Tidal Effects on Determining a Point at the Bottom of the Sea by Combining GPS and Sonar Observations

This paper discusses tidal effects on an observation scheme to determine a point at the bottom of the sea by combining GPS and Sonar observations. For the purpose, three kinds of Earth tides are introduced (i.e., the crust tide, the equipotential surface point (ocean depth) tide, and the geoid tide). The corresponding mathematical expressions are derived to demonstrate the tidal effects on GPS and Sonar observations. The relations between the Earth tides are also discussed. Theoretical results imply a very interesting conclusion, namely that, for a local area, the static position of a point at the bottom of sea can be obtained by the dynamic observations without any tidal correction. Actually, the tidal effects cancel each other in the mentioned observation scheme. It therefore indicates that the observation scheme is free of tidal effects. Furthermore, we learned that the divergence caused by any error source on ocean surface is canceled and does not affect the final results. Therefore, to determine the position of a point at the bottom of sea, we need not consider any tidal effects.     

侧扫声纳和多波束测深系统组合探测海底目标

介绍了侧扫声纳和多波束测深系统的特点,通过实例说明了侧扫声纳和多波束测深系统在海洋目标探测中的综合应用。综合利用多波束测深系统测量数据和侧扫声纳声像图,可有效增强不同观测数据的互补性,提高工程质量。     

基于余水位精化潮高模型的水位生成研究

研究了基于余水位精化潮高模型的水位生成方法。所提方法首先构建网格潮汐场模型,其次采用余水位提高内插模型精度。通过网格搜索策略实现了水深点所属网格的快速定位及水位生成,探索了该模型在水位改正及预报中的应用。实验表明：所提方法既可应用于水位改正又可用于水位预报,且较现有方法在精度上有所提高。     

Evaluation of Seasonal Sea Level Variation at Syowa Station, Antarctica, Using GPS Observations

Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements of the vertical displacement of fast ice near Syowa Station, Antarctica, were conducted between April and December 1998 to evaluate measurements of sea level variation derived with a conventional bottom pressure gauge (BPG). The BPG-derived sea level revealed a seasonal variation of about 0.13 m, with a high in April–June and a low in November–December. The GPS-derived sea level, combined with observed sea ice thickness, supported the BPG result, with an RMS error of 0.007 m. Our result also demonstrates that GPS is a powerful technique for monitoring sea level variations. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于长期浮标观测资料与数值模式的渤海潮流性质研究

基于渤海7个大型浮标各近1年的海流观测资料,结合采用FVCOM模式建立的渤海潮汐潮流模式,对渤海的潮流性质进行分析,并将结果与1992年版海洋图集进行比较。结果表明:辽东湾、渤海湾属规则半日潮流;莱州湾的大部属规则半日潮流,小部分为不规则半日潮流;渤海中央及渤海海峡海域属不规则半日潮流;渤海海峡东南侧存在以烟台芝罘岛为中心的规则全日潮流向不规则半日潮流过渡区域。海洋图集中龙口附近海域的不规则全日潮流类型区并不存在;莱州湾湾底东部的不规则半日潮流区为规则半日潮流类型。     

基于双频P码的GPS伪距单点定位研究及精度分析

首先给出了GPS伪距单点定位的几种主要误差的改正模型：电离层延迟、对流层延迟、地球自转改正、相对论效应改正等,然后采用双频伪距改正电离层延迟影响并利用IGS精密星历,通过算例来分析双频P码伪距单点定位的精度。     

由垂直入射脉冲和海底回波反演海底声参数

浅海海底声参数是影响声场传播的重要参量。文中根据信号的相位特性对反演稳定性的影响进行了数值模拟;并于2002年8月在黄海海区进行了海底声参数反演实验。利用垂直入射脉冲和海底回波数据进行海底声参数反演,由于海底回波信号随穿透深度增加而导致回波信号的信噪比降低,为了有效地增加海底声阻抗反演深度,提出平滑分段抽取冲激响应,重建声阻抗剖面的方法。结合Hamilton经验公式,分离海底声速、密度,反演结果与海底采样样本分析值、经验值吻合较好。     

基于全球潮汐模型的东海海域潮汐性质空间分布

利用全球潮汐模型FES 2014(Finite Element Solution 2014)空间分辨率为(1/16)°×(1/16)°的网格点处13个分潮调和常数,借助基于最小二乘法调和分析方法和潮汐特征值的定义算法,定量分析东海海域(117°～131°E,23°～33°N)的潮汐类型、深度基准值和不同潮差类型.结果表...     

Investigation on Touching Sea Bottom by a FPSO in Bohai Oilfield with Shallow Water

As one of the key safety problems, the motion performance and touching sea bottom of a FPSO are paid much attention by the ocean oil companies when the FPSO is exposed to survival storms in the shallow-water working areas. In this paper, timedomain numerical simulations are carried out on a 160 kDWT FPSO with a Yoke mooring system moored in the BZ25-1 oilfield with a water depth of 16.7m. The results are compared with those of the corresponding model tests. Good agreement shows that the time-domain simulations can be used to predict the performance of the FPSO in shallow-water reasonably. It is found that the touch of seabed by a fully loaded FPSO occurred few times under survival storm conditions. Therefore, the FPSO should be less loaded than that in the fully loaded condition under the survival storms.     

用GPS水准法测定单点垂线偏差

介绍了利用GPS和水准高差观测数据计算单点垂线偏差的理论与方法,系统地分析了测定垂线偏差的误差源,研究了观测方案与成果质量的关系,提出了保证垂线偏差测定精度的观测设计准则。通过与天文大地方法观测结果的实例比较,验证了该方法的有效性。     

渤海岸线地形变化对潮波系统和潮流性质的影响

采用有限体积近岸海洋模型FVCOM,基于渤海2004和2014年的岸线地形数据,构建渤海2个年份的三维潮汐潮流数值模式;通过数值模拟研究,探讨了渤海岸线地形变化对潮波系统和潮流性质的影响。数值模拟结果表明:岸线地形变化后,半日分潮潮时在渤海湾、莱州湾和渤海中部东南海域提前,在辽东湾和渤海中部西北海域滞后;振幅在渤海湾及辽东湾增大,在莱州湾及渤海中部减小;位于秦皇岛和黄河口的半日分潮无潮点位置分别向西南和东南方向移动。渤海绝大部分海域全日分潮潮时提前,振幅增大,位于渤海海峡的全日潮无潮点位置向东移动。潮流性质系数在莱州湾增大,在渤海其他大部分海域减小,渤海规则半日潮流海区范围略有增加,不规则半日潮流海区范围相应减少。     

东海和凯尔特海潮流沙脊的对比研究

东海潮流沙脊与凯尔特海沙脊均为开阔陆架上的大型深水沙脊，它们都形成在冰后期海面上升时期。目前仍然经受现代潮流和风暴浪的作用，具有一定的活动性，处于活动沙脊和衰亡沙脊之间的发育过程，属于准活动沙脊。与东海比较，凯尔特海的动力作用更强。东海沙脊横剖面大多呈向西南方向倾斜的前积层理，偶见波浪侵蚀面，反映以潮流作用为主形成的沙脊内部结构的特点；凯尔特海沙脊剖面呈现复杂的交错层理，内部有较多的波浪侵蚀面，这是潮流和波浪共同作用形成的沙脊内部结构的特点。     

Effect of Sea Level Variation on Tidal Characteristic Values for the East China Sea

1 .IntroductionTheglobalairtemperatureroseabout 0 .5～ 0 .6°Coverthepast 2 0thcentury ,andtheglobalmeansealevelincreasedbyabout2 0cmduringtheperiod .Theregionalmeansealevelriseswiththerisingglobalmeansealevel.Zuoetal.( 1 997)indicatedthatthemeanrisingrateofabsolutemeansealevelalongtheChinacoastontheassumptionofunifiedisostaticdatumis 2mm a .Woodworth( 1 999)analyzedsealevelspanning 1 76 8tothepresentinLiverpool,andobtainedaseculartrendforheperiodupto 1 880of0 .39± 0 .1 7mm a ,andatrendfort…     

海平面长期变化对东中国海潮波的影响

对1992年10月～2007年9月AVISO高度计融合资料进行分析,得到东中国海海平面变化速率。根据计算出的海平面变化速率,线性外推50和100a后东中国海海平面。采用ECOMSED模式,模拟出当前以及50a,100a后东中国海潮波,分析海平面长期变化对东中国海潮波的影响。结果表明,各分潮振幅、迟角与现有各分潮振幅、迟角之差有一定的分布模式,振幅在大部分地区增大,迟角在大部分地区减小,在深水大洋区振幅和迟角基本不变,无潮点位置相对于现有各分潮无潮点位置均发生偏移。     

Spread of Pollution from a Bottom Source in the Norwegian Sea

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Simulations of the spread of radioactive contamination (RC) with cesium-137 (137Cs) as a passive impurity were performed using the Institute of...     

海面与海底地磁日变化差异及其对海洋磁力测量的影响

给出了海面与海底地磁日变化的计算公式,仿真分析了海面与海底地磁日变化差异,探讨了其对海洋磁力测量地磁日变改正的影响。结果表明:对于不同的地磁日变,海面与海底的地磁日变存在着较大的差异,且其随着地磁倾角的变化而变化,对磁测有一定的影响。为此,远海区海洋磁力测量中,建议联合采用地面日变站和海底日变站来减小或消除海面与海底地磁日变差异对磁测的影响,提高地磁日变改正的精度。     

Tidal ice drift in the White Sea: Results of a numerical experiment

The tidal ice drift is considered as an element of the tidal dynamics in a sea covered with ice. The appropriate problem is solved with the use of a combination of a simple viscoelastic continuum model of the tidal ice drift with the QUODDY-4 three-dimensional finite-element hydro-thermodynamical model. The combined model is used for simultaneous calculations of the tidal regime and the tidal ice drift in the White Sea. The calculated distributions of the characteristics of the semidiurnal (M₂ wave) tidal ice drift such as the ice drift velocity and the tidal variations of the ice concentration and the pressure of the ice compression are discussed. The distributions are used for detecting the zones of the quasi-steady tidal compression and extension of ice and regions of ridging of ice floes. Particular attention is paid to the residual tidal ice drift, a phenomenon that has remained almost unnoticed so far.     

Strong Tidal Mixing and Ventilation of Cold Intermediate Water at Kashevarov Bank, Sea of Okhotsk

Tidal mixing at the Kashevarov Bank, Sea of Okhotsk, has been investigated using observations of bottom pressure and currents. The tides are dominated by the diurnal constituents. The water motion over the Bank is predominantly controlled by strong diurnal tidal currents, which bring cold water on the bank from its source, a cold intermediate layer. The temperature fluctuations are about 1.2°C at the southern edge of the bank. The maximum observed velocity is about 164 cm/s at the top of the bank. A superposition of the original diurnal constituents K₁ and O₁ reveals a strong fortnightly (M_f) variability of the current speed. Tidal-induced mixing is responsible for ventilation of the cold intermediate layer of the Sea of Okhotsk. Strong tidal mixing creates a well-defined tidally mixed front around the bank. This front acts like a barrier separating well-mixed water on the bank from stratified water on its flanks. There is a residual current of the order of 10 cm/s.     

海洋测绘中的GPS卫星定位问题

GPS卫星定位技术,是开展海洋综合测绘的一种高效手段;如何在海洋测绘中充分发挥GPS技术精确快速定位的特长,是值得我们认真研究的重大课题。为此,本文较详细地论述了以下几个问题。1.根据边长和动静定位需要,选购适宜的GPS信号接收机;2.从海洋国土整体着眼,精心设计GPS海洋定位网的全网结构;为便于评定GPS数据质量,宜采用闭合环路式结构;3.正视SA技术对实时定位精度的损失,运用求差法削弱SA技术的影响。