Temperature and ozone variations in the stratosphere

Examined are temperature and ozone variations in the Northern Hemisphere stratosphere during the period 1958–77, as estimated from radiosondes rocketsondes, ozonesondes, and Umkehr measurements. The temperature variation in the low tropical stratosphere is a combination of the variation associated with the quasi-biennial oscillation, and a variation nearly out of phase with the pronounced 3-yearly temperature oscillation (Southern Oscillation) present in the tropical troposphere since 1963. Based on radiosonde and rocketsonde data, the quasibiennial temperature oscillation can be traced as high as the stratopause, the phase varying with both height and latitude. However, the rocketsonde-derived temperature decrease of several degrees Celsius in the 25–55 km layer of the Western Hemisphere between 1969 (sunspot maximum) and 1976 (sunspot minimum) is not apparent in high-level radiosonde data, so that caution is advised with respect to a possible solar-terrestrial relation.There has been a strong quasi-biennial oscillation in ozone in the 8–16 km layer of the north polar region, with ozone minimum near the time of quasi-biennial west wind maximum at a height of 20 km in the tropics. A quasi-biennial oscillation in ozone (of similar phase) is also apparent from both ozonesonde data and Umkehr measurements in 8–16 and 16–24 km layers of north temperate latitudes, but not higher up. Both measurement techniques also suggest a slight overall ozone decrease in the same layers between 1969 and 1976, but no overall ozone change in the 24–32 km layer. Umkehr measurements indicate a significant 6–8% increase in ozone amount in all stratospheric layers between 1964 and 1970, and in 1977 the ozone amount in the 32–46 km layer was still 4% above average despite the predicted depletion due to fluorocarbon emissions. The decrease in ozone in the 32–46 km, layer of mid latitudes following the volcanic eruptions of Agung and Fuego is believed to be mostly fictitious and due to the bias introduced into the Umkehr technique by stratospheric aerosols of volcanic origin. Above-average water vapor amounts in the low stratosphere at Washington, DC, appear closely related to warm tropospheric temperatures in the tropics, presumably reflecting variations in strength of the Hadley circulation.     

Background concentrations of photochemically active trace constituents in the stratosphere and upper troposphere

Summary High resolution absorption spectroscopy can be used for obtaining very small background concentrations or very low upper limits of trace constituents, particularly from measurements inQ-branches of fundamental vibration-rotation bands. As examples, the results of a search for NH₃ and SO₂ in the Vermande and Dionne Mont-Louis solar spectra will be reported. The relative concentration of NH₃ is very much lower above the Pyrenees than the generally accepted minimum background concentrations near sea-level.     

The vertical distribution of CFM and related species in the stratosphere

Available data on halogenated molecules in the stratosphere will be reviewed. Presently vertical profiles of CFCl₃ and CF₂Cl₂ in the stratosphere exist to 50 km altitude. Only measurements in the lower stratosphere are reported for the other major halocarbons, CCl₄ and CH₃Cl. Profiles of the product species ClO, Cl, HCl, and HF exist to about 35 km.Comparison with theoretical profiles from 1-D models shows generally good agreement except for ClO where the earliest measured concentrations exceed the calculated ones considerably.     

Transport and the seasonal variation of ozone

The transport mechanisms responsible for the seasonal behavior of total ozone are deduced from the comparison of model results to stratospheric data. The seasonal transport is dominated by a combination of the diabatic circulation and transient planetary wave activity acting on a diffusively and photochemically determined background state. The seasonal variation is not correctly modeled as a diffusive process. The buildup of total ozone at high latitudes during winter is dependent upon transient planetary wave activity of sufficient strength to cause the breakdown of the polar vortex. While midwinter warmings are responsible for enhanced ozone transport to high latitudes, the final warming marking the transition from zonal mean westerlies to zonal mean easterlies is the most important event leading to the spring maximum. The final warming is not followed by reacceleration of the mean flow; so that the ozone transport associated with this event is more pronounced than that associated with midwinter warmings.     

Structure and dynamics of the stratosphere and mesosphere revealed by VHF radar investigations

Powerful VHF radars are capable of almost continuously monitoring the threedimensional velocity vector and the distribution of turbulence in the middle atmosphere, i.e. the stratosphere and mesosphere. Methods of radar investigations of the middle atmosphere are outlined and the basic parameters, mean and fluctuating velocities as well as reflectivity and persistency of atmospheric structures, are defined. Results of radar investigations are described which show that the tropopause level as well as a criterion on the stability of the lower stratosphere can be deduced. Besides mean wind velocities, VHF radars can measure instantaneous velocities due to acoustic gravity waves. The interaction of gravity waves with the background wind is discussed, and it is shown that cumulus convection is an effective source of gravity waves in the lower stratosphere. The vertical microstructure of the stratosphere, manifesting itself in thin stratified sheets in which temperature steps occur, is investigated by applying knowledge from investigations of the oceanic thermocline. Possible origins, like shear generation and lateral convection of the microstructure of the stratosphere, are discussed. Observations of gravity waves in the mesosphere are reviewed and their connection with turbulence structures is pointed out. Finally, some open questions which could be answered by further VHF radar investigations are summarized.     

我国上空平流层中微量气体的垂直分布和变化趋势

利用1992～2005年卤素掩星试验（HALOE）的观测资料分析了中国上空平流层的几种微量气体（NO, NO2, HF, HCl, CH4, H2O 和O3）混合比的垂直分布和变化趋势,以期为研究平流层的辐射和化学过程提供一些有用的数据. 文中除给出我国上空平流层各高度上平均的各种微量气体的含量外,还给出青藏高原上空这些微量气体的含量. 分析结果表明,平流层各种微量气体混合比的垂直分布有其不同的特征,在对流层上层到平流层底部各种微量气体的混合比分布和季节变化与平流层相比有明显的差异;分析结果还表明,这些微量气体的季节变化、准两年周期振荡和长期变化趋势都很明显,并且在平流层的不同高度上它们的变化趋势是不相同的. 在平流层中层,NO, NO2, HCl 和H2O 混合比在1998年以前都是增加而后则是明显下降的,但O3相反,在1998年以前明显减少,1998年后其减少的趋势不明显. 这表明,近年来平流层中层这些微量气体的减少使得它们对臭氧的破坏有所缓解. 但在平流层下层,臭氧的耗损仍然很明显.     

A discussion of the chemistry of some minor constituents in the stratosphere and troposphere

A discussion is given of atmospheric reactions in the H₂O–CH₄–O₂–O₃–NO _x system. In the lower troposphere such reactions may lead to significant production of ozone. Their role in the odd hydrogen balance, especially of the troposphere and lower stratosphere, is discussed. CH₃OH may be an intermediate in the oxidation cycle of methane, especially in the cold stratosphere. Its photodissociation into H₂ and CH₂O may consequently provide an important source for stratospheric H₂. Catalytic photochemical chains of reactions involving NO _x and HO _x may also lead to tropospheric destruction of ozone. Due to lack of knowledge it is not possible at present to evaluate the importance of the before-mentioned reactions.With the aid of model calculations it is indicated that stratospheric ozone is most sensitive to changes in the adopted lower boundary values of N₂O and that an increase in water vapour concentrations in the lower stratosphere will indeed cause some increase in ozone as predicted.Fluctuations in the flux of solar radiation near 190 nm may cause significant variations in stratospheric ozone concentrations.     

基于水体反射光谱和组分浓度的固有光学特性反演算法

吸收系数和后向散射系数是水体的固有光学特性参数,在探测水体中各组分浓度的过程中起着至关重要的作用.但通常组分固有光学特性的测定是一个操作复杂且费时费力的过程.提出了一种利用已知组分浓度和相应的反射光谱的水体样本来推定水体中各组分的吸收和后向散射系数的算法,并利用生物光学模型产生的模拟光谱数据对算法的合理性进行了验证.结果表明,在理想的实验条件下(反射光谱满足机理模型,且选取的训练样本相互独立),可以高精度地反演出各组分的固有光学特性,从而证实了本算法在理论卜的合理性.     

The transport of trace substances in the atmosphere and their implications for the general circulation of the stratosphere

Summary Considerations concerning the distribution of artificial radioactive substances in the troposphere point to the occurrence of stratospheric-tropospheric exchange in the region of the discontinuity between the tropical and middle latitude tropopause. Computations of the horizontal flux of ozone in the lower stratosphere and examination of the distribution of the tracer tungsten 185 in the stratosphere suggest that the trace substances are transported northwards from the tropical stratosphere by the action of transient eddy processes in which northward moving parcels of air are sinking and southward moving parcels are rising. The amount of ozone transported varies seasonally and is a maximum in the late winter and spring. The total transport appears sufficient to account for the observed spring build-up of ozone in middle and high latitudes. The eddies invoked are shown to be consistent with the observed countergradient transport of heat in the lower stratosphere, the pattern of stratospheric isentropes and the covariance values found from meridional and vertical velocities. The combined results indicate a new view concerning the mechanics of stratospheric motions as contrasted with the classical ideas of mean meridional motions.

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Zusammenfassung Erwägungen im Hinblick auf die Verteilung künstlicher radio-aktiver Bestandteile in der Troposphäre deuten auf das Auftreten von stratosphärischem-troposphärischem Austausch in der Diskontinuäts-Zone zwischen der tropischen und mittleren Breite in der «Tropopause». Berechnungen des horizontalen Einfliessens des Ozons in der niedrigeren Stratosphäre und Untersuchung der Verteilung des Spurmaterials Wolfram 185 in der Stratosphäre deuten darauf hin, dass die Spuren-Bestandteile nordwärts transportiert werden von der tropischen Stratosphäre durch die Wirkung vorübergehender Wirbel-Prozesse; die Luftmassen, die sich in nördlicher Richtung bewegen, sinken, die in südlicher Bewegung, steigen. Der transportierte Ozon-Gehalt wechselt mit der Jahreszeit, ist maximal spät in Winter und Frühjahr. Der gesamte Transport erscheint genügend, um den beobachteten Frühjahrs-Zuwachs von Ozon in den mittleren und höheren Breitegraden zu rechtfertingen. Die in Betracht kommenden Wirbel scheinen in Übereinstimmung zu sein mit dem beobachtetem Hitze-Transport in der niedrigen Stratosphäre entgegen dem Aufstieg, mit dem üblichen Verlauf der stratosphärischen Isotropen und den Werten, die für die Co-Varianten gefunden wurden von meridionalen und vertikalen Geschwindigkeiten. Die kombinierten Resultate geben einen neuen Einblick in den Mechanismus der strato-sphärischen Strömungen in Kontrast zu den klassischen Ideen einer durchschnittlichen meridionalen Strömung.

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Résumé Des considérations concernant la distribution des substances radio-actives artificielles dans la troposphère indiquent l'occurrence d'un échange strato-sphérique-troposphérique dans la région de discontinuité entre les latitudes tropicales et centrales de la tropopause. Des computations du flux horizontal d'ozone dans la basse stratosphère et l'examen de la distribution du traceur tungstène 185 dans la stratosphère suggèrent que les trace-substances soient transportées vers le nord de la stratosphère tropicale par l'action des procès de tourbillon transitoire dans lequel les parcelles d'air mouvant vers le nord s'enfoncent et les parcelles mouvant vers le sud s'élèvent. Le total d'ozone transporté varie periodiquement et devient maximum pendant la fin de l'hiver et du printemps. Le transport total paraît suffisant à justifier l'élévation de l'ozone observée au printemps aux latitudes moyennes et supérieures. Les tourbillons invoqués se montrent consistant au contregradient du transport de chaleur observé dans la basse stratosphère, le modèle des isentropes et les valeurs covariées se trouvent dependre des vitesses méridionales et verticales. Les résultats combinés indiquent une nouvelle vue sur les mécaniques des mouvements stratosphériques contrastant des idées classiques aux mouvements moyens méridionaux.

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The research reported in this article was sponsored by the Atomic Energy Commission under Contract No. AT (30-1) 2241 and by the Geophysics Research Directorate, Air Force Cambridge Research Center, under Contract No. AF 19 (604) 5223.     

夏县地震台痕量氢观测技术与地震关系研究

研究夏县地震台痕量氢气与气温、气压及降雨量的变化关系,与理论固体潮进行对比,重点对痕量氢气突变时段进行分析。结果表明,该测项具有较好的短临及临震异常对应关系,对判断地震短临异常有一定指示意义,体现痕量氢观测技术的可行性,对进一步开展痕量氢观测奠定基础。     

Distribution of trace elements in spinel and garnet peridotites

The distribution of trace elements in the upper mantle has been discussed on the basis of the trace element abundances in bulk rocks and constituent minerals of two spinel and garnet facies peridotite xenoliths in alkali basalts from eastern China. The data presented are consistent with the suggestion that highly incompatible elements (Rb, Ba, Th, U, Sr, Nb, Ta) mainly reside in intergranular components, and to a lesser extent in fluid inclusions in minerals. The LILE composition in olivine and orthopyroxene can be seriously affected by the presence of fluid inclusions. Consequently the subsolidus partitioning of the LILE cannot be used to infer the olivine-melt and orthopyroxene-melt partition coefficients for these elements. There is a significant difference in (Opx/Cpx)_HREE ratios for spinel and garnet peridotites, suggesting a P-T control on equilibrium partition coefficients.     

Differences in the concentrations of atmospheric trace gases in and above the tropical boundary layer

Weekly air samples were collected at Cape Kumakahi (0 km) and at nearby Mauna Loa Observatory (3.4 km) which is above the boundary layer. EC/GC and GC/FID techniques were used to measure CH₃I, CHCl₃, CO and CH₄, which are largely natural in origin, and C₂Cl₄, CCl₄, CH₃, CCl₃, CCl₃F (F-11), CCl₂F₂ (F-12), CHClF₂ (F-22) and C₂F₃Cl₃ (F-113), which are due to anthropogenic activities. It was found that all these gases are significantly (0.05) more abundant in the boundary layer than above it.     

黄河流域气候与农业种植面积变化对径流的影响

根据黄河流域1960—2005年5个水文站逐日流量、77个气象站1959—2013年逐日降水数据,结合流域内主要农作物种植面积及大型水库资料,全面探讨气候与农业面积变化及人类活动对黄河流域径流变化的影响.研究表明:黄河流域所有流量分位数总体呈下降趋势,并于1980s中后期到1990s中期发生突变.降水变化是黄河流域径流变化的主要影响因素.在考虑不同流量分位数情况下,农作物种植面积变化对不同分位数径流变化的影响也有差异性.花园口站农作物种植面积变化对径流量量级和可变性均有显著影响;其余4站各项气候变化与农作物种植指标参数较大,虽均未达到10%的显著性水平,但仍会对径流的量级变化产生影响.对唐乃亥站,农作物耕作面积的下降减少了灌溉用水,在0.5流量分位数时有高达60%增加径流量的间接作用.对于头道拐站,农作物耕作面积的增加使得流域总蒸发量增加,灌溉用水增加,在0.3流量分位数时有高达40%减少径流量的间接作用.该研究为气候变化与人类活动影响下黄河流域水资源优化配置提供重要理论依据.     

Genetic implications of the isotope and trace element variations in the eastern Sicilian volcanics

Sr- and Pb-isotope compositions and Rb, Sr, Ce, Nd and K₂O contents have been determined for the Iblean Mountain and Mt. Etna volcanics in eastern Sicily. Isotope variations within each of these regions have been interpreted as reflecting the heterogeneous nature of the source regions in the upper mantle. The⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of all these volcanics are less than 0.705, which is taken to indicate that their source regions evolved with lower Rb/Sr ratios than the bulk earth.⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and Ce/Nd ratios determined in the Mt. Etna tholeiites are positively correlated suggesting that fractionation(s) in Rb/Sr are accompanied by fractionation(s) in light REE in the source regions of these volcanics. Pb-isotope compositions form a linear array in the²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb-²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb plot which has a negative age slope. This array represents either a very recent U/Pb fractionation in the source regions, or a mantle mixing line. Imperfect correlation between the Sr- and Pb-isotope compositions of these volcanics suggests that U/Pb and Rb/Sr have not always increased or decreased in unison during the differentiation of these source regions.     

湖泊沉积物中微量金属二次迁移过程中微生物作用的实验研究

蓄积在湖泊沉积物中污染物质某些情况下可以成为威胁上覆水体水质安全的二次污染源．根据贵州省阿哈湖季节性缺氧的特性,通过控制氧化还原状况,设计了对该湖沉积物-水柱的原样／抑菌条件的培养实验．实验发现,微生物活动对界面附近氧化还原反应具有控制作用;改变水体的含氧状况可以显著影响上覆水体水质,包括表观性状和水体中污染物含量．聚类分析结果表明,早期成岩过程中Mn,Ga,SO4 2-,Cu,Cr,Pb和Co,Ni,Fe,Sc,V,Rb两大类分别具有相似的地球化学行为．根据实验结果,计算了厌氧培养过程中,微量元素的最大释放量,发现铁、锰在厌氧过程中可以大量向水体释放．     

Quantitative recuperation of climatic sequences for the last 200 years in Xingcuo Lake,eastern Tibetan Plateau

The functional relation between theδ18O values in the shell of gastropod Gyraulus sibirica and the air temperature in the warm half-yearly period, and that between Sr/Ca ratio and the precipitation in the warm half-yearly period were established by calibrating the δ18O and δ13C values, Sr/Ca ratio and Mg/Ca ratio in the shell Gyraulus sibirica, as well as the total organic carbon (TOC) and its δ13C values in the Xingcuo Lake sediment in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. The sequences of air temperature and precipitation in the last 200 years in the region were quantitatively recuperated on this basis. The results showed the following: (i) There was a negative correlativity between Sr/Ca ratio and the precipitation in the warm half-yearly period, its correlation coefficient was 0.86. (ii) There was an obviously positive correlativity between indexδ18O and the running average temperature in the warm half-yearly period, its correlation coefficient was 0.89. (iii) Evolution of the air temperature and the precipitation in the last 200 years can be divided into three phases distinctly. The precipitation in the later mid-19th century was 220 mm higher than that today; the air temperature in the warm half-yearly period was 2℃ lower than that of the present. The precipitation in the minimum air temperature period of the early 20th century was below that today by 60 mm, and the air temperature in the warm half-yearly period was 3.4℃ lower than that today. (iv) An evidently warming and drying trend existed in the last five decades.     

河北省黄壁庄水库坝基渗漏单井示踪试验研究

以河北省黄壁庄水库副坝坝基的渗漏塌坑为例，利用“九五”国家重点科技成果推广项目“智能化地下水动态参数测量仪”在天然流场下，测量出水库自然渗漏量地下水的渗透流速流向、垂直向流速流向，每米含水层的渗透系数等工程必须的水文地质参数。确定性地诊断和检测出黄壁水库坝基渗漏隐患出现的具体位置和高程，从而为大坝的渗漏处理和安全处理提供详细的现场测量数据。     

夏县痕量氢气背景值突变分析

应用ATG6118H痕量氢分析仪在山西夏县地震台开展了试验测试,记录到比较翔实的观测数据。根据观测数据结果分析,地震前观测到断层氢气的异常特征是高值突跳,异常幅度大、时间短。对2012年3-11月痕量氢观测的背景值突变现象进行重点分析,对观测资料的进一步使用奠定基础,为新型仪器观测提供事实依据。     

太湖流域上游平原河网区水质空间差异与季节变化特征

在太湖流域上游的宜溧—洮滆水系主要河道设置67个监测点,分别于2014年1月(冬季)、4月(春季)、8月(夏季)、11月(秋季)进行水质监测,采用多元统计方法分析了水质的空间差异性和季节性变化,并利用水质标识指数法对水环境质量进行评价.结果表明,宜溧—洮滆水系污染程度较严重,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)浓度年均值分别为4.93、0.26和7.63 mg/L;单因素多元方差分析和聚类分析显示污染物浓度具有显著时空差异性,时间上冬、春季污染程度较高而夏、秋季较低,空间上无锡和常州氮、磷污染较为严重,宜兴和溧阳市有机污染程度较高;水质标识评价结果显示流域内水质基本为IV类或V类,其中TN、TP及CODMn是关键污染指标.