海洋重力测量动态环境效应分析与补偿

针对使用小型测量船搭载摆杆型海洋重力仪获取数据质量不高的问题,在深入分析海洋环境动态效应误差特性基础上,提出了一种基于互相关分析的交叉耦合效应修正法,对高动态海洋重力测量数据实施综合误差补偿和精细处理。使用典型恶劣海况条件下的观测数据对该方法的有效性进行了验证,结果显示,重力测线成果内符合精度从原先的±9.35×10-5m/s2大幅提升到±1.43×10-5m/s2,同时使用卫星测高反演重力对精细处理结果的可靠性进行了外部检核,外符合精度也从原先的±7.73×10-5m/s2提高到±5.63×10-5m/s2。     

海空重力测量技术进展

简要分析了现有三类重力测量技术手段整体发展状况及其特点,全面阐述了国际、国内海空重力测量技术的起步、发展与现状,综述了国内外主要海空重力仪的性能技术指标,介绍了国内海空重力测量系统研制与试验情况。     

航空矢量重力测量中载体加速度矢量的确定

首先推导了当采用相位时序差分法时利用双差观测量确定载体加速度的数学模型,理论上分析了加速度的确定精度。然后应用CHAGS的试验数据,分析出静态测量和动态测量时加速度矢量的确定精度可以达到亚毫伽级,与理论上的分析一致。可见,完全能够满足航空矢量重力测量的精度要求。     

通用走航式海洋测量作业平台的设计与实现

扼要回顾了我国走航式海洋测量作业平台的研制历程,提出了通用走航式海洋测量作业平台研制的总体目标、设计原则、功能需求,介绍了该平台软件硬件研制实现及其主要性能、功能技术指标,以及平台的应用情况,最后对平台的未来发展进行了展望。     

矢量重力测量系统的仿真

基于矢量重力测量数学模型，仿真了一段5000S的飞行过程，模拟了其SINS／GPS数据。详细描述了捷联惯性导航系统(SINS)中加速度计和陀螺数据仿真的方法，并给出了求解扰动重力的算法。仿真结果显示卡尔曼滤波器能有效地抑制误差积累。仿真的SINS／GPS数据可用于航空矢量重力测量的算法研究。     

空中重力测量数据代表地面数据的误差分析

利用严密的向上延拓公式将地面重力数据上延至空中不同高度,而后与相应的地面重力数据比较从而得到不同高度的代表误差。通过两个不同地形区域的实际算例表明,对于地形平坦区域,在1km高度以下,5＇空中重力数据直接代表地面重力数据的误差小于1mGal,在满足测量规范要求下,空中重力数据可以不用向下延拓而直接使用。对于地形复杂区域,当空中测量高度大于1km时,空中重力数据的代表误差大于3.3mGal,因此必须考虑向下延拓的问题。     

海洋重力仪稳定性测试与零点漂移问题

稳定性指标是海洋重力仪最重要的技术特性之一。针对国内对海洋重力仪稳定性测试与评估重视不够、数据处理过程欠规范、技术指标要求欠细化等现实问题,研究探讨了海洋重力仪稳定性测评的技术流程和数据处理方法,重点分析了环境因素和重力固体潮效应对测试结果的影响,提出了重力仪零点趋势性漂移、有色观测噪声与随机误差的分离方法,建立了比较完善的海洋重力仪稳定性评估指标体系,分析论证并进一步明确了重力仪零点漂移非线性变化的限定指标要求,为修订现行海洋重力测量作业标准提供了可靠的理论依据。     

SII型海洋重力仪稳定平台倒台故障分析与处理

SⅡ型海洋重力仪凭借其动态测量精度高、系统可靠性强等优点已日益成为海洋调查中重力测量的重要仪器之一。从SⅡ型海洋重力仪在使用中出现的稳定平台倒台故障着手,分析了平台倒台故障的原因以及处理方法,并对仪器使用中的注意事项以及改进建议作了介绍。     

From Discrete Gravity Survey Data to a High-resolution Gravity Field Representation in the Nordic-Baltic Region

The deduction of a regularly spaced gravity anomaly grid from scattered survey data is studied, addressing mainly two aspects: reduction of gravity to anomalies and subsequent interpolation by various methods. The problem is illustrated in a heterogeneous study area and contrasting test areas including mountains, low terrains, and a marine area. Provided with realistic error estimates, Least Squares Collocation interpolation of Residual Terrain Model anomalies yields the highest quality gravity grid. In most cases, the Bouguer reduction and other interpolation methods tested are equally viable. However, spline-based interpolation should be avoided in marine areas with trackwise survey data.     

以大洋钻探开展冲绳海槽热液活动研究的建议

关于沟弧盆构造体系下的海底热液活动,因涉及的问题繁多,一直是海洋地质学界十分注目的重要研究课题。相比之下,西太平洋沟弧盆体系的马里亚纳海槽和西南太平洋的汤加－斐济海盆中的劳海盆都有ＤＳＤＰ／ＯＤＰ的支撑,有关海底热液活动及其构造属性、地壳类型、形成时代等已有了十分明确的结论,唯冲绳海槽至今尚未有此机会。为了迎接１９９８年大洋钻探船来西太平洋海域,特建议在冲绳海槽设站钻探,可在地理座标２７°１５′～２７°３５′Ｎ,１２６°５６′～１２７°１０′Ｅ的范围、水深１３００～１５５０ｍ水域内海底热液活动活跃区选站,连续钻探４～５孔,其目的拟解决以下４个问题：１．冲绳海槽现代海底热液活动通道在岩层中的最大透过深度及其岩石学性质;２．冲绳海槽的热液类型和成岩成矿作用;３．热液活动与地壳性质;４．热液活动在沟弧盆体系演化中的意义。     

关于海道测量与海洋测量的定义问题

针对目前国内在海道测量(学)和海洋测量(学)认识上存在的分歧,对我国海道测量发展的过程及其内涵的演变进行了分析,对国际上hydrographic survey、sea survey及marine survey的定义和演变进行了剖析,从概念上和应用上对海道测量(学)和海洋测量(学)的关系进行了研究,给出了两者的定义。     

Determining the Gravitational Gradient Tensor Using Satellite-Altimetry Observations over the Persian Gulf

With the advent of satellite altimetry in 1973, new scientific applications became available in oceanography, climatology, and marine geosciences. Moreover, satellite altimetry provides a significant source of information facilitated in the geoid determination with a high accuracy and spatial resolution. The information from this approach is a sufficient alternate for marine gravity data in the high-frequency modeling of the marine gravity field quantities. The gravity gradient tensor, consisting of the second-order partial derivatives of the gravity potential, provides more localized information than gravity measurements. Marine gravity observations always carry a high noise level due to environmental effects. Moreover, it is not possible to model the high frequencies of the Earth's gravity field in a global scale using these observations. In this article, we introduce a novel approach for a determination of the gravity gradient tensor at sea level using satellite altimetry. Two numerical techniques are applied and compared for this purpose. In particular, we facilitate the radial basis functions (RBFs) and the harmonic splines. As a case study, the gravitational gradient tensor is determined and results presented in the Persian Gulf. Validation of results reveals that the solution of the harmonic spline approach has a better agreement with a theoretical zero-value of the trace of the Marussi gravitational gradient tensor. However, the data-adaptive technique in the RBF approach allows more efficient selection of the parameters and 3-D configuration of RBFs compared to a fixed parameterization by the harmonic splines.     

不规则重磁测线网误差模型的约束最小二乘平差

传统实用的海洋重力、磁力测线网平差方法主要为规则测线网设计,并只就线偏差进行调整,用于处理航次数据之间的拼接时效果不理想。为了解决重磁测线数据拼接和建库工作中碰到的误差难以调平的问题,设计、建立了不规则海洋重磁测线网的任意复杂误差模型的最小二乘平差方法,将线偏差纳入到任意复杂(如非线性和周期性)的误差模型中,归纳出最小二乘条件方程系数矩阵的直接构制法。针对可能出现的解不稳定,放弃不易实用的权矩阵,引入两种解决方法:先验确定部分测线误差分布的固定测线法和视误差大小实施系数矩阵对角线微扰动的泛约束法。     

Biological data from sharks landed within the United Arab Emirates artisanal fishery

Landing site and market surveys of sharks landed along the Arabian Gulf coast of the United Arab Emirates were undertaken between October 2010 and September 2012 to obtain biological data from this artisanal fishery. Data were collected on the size and sex of 12 482 individuals representing 30 species. Maximum sizes of Carcharhinus sorrah, C. amblyrhynchoides and Hemipristis elongata were extended by at least 300?mm total length (TL) compared with published global maxima. The size at 50% maturity was determined for males of five species and this indicated that the males of smaller shark species (<1 000 mm maximum TL) in the fishery were largely mature. For many species, including Loxodon macrorhinus and Mustelus mosis, overall sex ratios were male-biased, indicating that sexual segregation is likely in those species. Furthermore, sex ratios for several species, such as Rhizoprionodon acutus, showed differences across seasons. Overall, the landings contained a high proportion of juveniles, causing concerns about the sustainability of this fishery. Biological parameters of a number of species differed from those recorded earlier for the region, demonstrating a need for additional local data collection to support the development of management measures.     

卫星测高中的垂线偏差法

卫星测高中的垂线偏差法是当前利用卫星测高技术研究海洋重力场的最优方法,包括利用卫星测高数据计算垂线偏差和利用该垂线偏差确定海洋重力场两部分。研究了Sandwell、Olgiafi、Hwang测高垂线偏差的计算方法和Molodenskii、Hwang利用测高垂线偏差确定海洋重力场的基本原理,分析比较了上述方法的异同,为科学地利用卫星测高资料反演海洋重力场提供理论依据。     

海洋磁场重力场信息系统建设

在简要介绍海洋磁场重力场探测技术发展概况的基础上,详细论述了海洋磁场重力场信息数据库的建设情况及数据管理系统、数据分析应用系统的功能组成,系统功能测试情况以及系统建设过程中取得的主要技术创新点,对该系统投入应用前的优化完善工作提出了建议。     

Improvement in the Determination of the Marine Geoid by Estimating the Bathymetry from Altimetry and Depth Soundings

The contribution of bathymetry to the estimation of gravity field related quantities is investigated in an extended test area in the Mediterranean Sea. The region is located southwest of the island of Crete, Greece, bounded between 33^ˆ ≤ ϕ ≤ 35^ˆ and 15^ˆ ≤ λ ≤ 25^ˆ. Gravity anomalies from the KMS99 gravity field and shipborne depth soundings are used with a priori statistical characteristics of depths in a least-squares collocation procedure to estimate a new bathymetry model. Two different global bathymetry models, namely JGP95E and Sandwell and Smith V8, are used to derive the depth a priori statistical information, while the estimated model is compared against both the global ones and the shipborne depth soundings to assess whether there is an improvement. Various marine geoid models are estimated using ERS1 and GEOSAT Geodetic Mission altimetry and shipborne gravity data. In that process, the effect of the bathymetry is computed using both the estimated and the original depths through a residual terrain modeling reduction. The TOPEX/Poseidon Sea Surface Heights, known for their high accuracy and precision, and the GEOMED solution for the geoid in the Mediterranean are used as control for the validation of the new geoid models and to assess the improvement that the estimated depths offer to geoid modeling. The results show that the newly estimated bathymetry agrees better (by about 30 to 300 m) with the shipborne depth soundings and provides smoother residual geoid heights and gravity anomalies (by about 8-20%) than those from global models. Finally, the achieved accuracy in geoid modeling ranges between 6 and 10 cm (1σ).     

Improvement in the Determination of the Marine Geoid by Estimating the Bathymetry from Altimetry and Depth Soundings

Abstract

The contribution of bathymetry to the estimation of gravity field related quantities is investigated in an extended test area in the Mediterranean Sea. The region is located southwest of the island of Crete, Greece, bounded between 33^? ≤ ? ≤ 35^? and 15^? ≤ λ ≤ 25^?. Gravity anomalies from the KMS99 gravity field and shipborne depth soundings are used with a priori statistical characteristics of depths in a least-squares collocation procedure to estimate a new bathymetry model. Two different global bathymetry models, namely JGP95E and Sandwell and Smith V8, are used to derive the depth a priori statistical information, while the estimated model is compared against both the global ones and the shipborne depth soundings to assess whether there is an improvement. Various marine geoid models are estimated using ERS1 and GEOSAT Geodetic Mission altimetry and shipborne gravity data. In that process, the effect of the bathymetry is computed using both the estimated and the original depths through a residual terrain modeling reduction. The TOPEX/Poseidon Sea Surface Heights, known for their high accuracy and precision, and the GEOMED solution for the geoid in the Mediterranean are used as control for the validation of the new geoid models and to assess the improvement that the estimated depths offer to geoid modeling. The results show that the newly estimated bathymetry agrees better (by about 30 to 300 m) with the shipborne depth soundings and provides smoother residual geoid heights and gravity anomalies (by about 8–20%) than those from global models. Finally, the achieved accuracy in geoid modeling ranges between 6 and 10 cm (1σ).     

重力异常垂直梯度中央区效应的精密计算

为提高利用重力异常计算重力异常垂直梯度中央区效应的精度,视中央区为矩形域,将重力异常表示成双三次多项式插值形式,引入非奇异变换,推导出了重力异常垂直梯度中央区效应的精密计算公式。以低纬度区域分辨率为2＇×2＇的重力异常数据为背景场进行了仿真分析,结果表明在解算计算点所在的1个网格的中央区效应时,传统公式与本文导出公式计算结果差值的最大值达数E。该导出公式可为重力异常垂直梯度中央区效应的精密计算提供理论依据。     

海洋磁力测量测线布设间距的选取

基于海洋磁力测量特点,在对布设测线方向研究的基础上,对海洋磁力测量中布设测线间距的选取进行了研究,提出了选取布设测线间距的原则,给出了几种选取测线间距的方法,并对其可行性进行了验证。