污染水稻田中土壤含砷量的空间变异特征

利用地统计学方法研究在长期淹水和频繁干湿交替影响下污染水稻田中砷的小尺度空间分布特征。采用变异函数定量描述含砷量分布特征,用克立格插值法对表层土壤未测点的含砷量进行最优估计,并绘制含砷量等值线分布图。结果表明,来自表面污染源的砷进入农田土壤后主要积累在耕层0～20cm中,对40～80cm土壤影响不大。耕层土壤含砷量半方差值呈有规律持续增加趋势,可用直线方程很好地拟合。表层土壤含砷量存在很好的空间结构性,高砷区出现在进水口附近,并以其为中心呈斑块状向周围扩散,这表明该土壤污染是由含砷地表污水灌溉和径流所导致的二次污染     

Simulating visit probability distributions within planar space-time prisms

The space-time prism is key concept in time geography and moving objects databases; it demarcates all locations that a mobile object can occupy given anchor locations and times and a maximum velocity for travel. Although the prism’s spatial and temporal extent is widely applied as a measure of accessibility and object locational uncertainty, until recently little attention has been paid to the properties of the prism interior such as the probabilities of the object visiting different locations within the prism. Better understanding of the visit probability distribution within the prism can improve theoretical understanding as well as refine the prism as a practical measure of space-time accessibility and object uncertainty. This paper presents two methods for modeling the distribution of visit probabilities within planar space-time prisms: (1) a directed Random Walk method for discrete space and time, and (2) a truncated Brownian Bridges method for continuous space and time. We illustrate these methods and demonstrate the effect of prism and mobility parameters on the visit probability distributions within the prism.     

简单、复杂与地理分布模型的选择

地理分布的数学建模是空间分析的基本途径之一,但空间维度建模素为科学研究的难题。由于数学新方法的发展和复杂性研究的兴起,地理空间建模的一些传统困难有望解决。本文通过两类地理分布的对比分析,论述地理建模的关键在于简单分布的特征尺度和复杂分布的标度。地理分布包括空间分布和规模分布,其本质均为概率分布和广义的数学空间分布,而概率分布可以分为简单分布和复杂分布。简单分布具有特征尺度,平均值有效,概率结构清楚;复杂分布没有特征尺度,平均值无效,概率结构不明确。对于简单分布,应该采用有尺度分布函数开展尺度分析;对于复杂分布,理当采用无尺度分布函数开展标度分析。分形几何学、异速生长理论和无尺度网络理论都是复杂系统分析的定量方法,这些方法的综合集成,可望为地理分布建模和地理系统的空间分析提供有效的数理工具。     

Inferring spatial interaction patterns from sequential snapshots of spatial distributions

Spatial interactions underlying consecutive sequential snapshots of spatial distributions, such as the migration flows underlying temporal population snapshots, can reflect the details of spatial evolution processes. In the era of big data, we have access to individual-level data, but the acquisition of high-quality spatial interaction data remains a challenging problem. Most research has been focused on distributions of movable objects or the modelling of spatial interaction patterns, with few attempts to identify hidden spatial interaction patterns from temporal transitions of spatial distributions. In this article, we introduced an approach to infer spatial interaction patterns from sequential snapshots of spatial population distributions by incorporating linear programming and the spatial constraints of human movement. Experiments using synthetic data were conducted using four simple scenarios to explore the characteristics of our method. The proposed method was used to extract interurban flows of migrants during the Chinese Spring Festival in 2016. Our research demonstrated the feasibility of using discrete multi-temporal snapshots of population distributions in space to infer spatial interaction patterns and offered a general analytical framework from snapshot data to spatial interaction patterns.     

天津地区表土中蒽和芘的频率分布特征

用频率分析、逐步聚类和最小二乘拟合等方法研究了天津地区表土中蒽和芘含量的频率分布特征。结果表明,两者都呈双峰分布,其中蒽的双峰特征尤为典型。可以用双高斯密度函数很好地拟合经对数变换的实际观测数据,证明天津地区蒽和芘都包括两个相对独立的对数正态分布总体。根据拟合频率密度函数求得的蒽的两个子总体几何均值分别为2.73±2.17ng/g和26.52±1.55ng/g,芘则为11.05±2.11ng/g和82.52±3.24ng/g。芘的两个总体在空间上的分异比蒽更明显,其高值总体主要集中在城区、近郊区和开发区,而蒽的高值总体仅有局部聚集的一般趋势。芘与芘/苯并[a]芘之比的空间分布特征十分相似,表明两个芘含量总体并存的原因与排放源特征有关。     

Analysis of the spatial relations among point distributions on a discrete space

This paper proposes a method of analyzing spatial relations among point distributions on a discrete space. Spatial topology and proximity are discussed in an integrated framework at both local and global scales. Local relations are described by geographical representations, whereas global relations are visualized by graph representations. The latter also provide a means of classifying the point distributions. The proposed method is applied to school location planning in Japan. The results reveal the appealing properties of the method and provide empirical findings.     

Simulating regional grain yield distributions to support agricultural drought risk assessment

Most food insecure countries do not have long-term records of either agricultural drought or the impacts of agricultural drought on food security. This lack of data impedes famine early warning and crop insurance programs. One recent paper addresses this issue by using resampled rainfall data, a basic crop yield model, and linear regression to simulate distributions of grain yield. We expand on this process by incorporating flexible regression models and defining a set of criteria to test model performance. We also examine how well a model fit on national data can emulate yield distributions at regions within a country. We find that models with spatially varying coefficients are better able to simulate distributions than basic linear regression models. Generalized additive models also perform well but do not offer substantial improvement over varying coefficient models. We also find that simulated yield distributions are most accurate in higher producing regions that have lower within region diversity of yields.