Assessment of the reliability and exploitation of the information content of inverse scattering data through a fuzzy-logic-based strategy - preliminary results

The presence of noise in measured data should be carefully considered in inverse scattering methodologies, because of the intrinsic ill-conditioning of the problem. To limit the effects of noise on the retrieval procedure, this letter presents an innovative fuzzy-logic-based approach. The proposed strategy allows one to take into account the corrupted nature of the data by fully exploiting all the available information content of the measurements. Selected synthetic and experimental test cases are considered for assessing the effectiveness of the proposed approach also in comparison with a reference inverse scattering technique.     

基于粒子群优化的模糊特征自适应选择方法

模糊特征的选择影响着模糊分类的结果。从大量模糊特征中选择出有效特征进行分类,存在着一定的难度。粒子群优化算法(PSO)是基于群体智能的新型进化计算技术,具有自适应、自组织等智能特性,具有强大的寻找最优解的能力。将离散二进制PSO用于模糊特征选择,实现了基于PSO的模糊特征自适应选择方法,并通过航空和卫星遥感影像的模糊分类实验,验证了此方法的有效性。     

应用粒子群算法的遥感信息与水稻生长模型同化技术

在研究遥感信息和水稻生长模型的同化过程中, 最小化遥感反演与生长模型(RiceGrow)输出的水稻生长 信息差值绝对值时引入了一种新的优化算法-粒子群算法(PSO), 并对比了其与模拟退火算法(SA)的优缺点; 探讨 了叶面积指数(LAI)和叶片氮积累量(LNA)分别作为同化参数时的同化效果。结果表明, PSO 无论是从同化效率还是 反演精度上都要好于SA, 粒子群优化算法是一种可靠的遥感与模型同化算法; LAI 和LNA 作为外部同化参数时各 有优势, LAI 作为同化参数可获得较准确的播期及播种量, 而LNA 作为同化参数可获得更为准确的施氮量信息。但 是LAI 作为外部同化参数时的反演结果总体要优于利用LNA 作为同化参数时的反演结果。利用试验资料对该技术 进行了测试和检验, 结果显示反演的模型初始参数的平均值与真实值的相对误差(RE)均小于2.5%, 均方根误差 (RMSE)为0.7—2.2, 产量模拟值与实测值之间的相对误差为5%左右, 模拟与实测相关指标值吻合度较高, 该同化 技术具有较好的适用性。从而为生长模型从单点扩展到区域尺度应用奠定了基础。     

Spatial prediction of rainfall-induced shallow landslides using hybrid integration approach of Least-Squares Support Vector Machines and differential evolution optimization: a case study in Central Vietnam

This study represents a hybrid intelligence approach based on the differential evolution optimization and Least-Squares Support Vector Machines for shallow landslide prediction, named as DE–LSSVM_SLP. The LSSVM is used to establish a landslide prediction model whereas the DE is adopted to search the optimal tuning parameters of the LSSVM model. In this research, a GIS database with 129 historical landslide records in the Quy Hop area (Central Vietnam) has been collected to establish the hybrid model. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the curve (AUC) were used to assess the performance of the newly constructed model. Experimental results show that the proposed model has high performances with approximately 82% of AUCs on both training and validating datasets. The model’s results were compared with those obtained from other methods, Support Vector Machines, Multilayer Perceptron Neural Networks, and J48 Decision Trees. The result comparison demonstrates that the DE–LSSVM_SLP deems best suited for the dataset at hand; therefore, the proposed model can be a promising tool for spatial prediction of rainfall-induced shallow landslides for the study area.     

一种基于改进PSO算法的高时间分辨率遥感卫星星座优化设计方法

针对定位、导航、授时、遥感、通信一体的天基信息实时服务系统对遥感信息高时间分辨率获取的需求,提出了基于改进粒子群优化（particle swarm optimization,PSO）算法的遥感卫星星座优化设计方法。基于6N和3+4P星座构型,以重访时间间隔作为优化目标,采用改进的PSO算法对星座优化模型进行求解,分别针对全球覆盖和区域覆盖任务进行了仿真对比试验。仿真结果表明,提出的方法适用于低轨遥感卫星星座设计,满足高时间分辨率要求。     

模拟退火粒子群与小波的地基沉降预测应用

针对粒子群优化算法易陷入局部极小值问题,改进学习因子使其自适应调整,并与具有良好全局搜索能力的模拟退火算法结合,充分利用两种算法各自的优点,同时结合小波分析去噪,优化神经网络参数,对地基累计沉降数据进行预测,并与标准粒子群优化算法做了对比,实验表明两种方法的结合具有良好的全局和局部搜索能力,预测精度高。     

Through-Wall Imaging via a Linear Inverse Scattering Algorithm

A through-wall imaging problem for a 2-D scalar geometry is addressed. It is cast as an inverse scattering problem and tackled under the linear model of the electromagnetic scattering that is provided by the Born approximation. A truncated singular value decomposition inversion scheme is exploited, and the performances that are achievable by such an inversion scheme are assessed by exploiting synthetic data. The cases of weakly and strongly scattering objects are both considered. Finally, an example of reconstruction that is obtained by exploiting experimental data is presented.     

A Closed-Form Expression of the Electromagnetic Tensor Green's Functions for a Homogeneous TI-Anisotropic Medium

In this letter, the electromagnetic fields from electric and magnetic current source distributions located in an unbounded homogeneous transverse isotropic (TI)-anisotropic medium are determined. The expressions provide the closed-form tensor Green's functions needed in any integral equation formulation of the forward as well as the inverse scattering problems associated with scatterers embedded in a homogeneous TI-anisotropic medium     

A new two-step algorithm for ionospheric tomography solution

Ionospheric tomography inverse algorithms are usually an ill-conditioned problem because the geometric distribution of continuously operating reference GPS stations is not ideal for this task. In order to cope with such ill-conditioning, a new tomographic algorithm, termed two-step algorithm (TSA), is presented. The electron density is estimated in two steps: Phillips smoothing method (PSM) is first used to resolve the ill-conditioned problem in the ionospheric tomography system, and then, the PSM solution is input as an initial value to the multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique (MART) and iteratively improved. Numerical simulations using the International Reference Ionosphere 2007 model demonstrate that the TSA is applicable to GPS-based ionospheric tomography reconstruction and is superior to PSM and MART when these techniques are used alone. The new algorithm is applied to reconstruct the ionospheric electron density distribution over China using GPS observations, and a comparison with ionosonde observations is made.     

A Cutoff Invariant Two-Scale Model in Electromagnetic Scattering From Sea Surfaces

The two-scale model (TSM) is one of the most frequently employed approaches in scattering from multiscale surfaces such as ocean surfaces. It consists of combining geometrical optics (GO) with the small-perturbation model (SPM) to be able to cope with both the small- and large-scale components of the surface. However, well-known shortcomings of this method are the arbitrariness of the dividing scale and the sensitivity of the scattering cross section to the choice of this parameter. We propose to replace SPM with the first-order small-slope approximation (SSA1) to treat the small-scale roughness and derive the formulas for the corresponding TSM, referred to as GO-SSA. We show that GO-SSA is robust to the choice of the frequency cutoff and give a numerical illustration for the sea surface.     

城区地表形变差分TomoSAR监测方法

压缩感知技术(CS)的差分TomoSAR技术解决了中高分辨率SAR数据在城区出现的叠掩问题,实现了城区地表形变信息的重构,但是该方法仅利用了目标的稀疏特性并没有考虑目标的结构特性,对具有这两种特性的目标进行重构时其性能较差。针对这一问题,本文采用联合Khatri-Rao子空间和块压缩感知(KRS-BCS),提出了一种差分SAR层析成像方法。该方法依据目标的结构特性和重构观测矩阵具有的Khatri-Rao积性质,将稀疏结构目标的差分TomoSAR问题转化为Khatri-Rao子空间下的BCS问题,然后对目标进行块稀疏的l1/l2范数最优化求解,最后通过理论分析和仿真试验对分辨能力和重构估计性能进行了定性和定量评价,仿真结果表明本文所采用的KRS-BCS方法不仅保持了高分辨率的优点,而且有效地降低了虚假目标出现的概率,大幅度提高了散射点准确重构概率,切实可行地解决了CS方法的不足。应用实例研究中,利用34景Envisat卫星ASAR时间序列影像对日本千叶县茂原市城区进行地表形变监测,并以一等水准点和实时测量的GPS站点观测数据作为参考形变结果进行验证,试验结果表明采用KRS-BCS方法反演的结果与参考形变结果保持了良好的一致性且形变速率整体偏差也较小,实现了较高精度的城区地表形变估计。     

SOME CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING MAPPING FROM EARTH SATELLITES

In attempting to assess the possibilities of mapping from earth satellites, various factors which do not occur with aerial photography must be considered. The orbital characteristics of satellites are discussed from the point of view of their effects on photographic scale and coverage and the problems of taking and retrieving photography from satellites are outlined. An evaluation of the possibilities and limitations of mapping from both single and stereoscopic television pictures and normal frame photography is made and the tentative conclusion reached that topographic mapping from earth satellite photography may only be considered seriously for the scales 1 : 250 000 to 1 : 1 000 000 and for a minimum contour interval of 100 m. The economy of this very small-scale mapping is at present very doubtful in view of the current costs of building and launching a suitable satellite. Any extensive programme of satellite photography for mapping purposes could pose some difficult legal and political problems if the photography was made freely available.     

Multiple-Component Scattering Model for Polarimetric SAR Image Decomposition

A multiple-component scattering model (MCSM) is proposed to decompose polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) images. The MCSM extends a three-component scattering model, which describes single-bounce, double-bounce, volume, helix, and wire scattering as elementary scattering mechanisms in the analysis of PolSAR images. It can be found that double-bounce, helix, and wire scattering are predominant in urban areas. These elementary scattering mechanisms correspond to the asymmetric reflection condition that the copolar and cross-polar correlations are not close to zero. The MCSM is demonstrated with a German Aerospace Center (DLR) Experimental Synthetic Aperture Radar (ESAR) L-band full-polarized image of the Oberpfaffenhofen Test Site Area (DE), Germany, which was obtained on September 30, 2000. The result of this decomposition confirmed that the proposed model is effective for analysis of buildings in urban areas.      

利用生物地理学优化算法获取城市扩展元胞自动机模型参数

提出了一种基于生物地理学优化算法寻找城市扩展元胞自动机（cellular automata,CA）模型最佳参数的方法。转换规则制定及相应权重参数获取是构建城市扩展CA的核心和难点。生物地理学优化算法（biogeography-based optimization,BBO）通过模拟生物物种在栖息地的分布、迁移和灭绝来求解优化问题。利用BBO算法自动获取城市扩展CA模型参数值,构建BBO-CA模型进行城市扩展模拟实验,并与粒子群算法（particle swarm optimization,PSO）、蚁群算法（ant colony optimization,ACO）、遗传算法（genetic algorithm,GA）及逻辑回归（logistic regression,LR）等方法相比较。结果表明,BBO算法具有较好的收敛性,可有效地快速自动寻找城市扩展CA模型最佳参数组合,获取的空间变量权重参数较为合理;BBO-CA模型明显提升了城市用地模拟精度,城市用地模拟精度为72.5%,相对PSO、ACO、GA、LR各算法分别提升了1.1%、1.2%、2.7%和4.0%,Kappa系数达到0.700,分别提升了0.015、0.016、0.034和0.046,且整体空间布局与实际情况更为接近,验证了应用BBO算法的可行性与优势。     

GPS重力数据的粒子群算法联合反演断层三维滑动速率

联合反演是解释地球动力问题的有力手段,本文利用近年来发展的新优化算法-粒子群算法结合位错理论模型,比较了模拟数值的联合反演与单一数据反演的结果.并采用青藏高原东北缘2001-2004年间的GPS数据,及2003 -2004年间的重力数据,对皇城-塔尔庄断层的三维滑动速率进行了附有相对权比的联合反演计算.结果表明,多种数...     

极化SAR自适应三分量分解方法

介绍了原始极化SAR三分量分解中存在的问题,如负功率和散射机制模糊,并深入分析了其改进方法中仍然存在的缺陷,提出了一种自适应的三分量分解。该分解采用了更一般化的散射模型,并首次考虑了像素中存在不同旋转角的两个面或偶次散射目标,然后利用散射Alpha角确定除体散射之外的剩余主导散射机制,使面或偶次散射得到了更充分的保持。最后,从散射模型与极化相干矩阵自适应匹配的角度出发,提出了一种对负功率进行自适应优化的措施,使得负功率像素个数大大减少,从而分解更加准确有效。试验结果表明,该分解所得结果更符合实际地物散射过程,能更好地解决基于模型的分解方法中存在的缺陷。     

“三规合一”服务的空间信息技术:地理模拟与优化

中国的国民经济和社会发展规划、土地利用总体规划以及城乡规划都是法定规划,但由于规划主体、技术标准和编制办法、实施手段和监督机制等的不同,导致"三规分离"、各个规划之间相互冲突的问题较为突出。虽然国家为了消除冲突,正在开展"三规合一"的有关工作,但缺乏有关技术手段的支持。本文以地理信息科学为出发点,对地理过程建模在国内外研究中的应用进行了总结,阐述了地理模拟与优化的框架体系可以成为目前中国正在进行的"三规合一"工作的重要理论和方法支撑。     

基于PSO和LM算法的坐标转换新方法

3维坐标的转换精度与坐标转换参数的解算精度密切相关,在不同区域的坐标转换参数不完全相同,为了提高测量的精度,就必须求出适合本地区的坐标转换参数,以提高坐标转换的精度。本文直接从坐标转换的非线性方程出发,根据最优化问题的极值条件,研究采用基于微粒群优化(PSO)和拉凡格氏(LM)组合算法求解3维坐标转换参数。结果表明,该方法具有简单性、高效性和普适性,适合测量中3维坐标的转换解算。     

联合干涉相位和相干性幅度的极化干涉SAR最优相干性估计

极化干涉SAR(PolInSAR)估计的复相干性包含相干性幅度和干涉相位,相干性幅度高低可以衡量干涉相位的质量,干涉相位是散射目标相位中心位置的重要体现,相干性幅度和干涉相位估计精度决定植被参数反演精度。由不同极化状态构成的相干区域中,相干性幅度差最大和干涉相位差最大的估计准则都从复相干性的某一方面建立最优估计函数,不能有效利用相干性幅度和相位信息。本文以相干区域边界为基础,结合相干性幅度和干涉相位信息,利用关联度建立联合干涉相位和相干性幅度的最优相干性估计准则,并在相干区域范围内获取最优散射机制及其相干性。试验结果表明,联合干涉相位和相干性幅度的最优估计准则可以有效区分地表散射和森林冠层散射的相干性和散射中心,提高植被高反演的可靠性。     

基于主成分分析与粒子群优化的遥感影像变化检测

针对变化检测中差异影像上变化阈值选择困难的问题,该文提出了使用粒子群优化算法自动地从差异影像上选择最优变化阈值的方法。该方法首先利用主成分分析法从影像中提取包含最大信息的主分量,利用主分量构建差异影像;在此基础上,使用高斯混合模型估算差异影像的初始阈值,最后通过粒子群算法计算出最优的变化阈值。实验结果表明,该方法能够迅速地获取变化阈值,避免了人工选择时繁琐重复的尝试,且检测结果精度较高。