胶体在地下水中的环境行为特征及其研究方法探讨

在收集查阅国内外已有研究资料的基础上,对地下水中胶体稳定性、迁移机制以及模拟预测方法进行了详细归纳和总结。研究表明,胶体稳定性主要受自身理化性质和水文地球化学条件的影响,其受控于胶体粒径、形态、电势电位以及地下水的pH、离子强度等条件。胶体在多孔介质中的迁移机制主要表现为胶体沉积和形变阻塞,其中针对胶体稳定性的差异性,胶体沉积过程分别表现为表面封阻和过滤熟化。目前有关胶体在地下水中迁移的模拟技术已发展得日益成熟,但结合多孔介质非均质性和胶体化学性质非均质性的数学模型还需进一步探讨。     

Impacts of environmental flow controls on the water table and groundwater chemistry in the Ejina Delta,northwestern China

The impacts of environmental flow controls on the water table and chemistry of groundwater in the Ejina Delta, an arid inland river basin in northwest China, were investigated with field observations in 2001 and 2009. The results indicate that the shallow groundwater level rose by 0–2 m in the upper reaches of the east tributary of the Heihe River and in the areas of Saihantaolai—Dalaikubu during the period of environmental flow controls. The chemical constituents of the groundwater show a distinct spatial heterogeneity with the total dissolved solids (TDS) in the groundwater increasing from the periphery towards the depocenter of the Ejina Basin. In addition, the rate of groundwater cycling in the south of the Ejina Delta increased, and the mineralization of groundwater declined, while the overall mineralization and salinity increased in the northern regions, especially in the depocenter of the Ejina Basin. Since shallow groundwater is important to the ecology of arid regions, and because understanding the changes in the shallow groundwater environment (groundwater level and hydrochemistry) in response to environmental flow controls is essential for the sustainable improvement of the ecological environment, the results of this paper can be used as a reference for watershed water resources planning and management to help maintain the health and proper function of rivers in arid regions.     

Contesting expertise: The politics of environmental knowledge in northern Indian groundwater practices

The world is facing a severe water crisis. According to the UN, by 2025 50% of the world’s population will face water scarcity. In India, where 70% of irrigation and 80% of domestic needs are met with groundwater, demand for this resource is expected to exceed supply by 2020. This has led to recent calls for groundwater governance reforms within India, and specifically within the state of Rajasthan, where no regulation exists today. The success of these reforms hinges on the interaction of the state and its agents with local users and managers of groundwater resources. Underpinning these encounters, though, are tensions between local and state forms of groundwater knowledges. The question analyzed here is in what ways do conflicting environmental knowledges adversely affect the management of overexploited groundwater resources in water-scarce India? To address this question, I examine the coevolution of pre-colonial, colonial, and post-independence groundwater and irrigation knowledges and technologies in Rajasthan, India to expose the ways that they are produced, contested, legitimated, and hybridized. The paper argues the following three claims. First, the relationship between the state and local producers of groundwater knowledge practices is non-linear and porous. For instance, the way that state subjects experience the state is uneven because within and in-between historical moments the state may attempt to assimilate, reorganize, plagiarize, or disparage local knowledge. Second, these attempts produce or exacerbate existing historically rooted tensions between farmers and state groundwater engineers. But in response, farmers often seek out non-state avenues of expertise, such as tubewell drilling firms. This results in the further hybridization of knowledge practices and also in the present-day marginalization of the state. Third, the relationship between farmers and the state is further strained because of a current lack of state visibility in the study area and also because the state continues to “see like a state”. These shifting meanings and power relations around groundwater and irrigation knowledges produce tensions that will undoubtedly negatively impact future groundwater governance strategies.     

The effects of a gas well blow out on groundwater chemistry

Water wells were sampled near North Madison, Ohio, following a gas well blow out that injected large amounts of CH₄ into near-surface groundwater Chemical analyses showed elevated levels of Fe⁺², Mn⁺², Ca⁺², sulfide, alkalinity, and pH, and low levels of dissolved oxygen, SO₄ ⁻², and NO₃ ⁻ in CH₄-affected wells compared to unaffected wells. Sulfate reduction is quantitatively the most important vehicle for CH₄ oxidation Equilibrium thermodynamic computer models were used to simulate groundwaters from the North Madison area Model results showed that CH₄ is oxidized to HCO₃ ⁻, SO₄ ⁻² is reduced, iron and manganese oxides are reduced and dissolved, and pH increases These simulations are in excellent agreement with trends observed in the field data A laboratory experiment was designed to simulate CH₄ ⁻ perturbed groundwater in the methane-perturbed system, sulfide increased significantly, providing direct evidence for methane oxidation by sulfate reduction Although suitable anaerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria have not been isolated from groundwater aquifers, the combination of field data, laboratory experiment, and computer simulation form a convincing argument that CH₄ perturbation of aquifers can and does affect groundwater chemistry     

松嫩平原地下水流动模式的环境同位素标记

采用同位素水文学方法并结合传统水文地质方法,识别松嫩平原地下水流动模式。氢氧稳定同位素和地下水年龄分布表明该区地下水流动系统流动模式呈现出局部流、中间流和区域流系统。地下水中氚分布深度指示局部水流系统为现代水循环系统,以垂向运动为主要特征,循环深度一般小于50 m,山前区可达100m以下;区域流系统存在于深部承压含水层,以侧向水平径流为主要运动特征。松辽边界附近的环境同位素特征存在明显的差别,指示天然状态下可视为零通量边界。同位素示踪剂也反映出嫩江和地下水的相互作用关系,在齐齐哈尔以北,江水补给地下水;在齐齐哈尔以南,地下水向嫩江排泄。     

A Geochemical study of the groundwater in the Misli basin and environmental implications

The aim of this study was to determine geochemical properties of groundwater and thermal water in the Misli Basin and to assess thermal water intrusion into shallow groundwater due to over-extraction. According to isotope and hydrochemical analyses results, sampled waters can be divided into three groups: cold, thermal, and mixed waters. Only a few waters reach water–rock chemical equilibrium. Thermal waters in the area are characterized by Na⁺–Cl⁻–HCO₃⁻, while the cold waters by CaHCO₃ facies. On the basis of isotope results, thermal waters in the Misli basin are meteoric origin. In particular, δ¹⁸O and δ²H values of shallow groundwater vary from −10.2 to −12.2‰ and −71.2 to −82‰, while those of thermal waters range from −7.8 to −10.1‰ and from −67 to −74‰, respectively. The tritium values of shallow groundwater having short circulation as young waters coming from wells that range from 30 to 70 m in depth vary from 10 to 14 TU. The average tritium activity of groundwater in depths more than 100 m is 1.59 ± 1.16, which indicates long circulation. The rapid infiltration of the precipitation, the recycling of the evaporated irrigation water, the influence of thermal fluids and the heterogeneity of the aquifer make it difficult to determine groundwater quality changes in the Misli Basin. Obtained results show that further lowering of the groundwater table by over-consumption will cause further intrusion of thermal water which resulted in high mineral content into the fresh groundwater aquifer. Because of this phenomenon, the concentrations of some chemical components which impairs water quality in terms of irrigation purposes in shallow groundwaters, such as Na⁺, B, and Cl⁻, are highy probably expected to increase in time.     

Wisconsinan Late-glacial environmental change in Newfoundland: A regional review

The distribution of 75 lake and bog sites, from which pollen stratigraphical evidence relevant to the late Quaternary of Newfoundland has been obtained, is presented. The detailed records of lithology, pollen and diatoms, supplemented by geochemical data, are discussed for three of the sites — Southwest Brook Lake, Woody Hill Brook Pond and Leading Tickles — and interpretations made are based on vegetational history, relative climatic changes and extent of ice cover. Radiocarbon data from 14 sites are summarised. A summary chart of Late-glacial environmental changes, including a qualitative palaeotemperature curve, is provided.     

A retrospective analysis of the impact of climate change on groundwater resources

Based on the actual meteorological data that characterize statistically significant changes in the air temperature and the amount of precipitation in the southwest of the Moscow artesian basin, the conditions that form the water balance and groundwater recharge are modeled. The comparison of the calculated longterm average values for the previous (1965–1988) and recent (1989–2012) periods made it possible to estimate the climate changes in the elements of water balance and groundwater recharge. Based on the maps of longterm average groundwater recharge for these periods, which were constructed using the results of modeling, the estimation of the change in natural resources of groundwater in the territory was performed, showing an increase of 9% (780000 m³/day).     

地质环境问题的地质指标体系框架及其构建方法

面对复杂、多变、脆弱的地质环境和不断加剧的人类工程经济活动,急需建立面向多种地质环境问题的地质指 标体系。针对中国地质环境工作现状,借鉴国际地质指标工作组最新的成果和经验,对地质指标的定义、内涵进行了 修订和拓展,创建了包括调查指标体系（影响指标、状态指标、后果指标）和监测指标体系（压力指标、状态指标、 响应指标）的地质指标体系框架,并建立了从面向单一地质环境问题的地质指标体系的构建思路、实际范例,到面向 一个国家或地区的地质指标体系的构建步骤,为地质指标的创建、完善和应用指明了方向。     

Geologic factors controlling groundwater chemistry in the coastal aquifer system of Douala/Cameroon: implication for groundwater system functioning

Douala city, located in the littoral province of Cameroon, receives abundant rainfall quantities due to its geographical position in the Gulf of Guinea and bears considerable surface water and groundwater resources. Due to socioeconomic development and rapid demographic growth in the city and its consequences of unplanned urbanization and improper sanitation system, these water resources are poorly protected and managed. Streams in the Wouri watershed receive large amounts of wastewater discharge, and hundreds of boreholes have been drilled into the aquifer system without any management plan. A detailed hydrodynamic and hydrogeochemistry study in Douala town and its environs was conducted to get a better insight into the groundwater system functioning in order to provide information for the sustainable management and protection of the groundwater resource. Two field campaigns were carried out with 187 samples collected and analyzed for major ions, stable isotopes (¹⁸O, ²H), and tritium ³H. The results of the sampling have shown that the weathering of silicate minerals is the dominant geochemical process affecting groundwater chemistry in this system. However, acid rainfall in the humid climate has also caused carbonate mineral dissolution, amorphous silica deposition, and ion exchange reactions to occur in aquifers in the region. The various water types identified were categorized into four major clusters C1 to C4, based on the major ion composition and the local hydrogeological conditions. Environmental isotope data reveal that modern-to-submodern waters occur in the phreatic Quaternary/Mio-Pliocene and Oligocene/Upper Eocene aquifers, respectively. These results corroborate with the conceptual model built where modern groundwater types indicated silicate mineral weathering and calcite dissolution (C1 and C2), whereas submodern groundwater mostly showed silica deposition, ion exchange, and, to a lesser extent, carbonate mineral dissolution (C3 and C4). This improved understanding of the aquifer system functioning is essential to provide a reasonable basis for effective control measures and sustainable water management.     

A study on the impact of weathering in groundwater chemistry of a hard rock aquifer

Hydrogeochemistry of groundwater in hard rock terrain are mainly governed by lithology and land use practices. A study area near Madurai region of central Tamil Nadu was selected with various litho-units and a hard rock sedimentary contact with an unconformity. Land use practices in these regions are also varied with lithology. The study was conducted by collecting 54 groundwater samples spatially covering the major litho-units. Collected samples were analyzed for electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), temperature, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, HCO₃, NO₃, H₄SiO₄, PO₄, and SO₄. The results of the samples analyzed found to vary spatially. Dominance of ion shows that the alkalies are predominant and HCO₃ is the dominant anion. Piper facies show that the samples are alkali-carbonate type indicating the predominance of weathering. Most of the parameters exceed the drinking water permissible limit. Standard plots and statistical analysis also indicate weathering as the major process governing the hydrogeochemistry of the groundwater in the region. Relative mobility of cations indicates that the rate of liberation of alkalies from the lithology is more prominent.     

Wisconsinan Late-glacial environmental change in Nova Scotia: A regional synthesis

A synthesis of the interpreted vegetational and climatic history of Nova Scotia during the Wisconsinan Late-glacial period (14-9 ka BP) is presented and described in 500-year intervals. The concomitant regional deglaciation history of the region is also described. A synthesis chart is provided which includes a qualitative curve of temperature reconstructions for the Lateglacial period.     

Quantifying the effects of environmental change on an oyster population: A modeling study

Three models are combined to investigate the effects of changes in environmental conditions on the population structure of the Eastern oyster,Crassostrea virginica. The first model, a time-dependent model of the oyster population as described in Powell et al. (1992, 1994, 1995a,b, 1996, 1997) and Hofmann et al. (1992, 1994, 1995), tracks the distribution, development, spawning, and mortality of sessile oyster populations. The second model, a time-dependent larval growth model as described in Dekshenieks et al. (1993), simulates larval growth and mortality. The final model, a finite element hydrodynamic model, simulates the circulation in Galveston Bay, Texas. The coupled post-settlement-larval model (the oyster model) runs within the finite element grid at locations that include known oyster reef habitats. The oyster model was first forced with 5 yr of mean environmental conditions to provide a reference simulation for Galveston Bay. Additional simulations considered the effects of long-term increases and decreases in freshwater inflow and temperature, as well as decreases in food concentration and total seston on Galveston Bay oyster populations. In general, the simulations show that salinity is the primary environmental factor controling the spatial extent of oyster distribution within the estuary. Results also indicate a need to consider all environmental factors when attempting to predict the response of oyster populations; it is the superposition of a combination of these factors that determines the state of the population. The results from this study allow predictions to be made concerning the effects of environmental change on the status of oyster populations, both within Galveston Bay and within other estuarine systems supporting oyster populations.     

Distinguishing groundwater flow paths in different fractured-rock aquifers using groundwater chemistry: Dandenong Ranges, southeast Australia

Major ion geochemistry is used to qualitatively interpret groundwater residence times within an aquifer, and the extent of mixing between aquifers with distinctive mineralogy. In conjunction with hydraulic heads and stable isotope geochemistry, flow paths and inter-aquifer exchange are defined in a fractured-rock aquifer system in the Dandenong Ranges, southeast Australia. Stable isotopes indicate modern seasonal recharge throughout the system. At high elevations in the sub-catchment, which includes both marine Silurian-Devonian sedimentary and Tertiary basalt aquifers, Cl is derived primarily from cyclic salts, and differences in mineralogy result in groundwater from the basalt aquifer having higher TDS contents (123–262 mg/L) and (Ca+Mg)/Na ratios (0.9–1.3) than groundwater from the sedimentary aquifer (TDS: 55–79 mg/L; (Ca+Mg)/Na: 0.1–0.2). At low elevations, in areas of local groundwater discharge, the more regional flow system in the Silurian-Devonian sediments contains additional Cl from water–rock interaction and has distinctly higher TDS contents (517–537 mg/L). Differences in groundwater chemistry between the aquifers and between shallower and deeper flow systems highlights areas of inter-aquifer mixing. This is particularly important for aquifer vulnerability where groundwater quality in the deeper aquifer may be impacted by surface activities.

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Resumen Se ha utilizado geoquímica de iones mayores para interpretar cualitativamente los tiempos de residencia del agua subterránea dentro de un acuífero, y el grado de mezcla entre acuíferos con mineralogía característica. De manera conjunta con presiones hidráulicas y geoquímica de isótopos estables, se han definido trayectorias de flujo e intercambio entre acuíferos en un sistema de acuífero de roca fracturada en las Sierras Dandenong, sureste de Australia. Los isótopos estables indican recarga estacional moderada a través del sistema. A elevaciones altas en la sub-cuenca que incluye acuíferos sedimentarios Silúrico-Devónicos y acuíferos basálticos Terciarios, Cl se deriva principalmente de sales cíclicas. Las diferencias en mineralogía resultan en agua subterránea del acuífero basáltico que tiene mayores contenidos TDS (123–262 mg/L) y mayor relación (Ca+Mg)/Na (0.9–1.3) que el agua subterránea de los acuíferos sedimentarios (TDS:55–79 mg/L; (Ca+Mg)/Na: 0.1–0.2). A elevaciones bajas, en áreas de recarga local de agua subterránea, el sistema de flujo más regional en los sedimentos Silúrico-Devónicos contiene Cl adicional que se deriva de la interacción roca-agua y típico contenido TDS más alto (517–537 mg L). Las diferencias en la química del agua subterránea entre los acuíferos y entre los sistemas de flujo más profundo y más somero resalta áreas de mezcla entre acuíferos. Esto es particularmente importante para la vulnerabilidad del acuífero donde la calidad del agua subterránea en el acuífero más profundo puede ser impactada por las actividades superficiales.

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Résumé Les ions majeurs sont utilisés pour interpréter quantitativement les temps de résidence des eaux souterraines dans les aquifères, et létendue des zones de mélange entre les aquifères de différentes minéralogies. En regard de la répartition des charges hydrauliques et des informations données par les isotopes stables, les écoulements et les échanges inter-aquifères sont définis dans un aquifère fracturé dans le Dandenong Ranges, SE de lAustralie. Les isotopes stables indiquent des recharges modernes et saisonnières à travers le système aquifère. A haute altitude dans le sous-bassin versant, qui inclut des sédiments du Siluro-Dévonien et des basaltes du Tertiaire, le chlore est dabord dérivé des sels cycliques, et des différences minéralogiques dans les eaux souterraines sont observées selon laquifère : basalte tertiaire (TDS: 123–262 mg/L; Ca+Mg/Ca: 0.9 à 1.3) et sédiments primaires (TDS: 55–79 mg/L; Ca+Mg/Ca: 0.1–0.2). Aux basses altitudes, dans les zones locales de décharge des eaux souterraines, les écoulements les plus régionaux possèdent des teneurs plus élevées en Chlore en provenance des interactions eau—roche, et des TDS plus élevées (515–537 mg/L). Des différences dans la chimie des eaux souterraines entre les aquifères et entre les systèmes découlement de surface et les écoulements profonds mettent en lumière les zones de mélange inter-aquifère. Ceci est particulièrement important pour la définition de la vulnérabilité où la qualité des eaux souterraines en profondeur peuvent subir les impacts des activités de surface.

     

The first deep Quaternary groundwater capture in Switzerland: combined use and environmental benefits

 Foresighted and determined local authorities, purposeful exploration (i.e. by seismic reflection) and extensive testing led to the discovery of a substantial groundwater resource near the community of Seon (Switzerland) at a depth of 268–305 m. Production tests revealed a hydraulic conductivity of ∼5.10–5 m/s, transmissivity of ∼5.10–4 m²/s and a storage coefficient of ∼2% in the aquifer. Pumping up to 1500 l/min is sustainable; the water quality complies chemically and bacteriologically with drinking-water requirements. The residence time of several 10³ years, determined by isotope techniques, guarantees protection from surface contamination. The elevated temperature of 19.5  °C of the produced water enables combined use for drinking water and space heating. The environmental benefits are substantial: the emission reduction amounts up to 780 tons/year CO₂ and 1 ton/year SO₂. Received: 21 September 1998 · Accepted: 10 February 1999