常用极区海图投影直接变换的闭合公式

针对新形势下北极航行对海图保障的迫切需求,研究了常用极区海图投影的直接变换问题。视地球为球体,引入余纬度,给出了极球面投影、横墨卡托投影和日晷投影等常用极区海图投影的正反解公式,在此基础上,系统地推导出了三种投影中任意两种投影间的直接变换公式。该公式为形式简单的闭合公式,可供极区海图投影变换和航海导航参数计算使用。     

国际标准电子海图显示平台的研制

随着我国数字海图产品不断的生产完善,研制自主知识产权的“电子海图显示与信息系统（ECDIS）”逐渐成为工作的重心,而这项任务的核心是符合S-57数据传输标准及S-52电子海图模式的显示平台的研制,以此为基础才能研制出我国自主知识产权的ECDIS。在研究电子海图国际标准化的基础上,通过大量的技术实践,实现了自主知识产权的国际标准电子海图显示平台,为我国建立自主知识产权的ECDIS打下了坚实的基础。     

An Electronic Chart Display and Information System

This article introduces the most advanced form of electronic chart display and information systems (ECDIS) which complies with the performance standards for ECDIS established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). It also describes the key features and the important functions of ECDIS, which we developed. This system is different from the productions developed by C-map, Seven-cs, offshore, and others. It is more suitable for China Marine Safety Administration Bureau to manage the navigation marks real-time. Using this system charts were located and accessed rapidly, and displayed smoothly. This article also discusses in ECDIS application system how to dynamically access and desert charts data in a limited memory (limited computer memory and resource). We constructed a tridimensional structure to manage a large amount of charts data. Vertically, according to the scale range, all charts were divided into eight levels, and a data structure called as “Multiple Scale Quad-tree” was constructed. And horizontally, a grid (every unit has a fixed size) was given to a certain scale level. We call this data structure a “Regular Page.” We explore the implementation of such a structure on the worldwide charts management utilizing quad-trees. Then we discuss the future development of ECDIS and its application system in marine agencies in China.     

An Electronic Chart Display and Information System

This article introduces the most advanced form of electronic chart display and information systems (ECDIS) which complies with the performance standards for ECDIS established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). It also describes the key features and the important functions of ECDIS, which we developed. This system is different from the productions developed by C-map, Seven-cs, offshore, and others. It is more suitable for China Marine Safety Administration Bureau to manage the navigation marks real-time. Using this system charts were located and accessed rapidly, and displayed smoothly. This article also discusses in ECDIS application system how to dynamically access and desert charts data in a limited memory (limited computer memory and resource). We constructed a tridimensional structure to manage a large amount of charts data. Vertically, according to the scale range, all charts were divided into eight levels, and a data structure called as “Multiple Scale Quad-tree” was constructed. And horizontally, a grid (every unit has a fixed size) was given to a certain scale level. We call this data structure a “Regular Page.” We explore the implementation of such a structure on the worldwide charts management utilizing quad-trees. Then we discuss the future development of ECDIS and its application system in marine agencies in China.     

Transformation of Lambert Conic Conformal Coordinates from a Global Datum to a Local Datum

This paper treats the problem of how to transform from global datum, for example, from the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS), to a local datum, for example, regional or national, for the practical case of the Lambert projection of the sphere or the ellipsoid-of-revolution to the cone. We design the two projection constants n(ϕ₁, ϕ₂) and m(ϕ₁) for the Universal Lambert Conic projection of the ellipsoid-of-revolution. The task to transform from a global datum with respect to the ellipsoid-of-revolution E_A,B² to local datum with respect to the alternative ellipsoid-of-revolution E_a,b², without local ellipsoidal height, is solved by an extended numerical example. Ideas in this paper could be of interest to those working with maps and coordinates transformation from global geodetic datum to local geodetic datum and vice versa, under the Universal Lambert Conic projection, and applicable to precise positioning and navigation, boundary demarcation and determination in the marine environment.     

等距离正圆柱投影在极区海图中的应用研究

针对当前极区投影方式在极区海图编制及应用方面不完全适用的问题,结合现有航海图制作及使用习惯,提出了选用等距离正圆柱投影作为极区海图投影的设想,并分析了其适用性及应用方面存在的不足。重点对该投影海图使用过程中较为关注的等角航线展绘和图上方位、距离量测等应用问题进行了研究并提出相应的解决方法。同时通过具体算例,证明了所提方法的可行性,为该投影在极区海图中的应用奠定了基础。     

编制北极地区航海图有关问题的探讨

介绍了北极的概念,从海图投影、制图资料、专题符号、海图分幅等4个方面,研究了当前编制北极地区航海图需要解决的关键问题,为开展编制北极航海图的深入研究奠定了一定的基础。     

Isobathymetric Line Simplification with Conflict Removal Based on a B-spline Snake Model

This paper introduces a new method for the smoothing of isobathymetric lines for marine chart construction. Specific constraints have to be observed as the chart must be legible and safe for navigation. The method, based on a snake model, respects these constraints of legibility and safety which impose a direction for curve deformation. Conflicts such as self-intersections are also considered. These two points are the main contributions of the paper as current methods cannot deal with such constraints. Several case studies are presented and results obtained on real data are discussed.     

Isobathymetric Line Simplification with Conflict Removal Based on a B-spline Snake Model

This paper introduces a new method for the smoothing of isobathymetric lines for marine chart construction. Specific constraints have to be observed as the chart must be legible and safe for navigation. The method, based on a snake model, respects these constraints of legibility and safety which impose a direction for curve deformation. Conflicts such as self-intersections are also considered. These two points are the main contributions of the paper as current methods cannot deal with such constraints. Several case studies are presented and results obtained on real data are discussed.     

基于DXF的数字地图投影与坐标系转换方法研究

常用的地形图采用的是高斯投影（陆上地形图）或墨卡托（海图）投影制成,由于实际应用的需要,有时需要同一区域在不同的投影条件甚至是不同坐标系统下的地形图。利用AUTOCAD的DXF接口文件,采用高级语言编写程序,可以快速、精确地实现不同投影和坐标系统下的数字地图间的自由转换。     

1998~2017年国际北极地区海洋科学研究文献计量与发展态势

北极拥有其独特的地理位置和战略价值,同时也是全球变暖最关键的敏感区,世界各国针对北极地区制定了一系列政策计划,并开展了多年的北极海洋科学研究。基于Web of Science数据库收录的1998~2017年SCIE文章,采用文献计量与引文分析的方法与工具,分析了13784篇北极海洋科学研究的整体态势与热点前沿,结果表明：①全球北极海洋科学研究呈现出加快增长趋势,近5年的发文已经翻了一番,年均发文在689篇以上; ②环北极八国是该领域研究的主要力量,美国遥遥领先其他国家,挪威、丹麦研究基底深厚但近年发展稍缓,英国、德国是主要的非北极研究国,瑞典、法国的论文质量均衡,中国、波兰、格陵兰和荷兰则是该领域的后起之秀; ③俄罗斯科学院在本领域发文最多但文章质量良莠不齐,德国极地与海洋研究所、丹麦&格陵兰地质调查机构与挪威海洋研究所的第一作者与通讯作者研究占比高,哥本哈根大学、德国极地与海洋研究所、华盛顿大学在该领域科研影响力较大; ④全球海洋科学研究主要涉及地质学、海洋学、环境生态学、自然地理学、地球化学与地球物理学以及气象学与大气科学等领域,研究热点包括北极气候变化与极端天气、冰川消融与海平面上升、北极生态系统特征结构、北极海洋酸化与污染防治等方面。随着“一带一路”、“冰上丝绸之路”和《中国的北极政策》白皮书的发布,建议我国针对本国情况制定综合性北极科研计划,并注重科研机构间跨部门、跨领域的研究合作,加强与环北极国家和“一带一路”国家的合作,加大科研投入并开展国际规模的科学考察活动。     

影响夏季北极航道航行的近地面气象要素时空变化特征分析

本文利用ERA5再分析数据和我国北极科学考察期间获取的走航气象观测数据,分析了夏季影响船舶通航北极航道的关键近地面气象要素的时空变化特征。结果表明,7–8月的天气条件最适宜船舶在北极航道航行,9月低温、大风和大浪天气显著增多,对船舶航行影响较大,10月的天气更加恶劣,对船舶航行的挑战更大。低温天气主要出现在各航道的中段,大风和大浪天气集中在航道两端的海域。除北极中心区和10月的挪威海和巴伦支海以外,其余时间的海域出现大风和大浪天气的概率以增加趋势为主,但具有较大的年际变化。根据现有北极航道气象观测数据分析发现,东北航道能见度最差,西北航道能见度最好,中央航道居中。     

基于IHO S-100的ECDIS发展研究

一套性能完善的ECDIS为航海人员提供及时的助航信息,提高航海人员的工作效率与增强船舶航行安全。从ECDIS适应新特性、数据装载显示、标准制定、与E-NAV环境的关系等方面分析了S-100标准对ECDIS的发展影响,并对目前基于S-100的ECDIS测试情况进行了说明,最后,分析了基于S-100的ECDIS系统用户适用性情况。     

长江电子航道图显示与信息系统

针对电子海图显示与信息系统的特点和优势,结合上海航道处航道航标管理任务,描述了电子海图显示与信息系统将为航道管理部门和航行船舶带来的崭新局面。     

基于地球椭球体等距正反方位投影参数计算

等距方位投影所提供的主要投影参数是大地距离和大地方位角,可以直接服务于多种目的。等距反方位投影是以定点为极,动点至定点的大地距离和大地方位角保持真值。推导出了这两种投影的坐标计算公式,以及远程大地距离与大地方位角的计算与应用,并以实际算例进行了演示验证。     

等距圆量距法在海图上的扩展应用研究

为了解决双重极球面投影极区航海图上准确便捷量距的问题,根据等角纬度和大地纬度的关系,从理论和数值方面分析了将等距圆量距法推广应用到双重极球面投影海图的可行性、误差水平并给出了修正公式,以满足双重极球面投影航海图的极区导航应用需要。并研究了将等距圆量距法扩展到基于大地纬度应用的可行性,以满足双重极球面投影极区航海图上便捷准确的量距需要。误差分析表明,双重极球面投影海图上,基于大地纬度的等距圆量距法可行,量距误差可按相应公式修正。     

北极海冰密集度预报对大气强迫敏感性的个例研究

A regional Arctic configuration of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model （MIT-gcm） is used as the coupled ice-ocean model for forecasting sea ice conditions in the Arctic Ocean at the Na-tional Marine Environmental Forecasting Center of China （NMEFC）, and the numerical weather prediction from the National Center for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast System （NCEP GFS） is used as the atmospheric forcing. To improve the sea ice forecasting, a recently developed Polar Weather Research and Forecasting model （Polar WRF） model prediction is also tested as the atmospheric forcing. Their forecasting performances are evaluated with two different satellite-derived sea ice concentration products as initializa-tions： （1） the Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder （SSMIS） and （2） the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS （AMSR-E）. Three synoptic cases, which represent the typical atmospheric circulations over the Arctic Ocean in summer 2010, are selected to carry out the Arctic sea ice numerical forecasting experiments. The evaluations suggest that the forecasts of sea ice concentrations using the Polar WRF atmo-spheric forcing show some improvements as compared with that of the NCEP GFS.     

The diminishing age gap between polar cruisers and their ships: A new reason to codify the IMO Guidelines for ships operating in polar waters and make them mandatory?

Ice, harsh weather, severe cold, and remoteness increase the risks of navigating the Arctic. Robust ships and shipboard systems to support routine operations and effectively respond to accidents and emergency situations are necessary. In spite of these challenges, the cruise ship industry is reportedly preparing to expand its passenger capacity, destinations, and operating season in the Arctic. An examination of the Arctic cruise ship fleet shows that the most capable ships are approaching the end of their service lives and may be replaced during the next decade. A window of opportunity is open for the international community to act on concerns about the safety of cruise ships in Polar Regions by codifying and making mandatory the International Maritime Organization's Guidelines for ships operating in Polar waters. A mandatory code would provide regulatory guidance to ship-builders at a critical point in the process of procuring new Arctic cruise ships and ensure that suitably constructed and outfitted ships would serve Arctic cruisers.     

海陆空间信息一体化集成技术研究

将国际标准与国内电子海图技术实践相结合,通过对各类数据源集成研究,建立了多元空间数据通用调显引擎,实现了CDC海图数据、地形图数据、S-57标准数据、遥感影像数据、DNC数据、MapInfo数据等陆海空统一的数字图源调用与显示,为融合各类数据源提供了一个基础技术平台。     

Halocarbons associated with Arctic sea ice

Short-lived halocarbons were measured in Arctic sea–ice brine, seawater and air above the Greenland and Norwegian seas (~81°N, 2–5°E) in mid-summer, from a melting ice floe at the edge of the ice pack. In the ice floe, concentrations of C₂H₅I, 2-C₃H₇I and CH₂Br₂ showed significant enhancement in the sea ice brine, of average factors of 1.7, 1.4 and 2.5 times respectively, compared to the water underneath and after normalising to brine volume. Concentrations of mono-iodocarbons in air are the highest ever reported, and our calculations suggest increased fluxes of halocarbons to the atmosphere may result from their sea–ice enhancement. Some halocarbons were also measured in ice of the sub-Arctic in Hudson Bay (~55°N, 77°W) in early spring, ice that was thicker, colder and less porous than the Arctic ice in summer, and in which the halocarbons were concentrated to values over 10 times larger than in the Arctic ice when normalised to brine volume. Concentrations in the Arctic ice were similar to those in Antarctic sea ice that was similarly warm and porous. As climate warms and Arctic sea ice becomes more like that of the Antarctic, our results lead us to expect the production of iodocarbons and so of reactive iodine gases to increase.