Airborne Gravity Surveys Over Taiwan Island and Strait,Kuroshio Current and South China Sea: Comparison of GPS and Gravity Accuracies at Different Flight Altitudes

We compare the accuracies of GPS and gravity observations obtained from three airborne gravity surveys over Taiwan Island at altitude 5000 m and over Kuroshio Current, Taiwan Strait, and Dongsha Atoll at altitude 1500 m. A kinematic network adjustment was used to determine the positions of the aircrafts. GPS positioning errors are at the decimeter-level, which are not entirely propagated to velocity and acceleration errors due to cancellation of long wavelength errors. Outliers are downweighted in the Gaussian filtering to improve the gravity accuracy, especially at altitude 1500 m. Compared with the upward-continued gravity, the gravity anomalies from the 1500-m surveys show a consistent accuracy of about 3 mgal; the accuracy from the 5000-m survey is degraded, especially over high mountains. The RMS crossover differences at 1500 m and 5000 m are all below 3 mgal, suggesting flight altitudes do not affect the crossover difference. Coherence analysis suggests that the spatial resolvable wavelengths of the airborne gravity range from 4 km (altitude 1500 m) to 6 km (altitude 5000 m).     

Comparison of geosat and gravimetric geoid profiles in the North Sea

Sea surface height profiles derived from 2‐year, repeat track, Geosat altimeter data have been compared with a regional gravimetric geoid in the western North Sea, computed using a geopotential model and terrestrial gravity data. The comparison encompasses 18 Geosat profiles covering a 750 × 850 km area of the North Sea. After a second‐order polynomial was used to model the long‐wavelength differences which cannot be clearly separated over an area of this size, results show agreement to better than ±3 cm for wavelengths between approximately 20 and 750 km. In regions where terrestrial gravity data were not available to improve the geoid, similar comparisons with the OSU91A geopotential model alone show differences of up to ±6 cm. This illustrates the importance of incorporating local gravity data in regional geoid computations, and partly validates the regional gravimetric geoid solution and Geosat sea surface profiles in the western North Sea. It is concluded that, in marine areas where the sea surface topography is known to be small in magnitude, Geosat sea surface profiles can act as an independent control on gravimetric geoids in the medium‐wavelength range.     

Heterogeneous Gravity Data Fusion and Gravimetric Quasigeoid Computation in the Coastal Area of China

ABSTRACT

Different types of gravity observations are available over coastal areas. The main challenge for coastal geoid determination is the proper fusion of heterogeneous gravity data including land, shipborne, airborne, and altimetry-derived gravity data. This paper describes the gravity data fusion and the computation of the gravimetric quasigeoid in the coastal area of mainland China. An iterative procedure of the weighted least-squares prediction based on rectangular harmonic functions is used for merging the land, altimetric, shipborne, and airborne gravity data. Applying the analytical continuation method in Molodensky's theoretic frame, the merged gravity data are then used to determine the gravimetric quasigeoid model by using the generalized Stokes' integral in a remove-compute-restore fashion. The gravimetric quasigeoid model is compared with the height anomalies determined at 662 GPS leveling points over the coastal region of mainland China, where both the geodetic height and the normal height are known. The standard deviations of the differences in the coastal provinces range from 1.8 to 4.4 cm. For the entire computation area, the mean and standard deviation of the differences are 27.9 and 3.9 cm, respectively.     

海空重力测量技术体系构建与研究若干进展(一):需求论证设计与仪器性能评估技术

简要分析介绍了海洋重力场信息的应用价值、海空重力测量技术的科学含义、研究内容、体系架构和研究目标,重点分析评述了作者所在研究团队在海空重力测量技术体系建设领域取得的一些有理论意义和实用价值的研究成果,主要从各项关键技术的研究背景、研究思路、难点突破、成果应用前景等几个方面进行了分析和总结,回答了该研究领域涉及理论方法和工程应用的一系列科学问题。其目的之一是向读者成体系地推荐我们多年积累的研究成果,目的之二是想借此机会通过回顾和梳理研究团队的发展轨迹和科学感悟,在新的起点上定位未来的发展方向、发展目标和发展思路。分三个部分进行介绍,本文为第一部分,主要涉及需求论证设计和仪器性能评估两个领域的研究成果。     

增加近岸船载重力测量数据覆盖的推估方法研究

针对海洋区域离岸距离5～30km的范围内船载重力测量数据覆盖空白的现状,基于已有测线数据,对其进行不同空间距离采样形成对应的采样序列。利用动态时间规整算法计算其与初始测线数据的相关系数,依据相关系数与采样距离之间的关系,确定了最优重采样空间距离新方法。以最优重采样空间距离对测线数据进行重采样,利用拉格朗日插值算法,沿测线方向将测线数据向陆地推估。经过不同测线的内外部检核,结果表明船载重力测量向陆地方向扩展的保守距离约为5～10km,减少了船载重力测量数据在近岸海域覆盖空白的面积。本研究成果可为建立陆海一致垂直基准工作提供更全面的基础数据,技术方法可为航空重力、地磁等测线数据的精细处理及应用提供参考。     

Calculation of geoid undulations and gravity anomalies in the Northwest Pacific by using the Topex/Poseidon and Geosat altimeter data

INTRODUCTIONThegeoidistheiargeopotentials~econfidingmostlywiththemeanseasurfaceandisdenotedastheheightrelativetotheidealelliPSes~eoftheearth.Thegeoidundulationsinglobalaceareupto100m.TheunevenstructureOftheearthgivesrisetotheunevenfeatureofthecitysot...     

Quantitative evaluation of the time-line reduction performance in high definition marine magnetic surveys

The effectiveness of the time reduction procedure is the critical problem for the informative contents evaluation in the high definition (HD) geomagnetic marine surveys. The use of magnetogradiometers is a good solution for the time-reduction in the regional offshore studies but often, for technical reasons, this is not a practicable method in the very detailed coastal, canal or harbour surveys where the use of coastal base stations may be preferable. On the other hand the uncertainty of the full transferability of the coastal magnetograms to large areas of marine surveys can disrupt the time-reduced data sets by a geomagnetic residual time component. The phenomenon is related to the distance from the coastal observatory and to the homogeneity of the local magnetic characteristics of the crust. The maximum applicability distance of the time-line correction (TL) is qualitatively evaluated and is shown to be inconsistent with geomagnetic marine surveys in high definition. In this work we show a quantitative method to evaluate the stability of the coastal observatory magnetograms over the nearby marine area, together with the numerical degree of precision of the correction. The method is based on a double survey of the same profile (timer track: TT) at two different times. The surveys produce two different row data sets where the difference is related only to the geomagnetic time variations. Using the coastal observatory magnetograms we time-reduce the two data sets: if the coastal observatory magnetograms are fully coherent in the whole survey area the difference between the two reduced data sets will be zero. However, if the time variations measured in the observatory are inadequate in amplitude or phase to model the corresponding time variations in the surveyed profile (TT), the discrepancy between the time reduced data sets will not be zero. Similar TTs starting with various course from the base station permit the surveyed area to be split into sectors with variable degree of time coherence and to assign a degree of precision to the time-reduced survey.     

Validation of Marine Geoid Models by Profile-wise GNSS Measurements on Ice Surface

Ship-board global navigation satellite system (GNSS) measurements are widely used to determine sea surface heights, marine geoid validation, and/or satellite altimetry calibration. However, the use of a vessel could be complicated near coastal areas due to shallow water. Therefore, in the area of sea ice formation, GNSS measurements on the ice surface could be a viable alternative to vessel-borne surveys. Importantly, the ice-covered water is not affected by short-term winds, which otherwise could have systematic influence on the instantaneous sea surface topography. This study tackles methodology and validation of marine geoid models by profile-wise GNSS measurements on ice in an archipelago of the Baltic Sea. The GNSS measurements were carried out on the three ice roads with total length 48 kilometers. The along-route standard deviation between the gravimetric geoid model and profile-wise GNSS heights remained within ±2.1 centimeters.     

中国海洋航空高光谱遥感应用研究进展

详述了我国赤潮航空高光谱遥感应用研究的发展现状，对所发展的赤潮发现检测、生物优势种类识别、生物量分布特征提取技术及所建立的赤潮光谱数据库进行了详细介绍。概述了基于高光谱数据的溢油发生检测及面积信息提取、海冰发生检测及密集度信息反演、海岸带典型要素光谱波段敏感性等的研究进展。从遥感平台、成像光谱仪的角度对我国的海洋航空高光谱遥感发展进行了展望，简要介绍了建设中的国内首套适用于海洋环境与灾害快速监测的海洋航空遥感多传感器集成与应用系统。指出发展我国海洋航空高光谱遥感应用研究的3个关键问题：(1)大量获取海洋及海岸带要素的高光谱数据；(2)开展海洋及海岸带要素现场光谱数据的同步测量研究；(3)大力建设海洋及海岸带要素的地物光谱数据库。     

Relation between Gravity Field Feature and Tectonics and Earthquakes in Taiwan and Its Adjacent Seas

Short wave gravity anomaly is correlated to sea floor topography in the gravity field of Taiwan and its adjacent seas. Gravity values of 200 × 10-5ms-2 at Yushang and -160 × 10-5ms-2 at Liuqiu sea trench are respectively the maximum and minimum gravity values in this area.Bouguer gravity anomaly reflects not only Moho interface undulation, but also fault distribution.The inflexion of gradient belt of Bouguer gravity anomaly is a spot liable to earthquakes. Middlelong wave geoid is the best data to invert crustal thickness. We calculate crustal thickness by using geoid data, and the maximum value is 38km; the minimum value is 12km in Taiwan and its adjacent seas.     

RTM Gravity Forward-Modeling Using Topography/Bathymetry Data to Improve High-Degree Global Geopotential Models in the Coastal Zone

We apply the residual terrain modeling (RTM) technique for gravity forward-modeling to successfully improve high-resolution global gravity fields at short spatial scales in coastal zones. The RTM scheme is combined with the concept of rock-equivalent topography, allowing to use a single uniform constant mass-density in the RTM forward-modeling, both at land and sea. SRTM30_PLUS bathymetry is merged with higher-resolution SRTM V4.1 land topography, and expanded into spherical harmonics to degree 2160, yielding a new and consistent high-degree RTM reference surface. The forward-modeling performance is demonstrated in coastal zones of Greece and Canada using ground-truth vertical deflections, gravity from land and shipborne gravimetry, and geoid heights from GPS/leveling, with improvements originating from bathymetry clearly identified. We demonstrate that the SRTM30_PLUS bathymetry carries information on gravity field structures at spatial scales less than 5 arc minutes, which can be used to augment EGM2008 in (rugged) coastal zones, both over land and marine areas. This may be of value (i) to partially reduce the signal omission error in EGM2008/GOCE-based height transfer in areas devoid of dense gravity data, (ii) to fill the gap between land gravity and shipborne gravity along rugged coastlines, and (iii) for the development of next-generation altimetric gravity fields.     

基于DTU重力数据检查海洋重力测量成果的质量

在海上复杂的环境下进行重力测量,重力仪及技术人员的操作难免会出现各种各样的问题,导致测量的成果精度降低,甚至不符合规范要求。目前检查海洋重力测量成果质量的主要方法是内符合法,主要采用主测线、检测线交叉点的差值,或重复测线相邻点的差值来评估测量成果的质量。介绍了内符合法存在的弊端,比较了DTU重力数据与重力仪实测数据的精度,叙述了基于DTU重力数据检查海洋重力测量成果较大系统差的可行性,以模型数据为外符合数据源来检查实测成果的质量,作为内符合法的补充,是十分必要的。     

海洋重力测量数据处理系统MGDPS及其应用

利用Delphi结合MapX开发的可视化船测海洋重力测量数据处理软件系统MGDPS,从专业角度详细论述了软件各模块的功能。使用实测数据对该系统进行了测试,实际应用表明,该系统具有准确可靠,易掌握,方便使用等特点,对我国海洋重力测量具有重要意义和使用价值。     

海空重力测量技术体系构建与研究若干进展(三):数值模型构建与数据综合应用技术

分析评述了作者所在研究团队在海空重力测量技术体系建设领域取得的一些有理论意义和实用价值的研究成果,主要从各项关键技术的研究背景、研究思路、难点突破、成果应用前景等几个方面进行了分析和总结,回答了该研究领域涉及理论方法和工程应用的一系列科学问题。其目的之一是向读者成体系地推荐我们多年积累的研究成果,目的之二是想借此机会通过回顾和梳理研究团队的发展轨迹和科学感悟,在新的起点上定位未来的发展方向、发展目标和发展思路。分三个部分进行介绍,本文为第三部分,主要涉及海空重力测量数值模型构建与数据综合应用两个领域的研究成果。     

基于SINS/DGPS的捷联式航空重力矢量测量

国防科学技术大学研制成功了我国首套具有自主知识产权的捷联式航空重力测量系统SGA-WZ01。该重力测量系统由捷联式惯性导航系统(SINS)和差分全球定位系统(DGPS)组成。2012年4~5月,在南海某海域进行了飞行试验以测试这一新型重力仪的精度。描述了该系统的构成和数据处理过程,在数据处理中应用了全球重力场模型对重力测量结果进行校正。试验结果表明,该系统不仅可用于重力标量测量,还可用于矢量测量。重复测线的数据表明了该系统测得的重力异常的重复性可达到1.5m Gal,经过全球重力场模型校正之后北向分量的重复性为7.46m Gal,东向分量的重复性为4.46m Gal。     

Improvement in the Determination of the Marine Geoid by Estimating the Bathymetry from Altimetry and Depth Soundings

Abstract

The contribution of bathymetry to the estimation of gravity field related quantities is investigated in an extended test area in the Mediterranean Sea. The region is located southwest of the island of Crete, Greece, bounded between 33^? ≤ ? ≤ 35^? and 15^? ≤ λ ≤ 25^?. Gravity anomalies from the KMS99 gravity field and shipborne depth soundings are used with a priori statistical characteristics of depths in a least-squares collocation procedure to estimate a new bathymetry model. Two different global bathymetry models, namely JGP95E and Sandwell and Smith V8, are used to derive the depth a priori statistical information, while the estimated model is compared against both the global ones and the shipborne depth soundings to assess whether there is an improvement. Various marine geoid models are estimated using ERS1 and GEOSAT Geodetic Mission altimetry and shipborne gravity data. In that process, the effect of the bathymetry is computed using both the estimated and the original depths through a residual terrain modeling reduction. The TOPEX/Poseidon Sea Surface Heights, known for their high accuracy and precision, and the GEOMED solution for the geoid in the Mediterranean are used as control for the validation of the new geoid models and to assess the improvement that the estimated depths offer to geoid modeling. The results show that the newly estimated bathymetry agrees better (by about 30 to 300 m) with the shipborne depth soundings and provides smoother residual geoid heights and gravity anomalies (by about 8–20%) than those from global models. Finally, the achieved accuracy in geoid modeling ranges between 6 and 10 cm (1σ).     

Airborne geometry correction method for marine multispectrum data without attitude information

Marine airborne multispectrum scanner (MAMS) onboard the China marine surveillance plane can be used to survey marine environment, resources and disaster and provide the technical support for high-frequency, high-efficiency and high-resolution remote sensing monitoring for the coastal management. MAMS did not have the IMU/POS equipment, so it brought severe challenge for the geometry correction. One airborne geometry correction method is introduced for marine multispectrum data without the attitude information. First, it is the coarse geometry correction, which simulates the roll angle and pitch angle of plane according to the ideal flying model; the second step is the precise geometry correction by using the SPOT orthogonal projected data as the reference of registration, based on maximization of alignment metric method. With the validation, relative error of coarse correction is 81.42 m compared with SPOT data, and 11.3 m for precise correction. This method provides the high precision localization information for the oceanic remote sensing and application, and establishes the foundation for monitoring the marine resource and environment.     

海空重力测量及应用技术研究进展与展望(四):数值模型构建与综合应用技术

分析总结了海空重力测量数据向上和向下延拓技术的研究现状及发展方向,简要论述了海空重力测量多源数据融合处理技术的研究动态及发展前景,分析讨论了海空重力测量数据应用于地球外部重力场赋值和大地水准面精化技术的研究进展及发展思路,为海空重力测量数值建模与数据综合应用技术的未来发展提供参考。     

Improvement in the Determination of the Marine Geoid by Estimating the Bathymetry from Altimetry and Depth Soundings

The contribution of bathymetry to the estimation of gravity field related quantities is investigated in an extended test area in the Mediterranean Sea. The region is located southwest of the island of Crete, Greece, bounded between 33^ˆ ≤ ϕ ≤ 35^ˆ and 15^ˆ ≤ λ ≤ 25^ˆ. Gravity anomalies from the KMS99 gravity field and shipborne depth soundings are used with a priori statistical characteristics of depths in a least-squares collocation procedure to estimate a new bathymetry model. Two different global bathymetry models, namely JGP95E and Sandwell and Smith V8, are used to derive the depth a priori statistical information, while the estimated model is compared against both the global ones and the shipborne depth soundings to assess whether there is an improvement. Various marine geoid models are estimated using ERS1 and GEOSAT Geodetic Mission altimetry and shipborne gravity data. In that process, the effect of the bathymetry is computed using both the estimated and the original depths through a residual terrain modeling reduction. The TOPEX/Poseidon Sea Surface Heights, known for their high accuracy and precision, and the GEOMED solution for the geoid in the Mediterranean are used as control for the validation of the new geoid models and to assess the improvement that the estimated depths offer to geoid modeling. The results show that the newly estimated bathymetry agrees better (by about 30 to 300 m) with the shipborne depth soundings and provides smoother residual geoid heights and gravity anomalies (by about 8-20%) than those from global models. Finally, the achieved accuracy in geoid modeling ranges between 6 and 10 cm (1σ).     

利用空中球面边值问题确定似大地水准面

针对航空重力向下延拓计算过程中的不稳定性,提出了扰动位空中球面边值问题,以航空重力测量数据作为扰动位在空中球面上满足的边值条件,得到扰动位空中球面边值问题,在球外部即为经典的球外边值问题,但对于球内直到地面则没有封闭的解析形式,给出了空中球面球内到地面区域的级数解,对于认识空中重力测量数据向下延拓特征和实际应用具有参考意义。利用地面实测数据计算结果表明,对于1km航高的测量数据,一阶解可满足厘米级高程异常的解算精度。