and technology in China. Some success and many setbacks in earthquake disaster mitigation consistently enrich our knowledge regarding the complexity of the conditions for earthquake occurrence and the process of earthquake preparation, promote the reconstruction and modernization of technical system for earthquake monitoring, and deepen the scientific research of earthquakes. During the last 5 years, the improvement and modernization of technical system for earthquake monitoring have clearly provided the technical support to study and practice of earthquake prediction and pre caution, give prominence to key problems and broaden the field of scientific research of earth quakes. These have enabled us to get some new recognition of the conditions for earthquake oc currence and process of earthquake preparation, characteristics of seismic disaster, and mecha nism for earthquake generation in China‘s continent. The progress we have made not only en courages us to enhance the effectiveness of earthquake disaster mitigation, but also provides a basis for accelerating further development of earthquake science and technology in China in the new century, especially in the 10th five-year plan. Based on the history reviewed, the author sets forth a general requirement for develop ment of earthquake science and technology in China and brings out 10 aspects to be stressed and strengthened at present and in the future. These are: upgrade and setup of the network of digitized seismic observation; upgrade and setup of the network for observation of seismic pre cursors; setup of the network for observation of strong motion; setup of the laboratories for ex periment on seismic regime; establishment of technical system for seismic information, emer gency command and urgent rescue; research on short-term and imminent earthquake predic tion; research on intermediate- and long-term earthquake prediction; research on attenuation of seismic ground motion, mechanism for seismic disaster, and control on seismic disaster; ba sic research fields related to seismology and geoscience. We expect that these efforts will signifi cantly elevate the level of earthquake science and technology in China to the advanced interna tional level, improve theories, techniques, and methods for earthquake precaution and predic tion, and enhance the effectiveness of earthquake disaster mitigation.