A large-scale excavation in soft Holocene deposit and its elasto-viscoplastic analysis

In the present study, the large-scale excavation in the construction is numerically back-analyzed using a soil–water-coupled finite element method with an elasto-viscoplastic model which considers the strain-induced degradation. The measurements of the deformation have been performed during the construction of a new railway station in Osaka, Japan, in which a large and deep excavation has been successfully carried out using a special deep mixing type of soil improvement method with earth retaining walls through the thick Holocene Osaka Umeda clay deposit. A comparison between the numerical results and the measurements of the excavation at Osaka shows that the simulation method can reproduce the overall deformation of the soft ground and the earth retaining walls including the time-dependent behaviour during the excavation and a deep mixing soil improvement method as an additional technique for stability are effective.     

基于有限元法对深基坑围护桩水平位移的分析

利用有限单元法,通过有限元程序来进行模拟计算。将所研究问题假定为平面应变问题;岩土体为理想弹塑性模型,采用平面四节点等参单元,遵循适于岩土的Drucker—Prager屈服准则;桩与岩土体之间通过设置接触单元来模拟基坑围护桩桩与岩土体的相互作用,重点分析建筑物与基坑的不同距离、基坑围护桩的刚度变化和围护桩底端土体物理力学参数变化时基坑开挖对围护桩变形的影响。     

软弱土层复合土钉支护试验研究

复合土钉支护是从土钉支护基础上发展起来的、应用范围更广的一项基坑支护新技术。笔者通过模型试验，研究了复合土钉支护的作用原理，为其设计和施工提供了参考依据，促进了这项技术快速发展。基坑模型采用“相似模型的长度与变形的时间成反比”的相似法则设计，相似比为1:10。试验模拟现场分步开挖与支护的过程，测试内容包括土体位移、地表沉降、基底隆起、地面裂缝及超挖引起的破坏形态。试验结果表明：复合土钉支护能够充分调动周围土体共同作用，有效地控制基坑变形；复合土钉支护中止水帷幕的插入深度和强度对控制边坡变形与失稳有较大作用；复合土钉支护效果明显优于一般的土钉支护。     

Finite-element modeling of a complex deep excavation in Shanghai

The excavation of the north square underground shopping center of Shanghai South Railway Station is a complex deep excavation using the top-down construction method. The excavation has a considerable size and is close to the operating Metro Lines. In order to predict the performance of the excavation more accurately, 3D finite-element analyses are conducted to simulate the construction of this complex excavation. The effects of the anisotropic soil stiffness, the adjacent excavation, and zone excavation on the wall deformation are investigated. It is shown that the numerical simulation with anisotropic soil stiffness yields a more reasonable prediction of the wall deflection than the case with isotropic soil stiffness. The deformation of the shared diaphragm wall between two excavations is influenced by the construction sequence of the two excavations. The zoned excavation can greatly reduce the diaphragm wall deformation. However, only the zoned excavation at the first excavation stage affects the deformation of the walls significantly. When the depth of the excavation increases, the zoned excavation has minor effect on the deformation of diaphragm walls.     

开挖前降水引发基坑变形机制模型试验研究

现有基坑相关研究主要关注土方开挖过程引起的变形,认为围护结构变形起点是土方第1次开挖。然而,一些工程实测表明,基坑开挖前降水阶段即可引起围护结构及周边地层发生厘米级的变形。显然,未考虑开挖前变形的基坑监测数据将低估基坑施工的环境效应。为了研究基坑开挖前降水引发基坑变形的机制,开展了室内模型试验,对基坑开挖前降水过程进行了缩尺精细化模拟。通过微型降水井的设置与调控,模型试验真实再现了实际基坑降水过程中井流效应对围护结构受力变形的影响。试验过程中发现,随着降水的进行,坑外降水漏斗不断扩展,围护结构悬臂式侧移及坑外拱肩式地面沉降也随之产生。另外,降水导致墙前水压力明显减小,并诱发墙前侧向总压力重分布（以减小为主）,围护结构为此发生指向坑内的悬臂式运动以寻求新的受力平衡,并通过墙后土体损失诱发坑外地层变形。     

大断面矩形顶管上跨施工对既有地铁隧道变形影响研究

大断面矩形顶管上跨既有地铁隧道施工过程中,由于近距离开挖出土卸荷,导致既有地铁隧道产生上浮变形,危及地铁运营安全。本文以北京市通州区畅和西路(兆善大街—潞阳大街)综合管廊矩形顶管工程为背景,采用FLAC^3D有限差分软件建立了大断面矩形顶管上跨既有地铁隧道的三维数值模型,研究了双线矩形顶管上跨施工引起地铁隧道上浮的变形规律以及采用不同抗浮配重对既有地铁隧道的变形影响,并将模拟结果与现场监测数据进行对比,验证了数值模型的准确性。研究结果表明：双线顶管上跨施工引起地铁隧道的上浮变形大于单线顶管引起的上浮变形,且最大上浮变形均位于顶管隧道轴线处;施加与开挖损失土体近似重量的配重,可改变地铁隧道原有水平变形规律,导致先穿越的地铁隧道整体向始发井方向移动,后穿越的地铁隧道整体向接收井方向移动。随抗浮配重的增加,地铁隧道上浮位移减小,所受拉应力减小,且施加开挖损失土体重量50%的抗浮配重,可以将地铁上浮变形控制在1.4 mm以内;研究成果为该工程地铁隧道抗浮设计提供了参考依据。     

Three-Dimensional Back-Analysis of an Instrumented Shallow Tunnel Excavated by a Conventional Method

The excavation of a shallow tunnel induces deformations of the soil volume in the vicinity and above the tunnel and consequently on the nearby buildings. The range of these deformations depends among other on the geological conditions, the geometry of the tunnel, and the excavation method. In this context, this research focuses on the 3D numerical modeling of a shallow tunnel instrumented during its construction, located on the Toulouse (France) subway line B for which the excavation has been carried out in a conventional manner in an over consolidated molassic geological context. The objective of this analysis is to estimate the tunnel behavior in terms of vertical and horizontal movements of the surrounding soil and the deformations of the existing buildings. The explicit finite differences numerical code FLAC^3D is used to model the various implementation phases of the work where the fluid–soil interaction is taken into account through an undrained coupled analysis. The results of this 3D model are compared to those of the in situ measurements in order to validate the geotechnical characteristics of the molasses. The latter are a useful basis for the back-analysis of the different monitoring sections implemented in areas where the tunnel excavation is made by TBM with pressurized front.     

黄土边坡开挖与支护效应的离心模拟试验研究

黄土边坡在开挖卸载过程中的稳定性分析及其防护在边坡工程中占有重要地位。采用西南交通大学土工离心机进行了1组非支护边坡和2组土钉支护边坡的离心模型试验,研究了开挖卸载过程中黄土边坡的变形特性、稳定性变化规律及土钉的加固效应。离心模型试验研究表明,土钉能够显著提高黄土边坡的稳定性。土钉支护的边坡土体,因土钉的锚固效应,边坡的变形范围更大,但变形量较小,最大变形量并不在坡面,而是发生在坡面下的锚固区域内,非支护黄土边坡的潜在滑移面产生于距坡顶约40 cm处,土钉支护后,黄土边坡基本不会发生破坏。对于抵抗边坡发生变形而言,不等长土钉支护的效果要优于等长土钉支护,研究成果为黄土边坡的开挖与防护提供了参考。     

基坑全过程开挖及邻近地铁隧道变形实测分析

根据邻近已运营地铁隧道的基坑工程监测数据,对基坑开挖全阶段施工过程的深层土体侧向位移与邻近地铁隧道变形之间的规律展开研究,探讨基坑开挖的施工危险节点与重点影响区域。研究发现,基坑开挖前期围护结构施工和降水均对地层和邻近地铁产生了不容忽视的初始位移影响,围护结构长时间无支撑暴露是基坑侧移快速增长的危险时段;基坑开挖具有空间效应,中部侧向变形要大于边角,且单向开挖易造成后挖区土体的位移场和应力场叠加,引起邻近隧道的最大变形向后挖区偏移;基坑开挖深度与邻近地铁埋深相近时,隧道结构产生显著的水平位移和“横鸭蛋”式收敛变形,竖向位移波动不大;深层土体侧移曲线表现为“阶梯鼓肚形”,土体最大水平位移与隧道变形在小范围内呈线性关系,但随着侧移量的增大,隧道变形发生偏离拟合曲线的超线性增长,在工程中应值得关注。     

A Numerical Comparison of the Behavior of a Braced Excavation Using Two and Three-Dimensional Creep Plastic Analyses

Current study deals with investigating the effects of both time factor and the selection of a constitutive model type on predicting deformations of an excavation braced by nailing using two and three-dimensional finite element analyses. In addition, the effects of stress path and the type of defined initial conditions of the analytical model on deformations of the floor and walls of the excavation are also studied. Time factor, in the form of earth materials’ creep, can largely be entered into calculation of deformations of excavations by conducting viscoelastic and viscoplastic analyses. On the other hand, there hasn’t been done a comprehensive study regarding the creep behavior of excavations through comparing the results of two-dimensional and three-dimensional numerical analyses so far. The results showed that it’s largely possible to approach the actual deformation behavior of an excavation by considering the constitutive model of soft soil creep, SSC model, in the numerical plastic analyses. The effects of stress path on the deformation behavior of the excavation walls and excavation floor are investigated by using OCR stress ratio and POP stress difference; These two factors, both of which are also analogous, represent a boundary value for swelling behavior of the excavation floor and an increasing rate for the deformation behavior of the excavation walls since the increase in OCR or POP is equal to the increase in the soil lateral pressure coefficient at rest.     

盾构隧道平行侧穿诱发的建筑纵向沉降实测与模拟分析

当盾构隧道平行侧穿建筑物时,大多关注建筑物的横向沉降规律,对其纵向沉降关注较少。为此,针对盾构隧道平行侧穿建筑物引发的空间变形开展研究。首先,对天津地铁6号线平行侧穿四座结构形式相近的砖混建筑的实测数据进行分析,得到建筑物基本变形模式;基于工程实测并考虑土体的小应变硬化特性建立三维有限元数值分析模型,研究了盾构侧穿引发的建筑物纵向挠曲、土体变形与应力变化规律,并分析了不同建筑平面长宽比的影响。结果表明,盾构隧道平行侧穿将诱发平面长宽比较大的建筑出现"下凹式"挠曲变形,纵墙中部沉降最大可为其角点沉降的2倍,平行侧穿并不能简化为平面应变问题进行分析。建筑物修建和盾构开挖将导致隧道上方土体经历较为复杂的应力变化过程,并可划分为6个阶段。沿建筑纵向基础中部的土体与边缘土体相比,其首先经历更大的压缩变形(建筑施工导致),在盾构穿越后又产生了更大的卸荷变形。当建筑平面长宽比小于2时,盾构开挖导致的纵向挠曲变形将显著减小。     

开挖卸荷状态下深基坑变形特性研究

深基坑开挖时因为卸荷作用会引起土体强度一定程度的降低,土体强度的降低会引起支护结构上土压力的变化,利用卸荷前土体强度指标进行土压力计算势必会小于实际情况,从而导致土体及支护结构变形计算值与实测值有一定的偏差。在深基坑开挖时,仅采用施工监测等手段进行事中控制是不够的,必须预先对变形值的发展规律做出模拟和预测。为探索深基坑开挖时,卸荷作用对基底土体和侧向土体强度特性和变形特性的影响规律,结合天津富力响锣湾大型基坑开挖,对开挖过程中土体基底回弹情况、支护结构以及周边土体的变形情况进行了全过程监测,利用试验结果数据计算出天津市富力响锣湾大型基坑开挖项目的卸荷强度参数,为后续数值模拟计算参数的选取提供了依据;利用ABAQUS有限元软件建立了三维数值模型,分别采用原状土的强度参数和卸荷参数对开挖过程中土体基底回弹、支护结构以及周边土体的变形情况进行了模拟,研究了两种情况下土体基底回弹、支护结构以及周边土体的变形规律,并将有限元模拟结果与监测结果进行了对比。研究发现,本工程土体卸荷后的扰动区在基底以下3～4 m范围,强度折减可达到20%～35%,根据卸荷比确定了周边土体强度折减为10%～15%;有限元模拟结果与实测值基本一致。通过分析可以看到,考虑基坑开挖卸荷作用是符合工程实际情况的,因此,建议在深基坑开挖设计时考虑土体的卸荷效应。该分析方法可为同类深基坑设计提供参考。     

悬臂式支护结构中几种控制变形的方法

悬臂式支护结构是基坑工程中常用的支护形式,多以排桩、地下连续墙、工法桩、钢板桩等形式出现。基坑工程中在条件受限的情况下,无法做内撑,但周边部分建（构）筑物对基坑变形很敏感,需要采取一些辅助措施来控制基坑的变形。结合工程实例介绍了悬臂式支护结构中常用的几种控制变形的方法,包括双排桩外拉、锚杆（索）加固、基坑内斜撑、基坑内土加固、坑内预留反压土等,并对这几种方法的适用范围、技术要求等进行了分析,为今后类似工程的设计施工提供借鉴。     

Comparison of analytical method, 3D finite element model with experimental subsidence measurements resulting from the extension of the Milan underground

The construction of shallow tunnels induces a state of strain in the soil around the excavation that could cause damaging differential displacements in existing structures near the tunnel. In the last decades several empirical, analytical and numerical approaches have been presented by different authors in the scientific literature with a purpose toward estimating maximum surface displacements along the tunnel axis and the surface-area extension affected by deformation phenomena. This paper reports the results of a study carried out to estimate the values of the surface settlements induced by the excavation (with an EPB-S shield machine) of the new extension of line 1 of the Metropolitana Milanese, constructed in an alluvial sandy area of the Padana Plain. In particular, the purpose of this study has been to compare the vertical surface displacements monitored during the advancing excavation to the settlements estimated by using analytical and empirical formulations and by setting up a three-dimensional finite element model that could simulate, step by step, the different tunnel excavation and supporting phases.     

考虑空间效应的软土隧道上方卸荷变形分析

隧道上方基坑的空间效应对隧道变形存在较大影响,提出了一个新的可以考虑空间尺寸效应影响的卸荷比模型,该模型能综合考虑上方基坑深度、宽度和基坑沿隧道纵向长度的影响。通过三维有限元数值分析法和实测分析法,研究了上方基坑空间效应对隧道变形的影响。数值分析和监测数据表明,盾构隧道变形主要是由盾构隧道上方主要覆土区内的外部施工作业引起,主要覆土区之外基坑施工作业对隧道最大隆起量的影响较小,主要覆土区内隧道最大隆起量与提出的卸荷比近似呈线性关系。软土地区的隧道上方基坑工程可通过控制卸荷比来控制隧道的竖向变形。     

暗挖隧道与邻近结构物相互作用研究现状及展望

软土中采用暗挖方式开挖隧道往往会引起土体变形。由于城市中暗挖隧道多建在建筑物高度集中的地区,土体变形对邻近既有结构物的损伤不容忽视。同时,既有暗挖隧道周围结构物的施工也不可避免地会引起隧道的变形和受力。文章主要阐述了目前暗挖隧道施工引起的土体变形对邻近地面建筑物、桩基、地下管线、既有隧道和基坑的影响以及邻近结构物施工对既有暗挖隧道影响的研究成果,并提出了需要进一步研究的课题及研究方法。     

土体三维卸荷弹塑性模型及其试验验证

天然土体经历开挖卸荷应力路径后,其应力变形特性与常规加载应力路径条件下规律存在较大差异。目前常用土体本构模型大多建立在等向固结单向加载三轴试验基础上,没有考虑初始K0固结和开挖卸荷应力路径的影响。以剑桥模型为基础,借鉴关口-太田模型的建模思想,通过引入新的应力比参数,对p-q平面上屈服轨迹硬化轴进行旋转,调整弹性区范围,以反映初始K0固结的影响;再运用变换应力法将模型三维化处理,从而使模型可以描述土体三向不等向应力状态,最终得到一个能综合反映土体K0固结开挖卸荷应力-应变特性的三维弹塑性本构模型。通过和典型室内应力路径试验结果进行对比,验证了模型的合理性。     

支护参数对复合支护基坑变形的影响分析

复合支护技术作为一种有效支护浅基坑（H≤7 m）的围护结构得到了广泛运用。在工程实践的基础上,运用平面弹塑性有限元法,从不同的支护方法及支护参数分析讨论了对变形的影响,初步得出基坑的侧向变形特性。对于采用复合支护的基坑,它的最大位移发生在基底附近,这与采用土钉支护的基坑不同。对于复合支护的基坑,采用适当的坡度可有效地提高支护效果。     

Displacements induced by the installation of diaphragm panels

The walls of a deep excavation in cohesionless soils below the water table have been supported by a reinforced concrete diaphragm with T-shaped panels. To improve the safety against the risk of local collapse during the panel excavation, the soil surrounding the panels has been treated by deep mixing to a depth of 6?C10?m. The horizontal displacements, induced in the surrounding soil by the installation (deep mixing, slurry supported excavation, placing of the reinforcement cage, concrete casting and curing) of the diaphragm, have been measured by means of inclinometers. It is claimed that they can be a significant fraction of the total displacements induced by the excavation. A back analysis of the observed displacements shows that the deformation process is essentially elastic and can be satisfactorily modelled provided the values of the soil stiffness are properly selected.     

A study into the behaviour of the formation level of an excavation under different unloading patterns in soft deposits

The construction of basements in urban areas is often associated with the possible damage to existing structures and services. The varying construction processes inevitably lead to different stress unloading patterns and therefore the dissipation of these excess pore-water pressures may lead to non-standard deformation profiles. The three main types of basement construction processes are layered excavation (LE), basin excavation (BE) and island excavation (IE). The effect of the various unloading patterns has been investigated by a three dimensional (3D) effective stress analysis method using the developed computer program 3DBCPE4.0. An excavation of length 50 m, width 50 m and depth 9 m in a certain homogenous and isotropic saturated soft soil was modelled. This included a diaphragm wall of 800-mm thickness embedded 18 m deep into the soft soil. The different excavation deformation profiles under different excavation patterns were related to the different unloading process, the exposure time of excavation face and the dissipation of negative excess pore-water pressures. The most favourable process for controlling the horizontal deformation of a retaining wall or the heave deformation of the formation level is suggested. The ground water potentials within the formation level are also presented.