1985-2013年黑河中游流域地下水位动态变化特征

在气候变化和人类活动的影响下, 黑河流域地表水和地下水的时空分布特征发生了很大变化. 研究水系统演化及其驱动机制对流域水资源可持续管理非常关键. 基于甘肃河西黑河中游流域地下水位动态、水文气象、土地利用和灌溉统计数据, 研究了1985-2013年黑河中游流域地下水位时空变化. 结果表明: 地表水的不合理分配和耕地的扩展导致了地下水的过量开采和地下水位的剧烈变化. 1985-2004年区域地下水位以下降为主; 2005-2013年呈现下降和回升两极发展趋势, 冲洪积扇群带地下水最大下降达17.41 m, 而黑河干流沿岸地下水位最大回升了3.3 m, 地下水埋深普遍增加了1.0~3.0 m. 尽管地下水位在2005-2013年表现出回升趋势, 但干流中游盆地地下水系统处于严重负均衡状态, 制定合理的“生态分水”方案和水资源综合管理规划非常紧迫.     

黑河流域水资源及现阶段合理开发利用

黑河是我国西部较大的一条内陆河,近30多年来,由于中游地区水资源开发利用程度不断提高,使进入下游额济纳平原的地表水逐渐减少,导致下游生态环境发生恶化.为了拯救下游绿洲,改善生态环境,自1992年起对黑河中、下游用水实行计划调度,1999年开始实施国家定量分水方案.根据近几年的最新调查研究成果,计算评价了黑河流域的总水资源、地表水资源、地下水资源、地表水和地下水的利用现状及开采潜力.在此基础上,提出现阶段中游以加强引输水工程改造、提高地表水资源利用率和推广田间节水灌溉工程,发挥水利用效益;下游以适度开发利用地下水、加强地表水和地下水综合开发利用,改善生态环境.为中、下游科学分配地表水资源和合理开发利用地下水资源提供科学依据.     

黑河下游生态调水对水资源时空变化的影响分析

分析了黑河流域地表水、地下水资源在调水前后的时空分布变化,评价了黑河生态调水引起水资源的时空变化规律。黑河在调水前进入下游的水量明显受中游用水影响,20世纪90年代后,进入黑河下游地区的水量逐年减少,导致地下水位下降,出现草场大面积沙化和沙漠化、林地面积减少等生态环境问题。自2000年开始至2003年,按照分步实施、逐步到位的原则,国家对黑河水资源实行统一管理和调度,实现国务院批准的分水方案,自2004年开始转入正常调度,下游来水量比调水前有明显增加,2000～2004年、2005～2008年正义峡断面增加下泄量分别为1.62×108m3、2.35×108m3,哨马营断面来水增加1.34×108m3、1.18×108m3,狼心山断面来水增加1.64×108m3、1.41×108m3。调水后黑河下游区域地下水位逐年回升,整个额济纳绿洲地下水位回升了0.56m,东西河上游、赛汉桃来、吉日格朗图区域地下水位分别回升了0.26m、0.05m、0.78m。使东居延海得到恢复,最大水面面积达35.7km2,西居延海得到一定的水量补给,环湖地区生态环境逐步得到恢复。     

黑河流域中游人工水循环系统在分水前后的变化

介绍了黑河流域中游人工水文循环过程及其中各系统之间的关系,目标是为黑河流域生态—水文过程模拟提供一套较准确的数据集。利用张掖市水利年报、莺落峡水文站资料以及张掖市水资源管理年报等调查数据分析了黑河分水前后,2000年和2010年黑河流域中游引水、输水和用水系统的变化过程,得出以下结论:①人工水文循环过程通过引水系统、输水系统、储水系统和用水系统来影响农业水资源在时空上的分配,它是人类活动影响下的中游水文循环过程的重要组成部分;②2010年比2000年引水口门减少了26处,渠道综合水利用率提高了3.6%;③与2000年相比,2010年地表水和地下水资源开发利用在空间上产生了很大变化,地表水引水量减少了1.05亿m3,地下水开采量增加了1.64亿m3。最后,从径流、地下水、大气水方面分析了人工水循环过程对自然水循环过程的影响。     

阿克苏地区地下水资源与水盐调控分析

根据水和盐分运移平面模型和剖面模型运行结果，确定该区形成盐碱化的潜水水位的临界深度为2．2m。根据地下水位的理深和形成盐碱化的程度，划分出六个区域。在可能导致盐碱化加剧的区域采用以开采地下水为主，以降低地下水位；在有可能出现盐碱化地区，以采用地表水和地下水相结合的灌溉方式；在地下水位埋藏较深(＞5m)的地区，以地表水灌溉为主。从控制盐碱化和保证农业可持续发展出发，以环境、经济、技术和水动力条件为约束条件，以最大限度利用水资源为目标，建立了该区地表水和地下水联合调度的优化模型，确定出各区地下水的最优开采量和地表水的合理引水量，制定出保汪农业可持续发展条件下，水资源最优开发方案。     

运用氧稳定同位素研究黑河中游盆地地下水与河水转化

在西北干旱区内陆河流域盆地, 地表水与地下水转化频繁, 研究地表水与地下水转化对于有效地开发利用水资源和预测地下水环境的变化具有重要的意义. 运用地下水和地表水中稳定同位素δ18O 值存在明显差异的特点, 在黑河中游盆地沿不同河段地表水和地下水现场取样, 进行同位素分析. 结果表明: 在黑河中游盆地绿洲灌溉区, 农田灌溉严重影响了地下水和地表水之间的转化, 导致地下水补给地表水的增加. 运用质量守恒原理, 定量分析了黑河中游盆地黑河地下水与地表水转化的转化量, 为正确评价和合理利用水资源奠定了基础.     

黑河流域中西部子水系水资源分布特征研究

根据研究区的气象、水文、地质和冰川等资料,结合野外调查,研究了黑河流域中西部子水系的降水资源、冰川资源、地表水资源、地下水资源、水资源总量及其时空分布特征.山区水资源主要由祁连山南部的降水、冰雪融水等形式补给,以冰川、地表水、地下基流形式存在,冰川融水补给量为0.5532×108m3,地表水资源量为11.64×108m3,出山口基流量为5.264×108m3.河流进入山前平原后,地表水与地下水多次重复转化,南盆地地下水资源量为8.74×108m3,北盆地地下水资源量为2.06×108m3.中游耗水量的增加,加剧了中游和下游地区用水矛盾.对河流水质现状进行了分析评价,中、下游受生活污水、工业废水、农业退水的影响,河流水质较差.随着张掖市节水型社会建设和黑河流域综合治理的逐步推进,黑河流域中西部子水系的水资源问题日趋突出,研究水资源的分布特征,可为区域水资源的管理调度、可持续利用提供科学的决策依据.     

黑河流域中游盆地地下水动态特征及其调蓄能力分析

40 多年来,我国西北地区大规模的地下水开发利用造成了部分地区地下水水位持续下降甚至泉水干涸,部分地区地下水仍能维持动态稳定,判断这类地区水资源开发利用是否具有可持续性是必须解决的重大科学问题。以黑河流域中游盆地作为研究对象,采用MK检验和连续小波分析等方法,分析长时间序列地下水水位数据的变化特点,研究区域地下水动态特征;结合区域水文地质条件,综合划分黑河流域中游盆地地下水补排平衡区与非平衡区;利用克里金插值法估算1990—2020 年盆地含水层对水资源的调节水量,并评价不同动态平衡区的调蓄能力。结果显示,黑河流域中游盆地地下水水位动态类型有:水文型、水文-开采型、开采型和蒸发-开采型4种长周期动态稳定型,过量开采型或上游过度引用地表水型2 种长周期持续下降型。黑河-梨园河倾斜平原、酒泉盆地和黑河中游下段侵蚀堆积平原的大厚度含水层是黑河流域中游盆地的地下水补排平衡区,其在1990—2001 年共输出地下水12.06×108 m3,2001—2020年共储存地下水9.06×108 m3。大厚度含水层为地下水的长周期调蓄提供了充足的空间,在合理控制开采量的前提下,该类含水层的天然调蓄能力可满足生产生活和下游生态用水需要。盆地地下水补排非平衡区,如黑河以东诸河倾斜平原、盐池盆地和榆木山山前诸小河流域等地区,目前的地下水开发利用方式和强度是不可持续的,应适当减少地下水开采量,调节盆地上游的引水量和开采量,抑制地下水资源枯竭。本研究成果可为西北干旱内陆地区水资源管理和持续开发利用提供参考。     

地下水系统对水资源开发利用方案的时空响应

为科学研究北方典型地下水超采城市水资源开发利用模式对地下水系统的时空影响,设计了集中开采方案、逐步减采方案和广义地表水(地表水和中水等)-地下水联合调度方案3种不同的地下水开采、限采方案;结合济宁市,利用数值模型,对不同设计方案下地下水水位的时空变化规律及区域水均衡变化规律进行了研究.与基准方案对比结果显示:集中开采方案使地下水位在局部出现了缓慢回升,而水源地附近水位下降明显,最大中心降幅达到9 m,地表水补给的增加势必提高了污染的风险;逐步减产方案使局部地下水位恢复程度较前一方案偏小,而城北水源地漏斗中心水位下降超过12 m,城南水源地亦下降达8 m,诱发的地表水体和侧向补给量变化的减少使研究区含水层存量反而减少;联合调度方案使区域地下水位普遍回升,最大地下水位恢复幅度超过4 m;而水源地地下水降落漏斗最大的仅增加4 m,区域地下水系统得到了一定程度的涵养.     

基于主成分-时间序列模型的地下水位预测

地下水位预测是区域水资源管理的重要依据。针对地下水位在时间序列上表现出高度的随机性和滞后性,建立了基于主成分分析与多变量时间序列CAR（Controlled Auto-Regressive）模型耦合的地下水位预报模型,将该模型应用于济南市陡沟灌区地下水位预测,结果显示,模型模拟值与实测值的决定系数R2和Nash-Suttcliffe系数E_ns均达到0.90以上;以2011年为基准年,当降水量减少10%~20%,蒸发量和生活用水量增加10%~20%,调入27.39万~137.0万m3地表水用于农业灌溉时,到2030年灌区地下水位将维持在30.99~31.29 m,较基准年上升0.12~0.42 m。在区域水资源紧缺的背景下,适当引入地表水灌溉,减少地下水的开采,灌区地下水位将逐步回升,对于灌区的可持续发展和区域水资源的合理利用具有重要意义。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.